{"offset":0,"limit":20,"endOfRecords":false,"count":47,"results":[{"key":9055139,"nameKey":16724255,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":9055139,"parentKey":5786121,"parent":"Hoolock hoolock","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Primates","family":"Hylobatidae","genus":"Hoolock","species":"Hoolock hoolock","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":44,"classKey":359,"orderKey":798,"familyKey":5484,"genusKey":4827728,"speciesKey":5786121,"scientificName":"Hoolock hoolock hoolock","canonicalName":"Hoolock hoolock hoolock","authorship":"(Harlan, 1834) ","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SUBSPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:9055139","extinct":false,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":["VULNERABLE"],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"Gibón 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Gibbon"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"320077663":"Animalia","320077664":"Chordata","320077665":"Mammalia","320077854":"Primates","320077855":"Hylobatidae","320077856":"Hoolock"},"class":"Mammalia"},{"key":5786121,"nameKey":5316736,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":5786121,"parentKey":4827728,"parent":"Hoolock","basionymKey":8314984,"basionym":"Simia hoolock Harlan, 1834","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Primates","family":"Hylobatidae","genus":"Hoolock","species":"Hoolock hoolock","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":44,"classKey":359,"orderKey":798,"familyKey":5484,"genusKey":4827728,"speciesKey":5786121,"scientificName":"Hoolock hoolock (Harlan, 1834)","canonicalName":"Hoolock hoolock","authorship":"(Harlan, 1834) ","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":2,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:5786121","extinct":false,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":["ENDANGERED"],"descriptions":[{"description":"Common name: Western Hoolock Gibbon"},{"description":"Myanmar name:"},{"description":"Distribution: Bangladesh, India and Western Myanmar (Southern Rakhine Mountain Ranges and West of the Chindwin River; Freund et al. 2021)."},{"description":"Remarks: Formerly considered conspecific with H. leuconedys and the Myanmar species is considered as H. h. hoolock (Roos et al. 2014)."},{"description":"India, Garo Hills, Assam."},{"description":"Food and Feeding. The Western Hoolock Gibbon is primarily frugivorous, preferring ripe and fleshy fruits, but they also eat leaves and leaf petioles, flowers and flower buds, seeds, shoots, moss and lichens, insects, spiders, and bird eggs. Regarding the time spent eating different food items; the typical diet is 65 % fruits, 13 % leaves, 12 % petioles, 5 % flowers, and 5 % animal protein. When fruits are scarce, either seasonally or because they are in degraded and fragmented forest patches, they eat more leaves. Figs (Ficus, Moraceae) are particularly important. They feed on bamboo shoots in the Borajan Wildlife Sanctuary, and fruits comprise only 40 % of their diet. Three major studies tallied 464 available plant species in the study areas, of which 88 occurred in the diets of Western Hoolock Gibbons. In north-eastern India, they are an important disperser of seeds for large and small fruit-bearing trees."},{"description":"Distribution. Bangladesh and NE India (states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, and Tripura) between the Brahmaputra and Salween rivers, and to the S of the Brahmaputra and E of the Dibang rivers, extending into NW Myanmar, W of the Chindwin River. W. Bleisch has reported an isolated population of gibbons to the N, in the Medog Nature Reserve in SE Xizang Autonomous Region (= Tibet), across the border from Arunachal Pradesh, but their identity has not been established."},{"description":"Genetic studies by L. A. Prouty and colleagues in 1983 recognized the hoolock gibbons as a distinct subgenus, under the name Bunopithecus (originally proposed for a Middle Pleistocene gibbon from Yanjinggou in Sichuan, China). In the taxonomic review of D. Brandon-Jones and coworkers in 2004, hoolock gibbons were listed under the genus Bunopithecus. In 2005, A. Mootnick and C. P. Groves showed that the name Bunopithecus was unavailable and provided a new generic name Hoolock. Mootnick and Groves also argued that leuconedys, formerly considered a subspecies in the eastern distribution of H. hoolock, should be considered a distinct species. Monotypic."},{"description":"Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 81 cm; weight 6 - 9 kg (males) and 6 - 1 kg (females). Male and female Western Hoolock Gibbons are comparable in size but quite dissimilar in color. Adult males and juveniles are jet black except for a pair of whitish brow streaks that turn up slightly at the ends; these are quite close together and connected by white hairs. Adult males also have a little white on the chin or under the eyes, and the preputial tuft is black or only faintly grizzled. In contrast, females become copperytan at maturity, with dark brown cheeks and a white face-ring that continues around and under the eyes as suborbital streaks."},{"description":"Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix I. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Western Hoolock Gibbon is legally protected in Bangladesh, India, and Myanmar. It is threatened by habitat loss and hunting for food and traditional Asian medicine. In Bangladesh, there is an estimated population of only 300 individuals in highly fragmented pockets of suitable habitat, while in north-eastern India, there are 2200 - 2600 individuals. More than 50 % of the Western Hoolock Gibbons in India is in isolated, small, and unsustainable subpopulations, often ofjust one or two groups. Across India and Bangladesh, habitat quality is rapidly declining, even where the forest is left standing; they suffer the loss of their preferred food trees and adequate sleeping sites, and the remaining forest structure and the broken canopy do not allow for brachiation. The degradation and destruction of their forest habitats results from the collection of firewood, timber extraction, plantations for the pulp industry, invasion of exotic plant species, crop cultivation, erosion, and disturbance of undergrowth, road construction, and urbanization. Unplanned intensive tourism, hunting, army training, natural gas extraction, slash-and-burn agriculture (“ jhum ” cultivation), and intensive commercial agriculture, such as tea plantations, comprise major threats. Commercial and subsistence hunting for food by hill tribes is particularly severe in Nagaland in far north-eastern India. Even when not hunted, people compete for food and cut down preferred fruit trees for timber, degrading the remaining forest patches. Namdapha National Park in the Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh has the largest contiguous stretch of protected forest in India and is a stronghold for the Western Hoolock Gibbon. They also occur in Lawachara National Park and Chunati and West Bhanugach wildlife sanctuaries in Bangladesh and Balphakram, Nokrek, Namdapha, Dibru-Saikhowa, Intanki, Kaziranga, and Murlen national parks and Bherjan, Borajan, Dampa, Garampani, Hoollongapar Gibbon, Gumti, Kamlang, Khawnglung, Nengpui, Nongkhyllem, Phawangpui, Sepahijala, Siju, and Trishna wildlife sanctuaries in India."},{"description":"Breeding. Mating of the Western Hoolock Gibbon occurs during the wet season (monsoon) in May-June, and birth peaks occur during the dry season in November — February. Offspring are weaned at about two years old and are considered juvenile until about four years old and subadults between four and six years old. Interbirth intervals are about three years."},{"description":"Movements, Home range and Social organization. Western Hoolock Gibbons live in family groups of 2 - 6 individuals (usually about three), consisting of an adult pair, juveniles, and infants. Females dominate males. In Bangladesh, their home ranges are 8 - 63 ha, while home ranges in India can be 200 - 400 ha, probably based on the size of the habitat fragments. They travel 300 - 1800 m / day. Scarcer food and more widely dispersed food sources are probably the reason for larger home ranges in India."},{"description":"Habitat. Primary tropical rainforest, evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, subtropical broadleaf hill forest, and tropical moist deciduous forest; occasionally in bamboo thickets and plantations of Terminalia myriocarpa (Combretaceae) and Lagerstroemia flos-reginae (Lythraceae). Western Hoolock Gibbons sometimes travel on the ground to reach isolated fruiting trees, especially where their habitats are degraded and fragmented and close to villages where they may make use of cultivated fruit trees. Although they may move through, or sleep in, bamboo forest or plantations, they cannot survive in monocultures. Western Hoolock Gibbons occur at elevations of 500 - 2700 m."},{"description":"Activity patterns. In Bangladesh, Western Hoolock Gibbons spend their days feeding (30 - 8 %), foraging (25 - 8 %), resting (27 - 5 %), and traveling (7 - 4 %), besides calling and engaging in territorial behavior and play. In India, play and grooming activities contribute less than 10 % oftheir daily activities. They rest and play more in the longer days of summer. Gibbons are active for 8 - 10 hours, starting at dawn or in the early morning, waking earlier in summer than winter. Pairs of Western Hoolock Gibbons call in the morning before leaving their sleeping sites on most but not all days and sometimes in the afternoon before retiring. They alternate their calls as a “ double solo ” rather than producing duets. Feeding dominates the morning hours and rest in the early afternoon. Activity ends usually several hours before sunset, possibly to avoid competing with other primates at their feeding trees. Preferred sleeping sites are emergenttrees, often those infested with epiphytes; mid-canopy trees are less preferred. A female and her infant sleep together, generally with the adult male; older offspring sleep separately."}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"Gibón Hulock","language":"spa"},{"vernacularName":"Hoolock","language":"fra"},{"vernacularName":"Gibbon Hoolock Occidental","language":"fra"},{"vernacularName":"Western Hoolock Gibbon","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Western Hoolock","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Hoolock Gibbon","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Western Hoolock Gibbon","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Western Hoolock Gibbon","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Western White-browed Gibbon","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Hoolock Gibbon","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Gibén huloc occidental"},{"vernacularName":"Westlicher WeiRbrauengibbon","language":"deu"},{"vernacularName":"Gibbon hoolock","language":"fra"},{"vernacularName":"Western Hoolock Gibbon","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"western hoolock gibbon","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"hoolock gibbon"},{"vernacularName":"Western hoolock gibbon"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","44":"Chordata","359":"Mammalia","798":"Primates","5484":"Hylobatidae","4827728":"Hoolock"},"class":"Mammalia"},{"key":196222192,"datasetKey":"a9b14435-eb35-414e-8820-b9eda51268f3","nubKey":5786121,"parentKey":320160189,"parent":"Hoolock","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Primates","family":"Hylobatidae","genus":"Hoolock","species":"Hoolock hoolock","kingdomKey":320160181,"phylumKey":320160182,"classKey":320160183,"orderKey":320160184,"familyKey":320160185,"genusKey":320160189,"speciesKey":196222192,"scientificName":"Hoolock hoolock (Harlan 1834)","canonicalName":"Hoolock hoolock","authorship":"(Harlan 1834)","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"03D787BA0E38FFC1FFE0FE6FF872CC37.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Activity patterns. In Bangladesh, Western Hoolock Gibbons spend their days feeding (30 - 8 %), foraging (25 - 8 %), resting (27 - 5 %), and traveling (7 - 4 %), besides calling and engaging in territorial behavior and play. In India, play and grooming activities contribute less than 10 % oftheir daily activities. They rest and play more in the longer days of summer. Gibbons are active for 8 - 10 hours, starting at dawn or in the early morning, waking earlier in summer than winter. Pairs of Western Hoolock Gibbons call in the morning before leaving their sleeping sites on most but not all days and sometimes in the afternoon before retiring. They alternate their calls as a “ double solo ” rather than producing duets. Feeding dominates the morning hours and rest in the early afternoon. Activity ends usually several hours before sunset, possibly to avoid competing with other primates at their feeding trees. Preferred sleeping sites are emergenttrees, often those infested with epiphytes; mid-canopy trees are less preferred. A female and her infant sleep together, generally with the adult male; older offspring sleep separately."},{"description":"Habitat. Primary tropical rainforest, evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, subtropical broadleaf hill forest, and tropical moist deciduous forest; occasionally in bamboo thickets and plantations of Terminalia myriocarpa (Combretaceae) and Lagerstroemia flos-reginae (Lythraceae). Western Hoolock Gibbons sometimes travel on the ground to reach isolated fruiting trees, especially where their habitats are degraded and fragmented and close to villages where they may make use of cultivated fruit trees. Although they may move through, or sleep in, bamboo forest or plantations, they cannot survive in monocultures. Western Hoolock Gibbons occur at elevations of 500 - 2700 m."},{"description":"Movements, Home range and Social organization. Western Hoolock Gibbons live in family groups of 2 - 6 individuals (usually about three), consisting of an adult pair, juveniles, and infants. Females dominate males. In Bangladesh, their home ranges are 8 - 63 ha, while home ranges in India can be 200 - 400 ha, probably based on the size of the habitat fragments. They travel 300 - 1800 m / day. Scarcer food and more widely dispersed food sources are probably the reason for larger home ranges in India."},{"description":"Breeding. Mating of the Western Hoolock Gibbon occurs during the wet season (monsoon) in May-June, and birth peaks occur during the dry season in November — February. Offspring are weaned at about two years old and are considered juvenile until about four years old and subadults between four and six years old. Interbirth intervals are about three years."},{"description":"Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix I. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Western Hoolock Gibbon is legally protected in Bangladesh, India, and Myanmar. It is threatened by habitat loss and hunting for food and traditional Asian medicine. In Bangladesh, there is an estimated population of only 300 individuals in highly fragmented pockets of suitable habitat, while in north-eastern India, there are 2200 - 2600 individuals. More than 50 % of the Western Hoolock Gibbons in India is in isolated, small, and unsustainable subpopulations, often ofjust one or two groups. Across India and Bangladesh, habitat quality is rapidly declining, even where the forest is left standing; they suffer the loss of their preferred food trees and adequate sleeping sites, and the remaining forest structure and the broken canopy do not allow for brachiation. The degradation and destruction of their forest habitats results from the collection of firewood, timber extraction, plantations for the pulp industry, invasion of exotic plant species, crop cultivation, erosion, and disturbance of undergrowth, road construction, and urbanization. Unplanned intensive tourism, hunting, army training, natural gas extraction, slash-and-burn agriculture (“ jhum ” cultivation), and intensive commercial agriculture, such as tea plantations, comprise major threats. Commercial and subsistence hunting for food by hill tribes is particularly severe in Nagaland in far north-eastern India. Even when not hunted, people compete for food and cut down preferred fruit trees for timber, degrading the remaining forest patches. Namdapha National Park in the Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh has the largest contiguous stretch of protected forest in India and is a stronghold for the Western Hoolock Gibbon. They also occur in Lawachara National Park and Chunati and West Bhanugach wildlife sanctuaries in Bangladesh and Balphakram, Nokrek, Namdapha, Dibru-Saikhowa, Intanki, Kaziranga, and Murlen national parks and Bherjan, Borajan, Dampa, Garampani, Hoollongapar Gibbon, Gumti, Kamlang, Khawnglung, Nengpui, Nongkhyllem, Phawangpui, Sepahijala, Siju, and Trishna wildlife sanctuaries in India."},{"description":"Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 81 cm; weight 6 - 9 kg (males) and 6 - 1 kg (females). Male and female Western Hoolock Gibbons are comparable in size but quite dissimilar in color. Adult males and juveniles are jet black except for a pair of whitish brow streaks that turn up slightly at the ends; these are quite close together and connected by white hairs. Adult males also have a little white on the chin or under the eyes, and the preputial tuft is black or only faintly grizzled. In contrast, females become copperytan at maturity, with dark brown cheeks and a white face-ring that continues around and under the eyes as suborbital streaks."},{"description":"Genetic studies by L. A. Prouty and colleagues in 1983 recognized the hoolock gibbons as a distinct subgenus, under the name Bunopithecus (originally proposed for a Middle Pleistocene gibbon from Yanjinggou in Sichuan, China). In the taxonomic review of D. Brandon-Jones and coworkers in 2004, hoolock gibbons were listed under the genus Bunopithecus. In 2005, A. Mootnick and C. P. Groves showed that the name Bunopithecus was unavailable and provided a new generic name Hoolock. Mootnick and Groves also argued that leuconedys, formerly considered a subspecies in the eastern distribution of H. hoolock, should be considered a distinct species. Monotypic."},{"description":"Distribution. Bangladesh and NE India (states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, and Tripura) between the Brahmaputra and Salween rivers, and to the S of the Brahmaputra and E of the Dibang rivers, extending into NW Myanmar, W of the Chindwin River. W. Bleisch has reported an isolated population of gibbons to the N, in the Medog Nature Reserve in SE Xizang Autonomous Region (= Tibet), across the border from Arunachal Pradesh, but their identity has not been established."},{"description":"Food and Feeding. The Western Hoolock Gibbon is primarily frugivorous, preferring ripe and fleshy fruits, but they also eat leaves and leaf petioles, flowers and flower buds, seeds, shoots, moss and lichens, insects, spiders, and bird eggs. Regarding the time spent eating different food items; the typical diet is 65 % fruits, 13 % leaves, 12 % petioles, 5 % flowers, and 5 % animal protein. When fruits are scarce, either seasonally or because they are in degraded and fragmented forest patches, they eat more leaves. Figs (Ficus, Moraceae) are particularly important. They feed on bamboo shoots in the Borajan Wildlife Sanctuary, and fruits comprise only 40 % of their diet. Three major studies tallied 464 available plant species in the study areas, of which 88 occurred in the diets of Western Hoolock Gibbons. In north-eastern India, they are an important disperser of seeds for large and small fruit-bearing trees."},{"description":"India, Garo Hills, Assam."}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"Western Hoolock Gibbon","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Gibbon hoolock","language":"fra"},{"vernacularName":"Westlicher WeiRbrauengibbon","language":"deu"},{"vernacularName":"Hoolock Gibbon","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Western White-browed Gibbon","language":"eng"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"320160181":"Animalia","320160182":"Chordata","320160183":"Mammalia","320160184":"Primates","320160185":"Hylobatidae","320160189":"Hoolock"},"class":"Mammalia"},{"key":197243979,"datasetKey":"3ee6fce9-9056-48f5-96fb-a2339bdb947e","nubKey":5786121,"parentKey":315867824,"parent":"Hylobatidae","kingdom":"Animalia","family":"Hylobatidae","species":"Hoolock hoolock","kingdomKey":315867665,"familyKey":315867824,"speciesKey":197243979,"scientificName":"Hoolock hoolock (Harlan, 1834)","canonicalName":"Hoolock hoolock","authorship":"(Harlan, 1834)","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"0739868efeb946828df5f8434195f61b","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"315867665":"Animalia","315867824":"Hylobatidae"}},{"key":273225887,"datasetKey":"e007cc4a-8704-449d-8829-bb209d26d6c8","nubKey":5786121,"parentKey":273225882,"parent":"Hoolock","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Primates","family":"Hylobatidae","genus":"Hoolock","species":"Hoolock hoolock","kingdomKey":270195436,"phylumKey":273083630,"classKey":300784252,"orderKey":300790345,"familyKey":273225668,"genusKey":273225882,"speciesKey":273225887,"scientificName":"Hoolock hoolock (Harlan, 1834)","canonicalName":"Hoolock hoolock","authorship":"(Harlan, 1834)","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"6MD6Q","extinct":false,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"Western Hoolock Gibbon","language":"eng"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"270195436":"Animalia","273083630":"Chordata","300784252":"Mammalia","300790345":"Primates","273225668":"Hylobatidae","273225882":"Hoolock"},"class":"Mammalia"},{"key":176665174,"datasetKey":"19491596-35ae-4a91-9a98-85cf505f1bd3","nubKey":5786121,"parentKey":319234791,"parent":"Hoolock","kingdom":"ANIMALIA","phylum":"CHORDATA","order":"PRIMATES","family":"HYLOBATIDAE","genus":"Hoolock","species":"Hoolock hoolock","kingdomKey":319224932,"phylumKey":319225023,"classKey":319233714,"orderKey":319234691,"familyKey":319234788,"genusKey":319234791,"speciesKey":176665174,"scientificName":"Hoolock hoolock (Harlan, 1834)","canonicalName":"Hoolock hoolock","authorship":"(Harlan, 1834)","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"39876","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":["ENDANGERED"],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"Hoolock Gibbon","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Western Hoolock","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Gibbon Hoolock Occidental","language":"fra"},{"vernacularName":"Hoolock","language":"fra"},{"vernacularName":"Gibón Hulock","language":"spa"},{"vernacularName":"Western Hoolock Gibbon","language":"eng"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"319224932":"ANIMALIA","319225023":"CHORDATA","319233714":"MAMMALIA","319234691":"PRIMATES","319234788":"HYLOBATIDAE","319234791":"Hoolock"},"class":"MAMMALIA"},{"key":165231827,"datasetKey":"16c3f9cb-4b19-4553-ac8e-ebb90003aa02","nubKey":5786121,"parentKey":100492406,"parent":"Hoolock","family":"Hylobatidae","genus":"Hoolock","species":"Hoolock hoolock","familyKey":319880106,"genusKey":100492406,"speciesKey":165231827,"scientificName":"Hoolock hoolock (Harlan, 1834)","canonicalName":"Hoolock hoolock","authorship":"(Harlan, 1834)","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"9465720","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Der Westliche Weißbrauengibbon oder Westliche Hulock (Hoolock hoolock) ist eine schwanzlose Affenart, die in Nordostindien südlich von Brahmaputra und Dibang, im Nordosten von Bangladesch und in Myanmar westlich des Chindwin vorkommt. Östlich des Chindwins lebt der nah verwandte Östliche Weißbrauengibbon (H. leuconedys)."},{"description":"Der Westliche Weißbrauengibbon wird bei der IUCN als „endangered“ (stark gefährdet) klassifiziert. In den letzten 40 Jahren soll der Bestand um etwa 50 % abgenommen haben. Ursache sind Bejagung und der Verlust geeigneter Lebensräume. Mehr als 50 % der Westlichen Weißbrauengibbons in Indien leben in isolierten, kleinen, nicht über eine lange Zeit überlebensfähige Subpopulationen, die aus einer oder zwei Gruppen bestehen. Dort könnten noch etwa 2600 Tiere leben, 2000 davon in Assam. Da die Tiere ungern auf den Boden kommen, brauchen sie zusammenhängende Waldgebiete, in denen sie sich von Ast zu Ast hangeln können (Brachiation). Werden Futter- und Schlafbäume gefällt fehlt ihnen die Nahrungsgrundlage. Ihr Lebensraum wird für Bauholz, Feuerholz und die Papierindustrie gerodet. Dadurch entstehen Erosionen, die den fruchtbaren Boden wegreißen, und invasive, exotische Pflanzen können sich anstelle der heimischen ausbreiten. Auch der Straßenbau und die Urbanisierung zerstückeln die Wälder immer mehr in kleinere Gebiete. Ungeplanter, intensiver Tourismus, Erdgasgewinnung und sogar Truppenübungen stellen Gefahren für die Gibbons und ihren Lebensraum dar. Brandrodungen werden durchgeführt, um Raum und Platz für die Landwirtschaft wie Teeplantagen zu bekommen. Auch die Jagd als Nahrungsmittel oder für traditionelle, asiatische Medizin dezimiert den Bestand deutlich. Der Namdapha-Nationalpark im Changlang-Distrikt in Arunachal Pradesh hat den größten, geschützten, zusammenhängenden Wald in Indien und ist eine Hochburg für den Westlichen Weißbrauengibbon. Außerdem kommt er unter anderen im Dibru-Saikhowa-Nationalpark und im Kaziranga-Nationalpark vor, sowie in weiteren Nationalparks und Naturschutzgebieten in Indien und Bangladesch vor. In Bangladesch gab es in den Jahren 2005/2006 noch 200 bis 280 Exemplare. Über die Bestände im Westen von Myanmar gibt es keine Angaben. Da es dort noch tausende Quadratkilometer unerforschter Regenwälder gibt könnte das Land die größte Population des Westlichen Weißbrauengibbons besitzen."},{"description":"Westliche Weißbrauengibbons leben auf hohen Bäumen in tropischen Regenwäldern und subtropischen immergrünen Laubwäldern, zeitweise auch in Bambusbeständen oder Plantagen der Chinesischen Lagerströmie (Lagerstroemia indica) oder von Terminalia myriocarpa. Sie kommen auch in Bergwäldern bis in Höhen von 2700 Metern vor. Zur Futtersuche oder um zwischen fragmentierten Waldbeständen von Bauminsel zu Bauminsel zu gelangen gehen sich auch auf den Erdboden. Wie alle Gibbons ernähren sie sich vor allem von reifen Früchten, besonders von Feigen, außerdem von Blätter, Blüten, Knospen, Trieben, Blattstielen, Insekten, Spinnen und Vogeleiern. Früchte machen etwa 65 % ihrer Ernährung aus, tierische Nahrung hat einen Anteil von etwa 5 %. Wenn Früchte knapp sind, fressen sie mehr Blätter. Im indischen Borajan Wildlife-Schutzgebiet besteht ihre Nahrung nur zu 40 % aus Früchten und Bambusstängel sind das wichtigste Ersatznahrungsmittel. Den Tag verbringen sie hauptsächlich mit Futtersuche (25 %) und -aufnahme (30 %), Ausruhen (27 %) und Wandern durch ihre Reviere (7 %). Weniger wichtig ist die Körperpflege und das Spielen. Westliche Weißbrauengibbons paaren sich in der Regenzeit von Mai bis Juni. Die Jungtiere werden in der Trockenzeit von November bis Februar geboren. Bei einem Alter von etwa zwei Jahren werden sie entwöhnt. Zwischen zwei Geburten vergehen in der Regel drei Jahre."},{"description":"Westliche Weißbrauengibbons können ein Gewicht von 6 bis 9 kg erreichen. Die Kopf-Rumpf-Länge liegt etwa bei 80 cm. Wie die Schopfgibbons zeigen auch die Weißbrauengibbons einen ausgeprägten Geschlechtsdimorphismus. Die Männchen sind schwarz und besitzen weiße Augenbrauen. Sie sind beim Westlichen Weißbrauengibbon aber zusammengewachsen oder fast zusammengewachsen, beim Östlichen Weißbrauengibbon sind sie deutlicher getrennt. Die Brust ist dunkler als beim Östlichen Weißbrauengibbon. Bei ausgewachsenen Männchen ist das Haar unterhalb der Augen und am Kinn weiß. Weibchen haben ein gelbliches, bei Erreichen der Geschlechtsreife leicht kupferfarbes Fell. Die Wangen sind dunkelbraun. Das dunkle Gesicht ist von einem Ring weißer Haare umgeben."}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"Westlicher Weißbrauengibbon","language":"deu"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"319880106":"Hylobatidae","100492406":"Hoolock"}},{"key":7262061,"nameKey":16724273,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":7262061,"parentKey":5786121,"parent":"Hoolock hoolock","acceptedKey":9055139,"accepted":"Hoolock hoolock hoolock","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Primates","family":"Hylobatidae","genus":"Hoolock","species":"Hoolock hoolock","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":44,"classKey":359,"orderKey":798,"familyKey":5484,"genusKey":4827728,"speciesKey":5786121,"scientificName":"Bunopithecus hoolock hoolock","canonicalName":"Bunopithecus hoolock hoolock","authorship":"(Harlan, 1834) ","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"SYNONYM","rank":"SUBSPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:7262061","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Type Locality: India, Assam, Garo Hills."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":true,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","44":"Chordata","359":"Mammalia","798":"Primates","5484":"Hylobatidae","4827728":"Hoolock","5786121":"Hoolock hoolock"},"class":"Mammalia"},{"key":166394129,"datasetKey":"fab88965-e69d-4491-a04d-e3198b626e52","parentKey":2987681,"parent":"Hoolock","acceptedKey":104047587,"accepted":"Hoolock leuconedys","kingdom":"Metazoa","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Primates","family":"Hylobatidae","genus":"Hoolock","species":"Hoolock leuconedys","kingdomKey":103832354,"phylumKey":103882489,"classKey":104045725,"orderKey":104046460,"familyKey":104047566,"genusKey":104047569,"speciesKey":104047587,"scientificName":"Hoolock hoolock leuconedys","canonicalName":"Hoolock hoolock leuconedys","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"SYNONYM","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"593543-s2","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":true,"higherClassificationMap":{"103832354":"Metazoa","103882489":"Chordata","104045725":"Mammalia","104046460":"Primates","104047566":"Hylobatidae","104047569":"Hoolock","104047587":"Hoolock leuconedys","2987681":"Hoolock"},"class":"Mammalia"},{"key":165682634,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","parentKey":165682631,"parent":"Hoolock","genus":"Hoolock","species":"Hoolock hoolock","genusKey":165682631,"speciesKey":165682634,"scientificName":"Hoolock hoolock (Harlan, 1834)","canonicalName":"Hoolock hoolock","authorship":"(Harlan, 1834)","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"16226297","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"The western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) is a primate from the gibbon family, Hylobatidae. The species is found in Assam, Mizoram, and Meghalaya in India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar west of the Chindwin River."},{"description":"Mootnick and Groves stated that hoolock gibbons do not belong in the genus Bunopithecus, and placed them in a new genus, Hoolock. This genus was argued to contain two and later three distinct species, which were previously thought to be subspecies: H. hoolock, H. leuconedys, and H. tianxing. A larger evolutionary distance was later found to exist between these three species and the white-handed gibbons than between bonobos and chimpanzees. A new subspecies of the western hoolock gibbon has been described recently from northeastern India, which has been named the Mishmi Hills hoolock gibbon, H. h. mishmiensis."},{"description":"Numerous threats exist for western hoolock gibbons in the wild, and they are now entirely dependent on human action for their survival. Threats include habitat encroachment by humans, forest clearance for tea cultivation, the practice of jhuming (slash-and-burn cultivation), hunting for food and \"medicine\", capture for trade, and forest degradation. Since the 1980s, western hoolock gibbon numbers are estimated to have dropped from more than 100,000 (Assam alone was estimated to have around 80,000 in the early 1970s) to less than 5,000 individuals (a decline of more than 90%). In 2009 it was considered to be one of the 25 most endangered primates, though it has been dropped from the later editions of the list."},{"description":"In India and Bangladesh, it is found where the canopy is contiguous, broad-leaved, wet evergreen and mixed evergreen forests, including dipterocarp forests and often in mountainous terrain. The species is an important seed disperser; its diet includes mostly ripe fruits, with some flowers, leaves, and shoots."},{"description":"Like other gibbons, hoolock gibbon pairs produce a loud, elaborate song, usually as a duet from the forest canopy, in which younger individuals of the family group may join. The song includes an introductory sequence, an organising sequence, and a great call sequence, with the male also contributing to the latter (unlike in some other gibbon species). Western hoolock gibbons calling from the rainforest canopy in Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram, India"}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"Western hoolock gibbon","language":"eng"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165682631":"Hoolock"}}],"facets":[]}