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The GBIF Backbone Taxonomy is a single, synthetic management classification with the goal of covering all names GBIF is dealing with. It's the taxonomic backbone that allows GBIF to integrate name based information from different resources, no matter if these are occurrence datasets, species pages, names from nomenclators or external sources like EOL, Genbank or IUCN. This backbone allows taxonomic search, browse and reporting operations across all those resources in a consistent way and to provide means to crosswalk names from one source to another.
\nIt is updated regulary through an automated process in which the Catalogue of Life acts as a starting point also providing the complete higher classification above families. Additional scientific names only found in other authoritative nomenclatural and taxonomic datasets are then merged into the tree, thus extending the original catalogue and broadening the backbones name coverage. The GBIF Backbone taxonomy also includes identifiers for Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) drawn from the barcoding resources iBOL and UNITE.
\nInternational Barcode of Life project (iBOL), Barcode Index Numbers (BINs). BINs are connected to a taxon name and its classification by taking into account all names applied to the BIN and picking names with at least 80% consensus. If there is no consensus of name at the species level, the selection process is repeated moving up the major Linnaean ranks until consensus is achieved.
\nUNITE - Unified system for the DNA based fungal species, Species Hypotheses (SHs). SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification based on the determination of the RefS (reference sequence) if present or the RepS (representative sequence). In the latter case, if there is no match in the UNITE taxonomy, the lowest rank with 100% consensus within the SH will be used.
\nThe GBIF Backbone Taxonomy is available for download at https://hosted-datasets.gbif.org/datasets/backbone/ in different formats together with an archive of all previous versions.
\nThe following 105 sources have been used to assemble the GBIF backbone with number of names given in brackets:\n
The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP) is a global consensus view of all known vascular plant species (flowering plants, conifers, ferns, clubmosses and firmosses).
\nWCVP aims to represent a global consensus view of current plant taxonomy by reflecting the latest published taxonomies while incorporating the opinions of taxonomists based around the world.
\nWCVP is built on the nomenclatural data provided by the International Plant Names Index (IPNI), which is the product of a collaboration between The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, The Harvard University Herbaria, and the Australian National Herbarium, combined with the taxonomic data provided by an international collaborative programme with a large number of contributors from around the world. Our thanks go to the compilers, editors and reviewers of IPNI and WCVP and in particular the thousands of users who have contributed corrections over the past decades, improving those data for the global user community.
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Version 1.1, released in September 2013, aims to be comprehensive for species of Vascular plant (flowering plants, conifers, ferns and their allies) and of Bryophytes (mosses and liverworts). It does not include algae or fungi. Version 1.1 contains 1,293,685 scientific plant names of which 350,699 are accepted species names. It includes no vernacular or common plant names.","type":"CHECKLIST","hostingOrganizationKey":"92f51af1-e917-49bc-a8ed-014ed3a77bec","hostingOrganizationTitle":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow","hostingCountry":"GB","publishingCountry":"GB","publishingOrganizationKey":"92f51af1-e917-49bc-a8ed-014ed3a77bec","publishingOrganizationTitle":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow","endorsingNodeKey":"d897a5b9-35ee-4232-94bd-b0bcaac003c2","license":"unspecified","recordCount":0,"nameUsagesCount":1322960},{"key":"bae5856f-da10-4333-90a0-5a2135361b30","title":"The Leipzig catalogue of vascular plants","doi":"10.15468/9qxmn3","description":"The Leipzig catalogue of vascular plants provides an updated and much improved reference list of 1,315,562 scientific names \nfor all described vascular plant species globally. \nThe Leipzig Catalogue of Vascular Plants (LCVP; version 1.0.3) contains 351,180 accepted species names (plus 6,160 natural hybrids), \nwithin 13,460 genera, 564 families and 84 orders. \nThe LCVP a) contains more information on the taxonomic status of global plant names than any other similar resource, \nand b) significantly improves the reliability of our knowledge by e.g. resolving the taxonomic status of ~181,000 names compared to The Plant List, the up to date most commonly used plant name resource. \nWe used ~4,500 publications, existing relevant databases and available studies on molecular phylogenetics to construct a robust reference backbone. \n\nA guiding principle during the compilation of the LCVP was to avoid polyphyletic genera, which are frequent in TPL, \neither by splitting genera (e.g. separating Goeppertia from Calathea) \nor fusing them (e.g. Stapelia and Duvalia in Ceropegia). \nHowever, we did not recombine any species name in the LCVP and in cases of unclear phylogenetic position of genera, we used the conservative (i.e. existing) name.\n\nFor details on methods see https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00702-z.","type":"CHECKLIST","subtype":"TAXONOMIC_AUTHORITY","hostingOrganizationKey":"f4ce3c03-7b38-445e-86e6-5f6b04b649d4","hostingOrganizationTitle":"The Catalogue of Life Partnership","hostingCountry":"ZZ","publishingCountry":"DE","publishingOrganizationKey":"b48dbd22-0452-4c31-a6b5-28f04e99d8cf","publishingOrganizationTitle":"German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig","endorsingNodeKey":"4f6826f2-4ff6-443d-b966-e6913bd24013","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","recordCount":0,"nameUsagesCount":1267338},{"key":"4cec8fef-f129-4966-89b7-4f8439aba058","title":"International Barcode of Life project (iBOL) Barcode Index Numbers (BINs)","doi":"10.15468/wvfqoi","description":"Established in 2008, the International Barcode of Life Consortium (iBOL, http://www.ibol.org/) is a research alliance of nations with the desire to transform biodiversity science by building the DNA barcode reference libraries, the sequencing facilities, the informatics platforms, the analytical protocols, and the international collaboration required to inventory and assess biodiversity.
\niBOL has overseen the completion of one major program, BARCODE 500K, and a second program, BIOSCAN runs for seven years from June 2019. The first program barcoded 500,000 species reflecting the investment of $150 million by research organizations in 25 nations. Building on this success, BIOSCAN will extend barcode coverage to 2.5 million species by 2025. This program will stimulate activation of the Planetary Biodiversity Mission (PBM) – iBOL’s final project. PBM is a research initiative that will deliver a comprehensive understanding of the composition and distribution of multi-cellular life by 2045.
\niBOL maintains the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD, http://www.boldsystems.org/). BOLD is a cloud-based data storage and analysis platform developed at the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics in Canada. It consists of four main modules, a data portal, an educational portal, a registry of BINs (putative species), and a data collection and analysis workbench.
","type":"CHECKLIST","hostingOrganizationKey":"fbca90e3-8aed-48b1-84e3-369afbd000ce","hostingOrganizationTitle":"GBIF Secretariat","hostingCountry":"ZZ","publishingCountry":"ZZ","publishingOrganizationKey":"b3bf3a83-1f68-4541-a03f-330d30d567f5","publishingOrganizationTitle":"The International Barcode of Life Consortium","endorsingNodeKey":"b797ce0f-47e6-4231-b048-6b62ca3b0f55","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","recordCount":0,"nameUsagesCount":1024223},{"key":"9ca92552-f23a-41a8-a140-01abaa31c931","title":"Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)","doi":"10.5066/f7kh0kbk","description":"The White House Subcommittee on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics has identified systematics as a research priority that is fundamental to ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation. This primary need identified by the Subcommittee requires improvements in the organization of, and access to, standardized nomenclature. ITIS (originally referred to as the Interagency Taxonomic Information System) was designed to fulfill these requirements. In the future, the ITIS will provide taxonomic data and a directory of taxonomic expertise that will support the system.\n\nThe ITIS is the result of a partnership of federal agencies formed to satisfy their mutual needs for scientifically credible taxonomic information. Since its inception, ITIS has gained valuable new partners and undergone a name change; ITIS now stands for the Integrated Taxonomic Information System.\n\nThe goal is to create an easily accessible database with reliable information on species names and their hierarchical classification. The database will be reviewed periodically to ensure high quality with valid classifications, revisions, and additions of newly described species. The ITIS includes documented taxonomic information of flora and fauna from both aquatic and terrestrial habitats.\n\nThe original ITIS partners include:\nDepartment of Commerce\n National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)\nDepartment of Interior (DOI)\n Geological Survey (USGS)\nEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA)\nDepartment of Agriculture (USDA)\n Agriculture Research Service (ARS)\n Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)\nSmithsonian Institution\n National Museum of Natural History (NMNH)\n\nThese agencies signed a Memorandum of Understanding and have formed a Steering Committee that directs two technical work groups - the Database Work Group (DWG) and the Taxonomy Work Group (TWG). The DWG is responsible for the database design and overseeing development of the system to meet the requirements of the ITIS partners. The TWG is responsible for the quality and integrity of the database information. In addition to the database, the working groups have created \"Taxonomic Workbench\" software designed for easy entry and manipulation of taxonomic data.\n\nPrimary objectives of the TWG include the review of data prior to incorporation into the ITIS and the establishment of a process for periodic peer review to ensure data quality. The TWG has evaluated the taxonomic information priorities of the agencies and is locating data sources for the highest priority groups. Efforts to gather data are helping to identify gaps in taxonomic coverage in both scientific expertise and available information. The TWG hopes to promote collaboration among, and provide a point of focus for, taxonomists, scientific institutions, and taxonomic information users.\n\nFor each scientific name, ITIS will include the authority (author and date), taxonomic rank, associated synonyms and vernacular names where available, a unique taxonomic serial number, data source information (publications, experts, etc.) and data quality indicators. Expert reviews and changes to taxonomic information in the database will be tracked. Geographic coverage will be worldwide with initial emphasis on North American taxa. The TWG is coordinating its efforts with several national and international biodiversity programs.\n\nITIS will be a significant contribution to the scientific infrastructure that is fundamental to the description, conservation, and management of the nation's biodiversity. Use of the ITIS and the taxonomic serial numbers will facilitate sharing of biological information among researchers and cooperating agencies by providing a common framework for taxonomic data. Agencies that typically cannot afford to maintain taxonomic data will have access to high quality taxonomic information through ITIS. This project allows the coordination of efforts among federal agencies, thereby increasing productivity and saving resources.\n\nStatus reports on ITIS system development may be found in the What's New section. You can also contact Gerald Guala, Ph.D., Director, Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) at U.S. Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 302, Reston, VA 20192 or via email at itiswebmaster@itis.gov .","type":"CHECKLIST","hostingOrganizationKey":"fbca90e3-8aed-48b1-84e3-369afbd000ce","hostingOrganizationTitle":"GBIF Secretariat","hostingCountry":"ZZ","publishingCountry":"US","publishingOrganizationKey":"bc092ff0-02e4-11dc-991f-b8a03c50a862","publishingOrganizationTitle":"National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution","endorsingNodeKey":"8618c64a-93e0-4300-b546-7249e5148ed2","license":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode","recordCount":0,"nameUsagesCount":914872},{"key":"61a5f178-b5fb-4484-b6d8-9b129739e59d","title":"UNITE - Unified system for the DNA based fungal species linked to the classification","doi":"10.15468/mkpcy3","description":"UNITE is a rDNA sequence database designed to provide a stable and reliable platform for sequence-borne identification of all fungal species. UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the International Nucleotide Sequence Databases (INSD: GenBank, ENA, DDBJ) are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.","type":"CHECKLIST","hostingOrganizationKey":"0870a77b-587c-4369-a8ed-bc3d347b8e1c","hostingOrganizationTitle":"PlutoF","hostingCountry":"EE","publishingCountry":"EE","publishingOrganizationKey":"0870a77b-587c-4369-a8ed-bc3d347b8e1c","publishingOrganizationTitle":"PlutoF","endorsingNodeKey":"2c11b821-d22b-4c64-8cd3-c1578173b129","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","keywords":["Checklist; rDNA; species hypothesis; OTU"],"recordCount":0,"nameUsagesCount":785769},{"key":"0e61f8fe-7d25-4f81-ada7-d970bbb2c6d6","title":"TAXREF","doi":"10.15468/vqueam","description":"TAXREF est le référentiel taxonomique national pour la faune, la flore et la fonge de France \nmétropolitaine et d’outre-mer, élaboré et diffusé par le Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle \n(MNHN) dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du Système d’Information de l'inventaire National du Patrimoine naturel (SINP). Ce référentiel est unique pour la France ; il a pour but de lister et \nd’organiser les noms scientifiques de l'ensemble des êtres vivants recensés sur le territoire. Le \nréférentiel TAXREF est consultable et téléchargeable sur le site internet de l’Inventaire \nNational du Patrimoine Naturel (INPN) coordonné par le MNHN. \nhttp://inpn.mnhn.fr/programme/referentiel-taxonomique-taxref\n \nLa version en cours est TAXREF v17.0 mise en ligne le 10 janvier 2024.\n\nEn téléchargeant TAXREF, j'accepte les conditions suivantes :\n(1) aucune copie du référentiel TAXREF ne sera faite et transmise à un tiers sans que celui-ci n'ait rempli le présent formulaire \n(2) le référentiel TAXREF, ou une de ses composantes telles que décrites dans le document de citation des sources, sera citée dans toute publication ou présentation qui l'utilisera \n(3) aucune partie du référentiel TAXREF ne sera mise à disposition en ligne sans autorisation préalable de l'UMS Patrimoine Naturel \n(4) en cas de découverte d'erreurs il est prié de bien vouloir en informer les éditeurs de façon à constamment accroitre la qualité du référentiel","type":"CHECKLIST","hostingOrganizationKey":"5d5e5d82-076c-4e9a-b5b0-c88d1b691a6a","hostingOrganizationTitle":"GBIF France","hostingCountry":"FR","publishingCountry":"FR","publishingOrganizationKey":"1928bdf0-f5d2-11dc-8c12-b8a03c50a862","publishingOrganizationTitle":"UMS PatriNat (OFB-CNRS-MNHN), Paris","endorsingNodeKey":"da44cd31-5901-4687-a106-6d1c7734ee3a","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","keywords":["Checklist","Checklist"],"recordCount":0,"nameUsagesCount":691343},{"key":"34a96ebe-e51c-4222-9d08-5c2043c39dec","title":"Global Names Usage Bank","doi":"10.15468/pwn0bl","description":"The Global Names Usage Bank (GNUB) is one of the two major indexes within the Global Names Architecture (GNA). 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Thanks to our membership, which includes nearly 400 scientists from over 130 institutions in 24 countries, the Paleobiology Database is able to provide scientists and the public with information about the fossil record.","type":"CHECKLIST","hostingOrganizationKey":"fbca90e3-8aed-48b1-84e3-369afbd000ce","hostingOrganizationTitle":"GBIF Secretariat","hostingCountry":"ZZ","publishingCountry":"US","publishingOrganizationKey":"b711353c-44d7-4e8b-90c5-16fea0d247e0","publishingOrganizationTitle":"Paleobiology Database","endorsingNodeKey":"8618c64a-93e0-4300-b546-7249e5148ed2","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","recordCount":0,"nameUsagesCount":461689},{"key":"c8227bb4-4143-443f-8cb2-51f9576aff14","title":"ZooBank","doi":"10.15468/wkr0kn","description":"Records registered in ZooBank, in addition to other unregistered Taxonomic Name Usage records from the Global Names Usage Bank that are directly related to registered ZooBank records (e.g., parentNameUsageID values representing non-nomenclatural acts)","type":"CHECKLIST","hostingOrganizationKey":"90cc71b0-055b-11d8-b84e-b8a03c50a862","hostingOrganizationTitle":"Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum","hostingCountry":"US","publishingCountry":"ZZ","publishingOrganizationKey":"f2f462db-541d-4a24-9921-892d57e1da9f","publishingOrganizationTitle":"International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature","endorsingNodeKey":"8618c64a-93e0-4300-b546-7249e5148ed2","license":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode","keywords":["Checklist","Nomenclatorauthority"],"recordCount":0,"nameUsagesCount":399305},{"key":"bf3db7c9-5e5d-4fd0-bd5b-94539eaf9598","title":"Species Fungorum Plus","doi":"10.15468/ts7wsb","description":"Species Fungorum is a project, based at the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew,\nto produce an effectively complete global checklist of organisms belonging to\nthe kingdom Fungi, and to organisms which were previously included in the fungi\nbut are now classified in other branches of the tree of life. It is a collaborative\nproject where a small but active proportion of fungal taxonomist, via their publications,\nadd to and update the fungal tree of life. With the development of the CoL+ architecture\nthe project is simplified by abandoning the thirty-six Global Species Databases\nand recognizing a core of long standing collaborators as follows: Gerald L. Benny,\nPaul F. Cannon, Pedro C. Crous, Tassilo Feuerer, Yu-ming Ju, Bob W. Lichtwardt\n(deceased), David W. Minter, Lisa C. Offord, Jack D. Rogers, Arthur G. Schüßler,\nKerstin Voigt, Chris Walker, Nalin N. Wijayawardene, Marvin C. Williams. Species\nFungorum is built on top of the global fungal nomenclator Index Fungorum, which\nis now a contributor of taxonomically unevaluated names to CoL+ which are not\nincluded in the original Species Fungorum as the AVC name or a synonym.","type":"CHECKLIST","subtype":"NOMENCLATOR_AUTHORITY","hostingOrganizationKey":"f4ce3c03-7b38-445e-86e6-5f6b04b649d4","hostingOrganizationTitle":"The Catalogue of Life Partnership","hostingCountry":"ZZ","publishingCountry":"GB","publishingOrganizationKey":"061b4f20-f241-11da-a328-b8a03c50a862","publishingOrganizationTitle":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew","endorsingNodeKey":"d897a5b9-35ee-4232-94bd-b0bcaac003c2","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","keywords":["clb:type=nomenclator","Nomenclator","Nomenclature","ICBN"],"recordCount":0,"nameUsagesCount":326678},{"key":"7e276a96-73ea-4efc-8ffb-e74ef573ef6c","title":"Catalogue of Life China 2023 Annual Checklist","doi":"10.15468/ae6ush","description":"Organized by the Biodiversity Committee of Chinese Academy of Sciences (BC-CAS), Catalogue of Life China 2023 Annual Checklist edition has been compiled by Species 2000 China Node. 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There are 148674 species & infraspecific taxa in 2023 Annual Checklist of Catalogue of Life China, including 135061 species and 13613 infraspecific taxa.","type":"CHECKLIST","hostingOrganizationKey":"a2fa5b68-3ebf-4845-abc5-f456d251386f","hostingOrganizationTitle":"Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)","hostingCountry":"CN","publishingCountry":"CN","publishingOrganizationKey":"a2fa5b68-3ebf-4845-abc5-f456d251386f","publishingOrganizationTitle":"Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)","endorsingNodeKey":"e760dc6f-dd68-474d-ab41-bd3588571793","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode","keywords":["Catalogue of Life\nSpecies checklist\nChina"],"recordCount":0,"nameUsagesCount":312285}],"facets":[{"field":"TYPE","counts":[{"name":"CHECKLIST","count":51147}]}]}