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The data contain 410 occurrences of amphibians and reptiles recorded during time-constrained encounter surveys in six rainforest remnants of the Valparai Plateau, Anamalai Hills, Tamil Nadu, India, between September and October 2017. Twenty-five incidental records of mammals and herpetofauna have also been included.

The data from time-constrained encounter surveys correspond to the following publication:

Harikrishnan, S., Mudappa, D. & Raman, T. R. S. 2018. Herpetofaunal survey in rainforest remnants of the Anamalai Hills in the Western Ghats, India. The Herpetological Bulletin 146: 8-17. URL: https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-bulletin/issue-number-146-winter-2018/1870-02-herpetofaunal-survey-in-rainforest-remnants-of-the-western-ghats-india/file

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","additionalInfo":"marine, harvested by iOBIS. This dataset is a subset of NEFSC Right Whale Aerial Survey.\n\nOther references:\nKhan C, Cole TVN, Duley P, Glass AH, Niemeyer M, Christman C. 2009. North Atlantic Right Whale Sighting Survey (NARWSS) and Right Whale Sighting Advisory System (RWSAS) 2008 Results Summary. US Dept Commer, Northeast Fish Sci Cent Ref Doc. 09-05; 7 p.\n\nNiemeyer, M., T.V.N. Cole, C.L. Christman, P. Duley and A.H. Glass. 2008. North Atlantic Right Whale Sighting Survey (NARWSS) and Right Whale Sighting Advisory System (RWSAS) 2007 results summary. Northeast Fisheries Science Center Reference Document. 08-06; 6 p. \n\nCole TVN, Gerrior P, Merrick RL. 2007. Methodologies of the NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service aerial survey program for right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) in the Northeast U.S., 1998-2006. US Dep Commer, Northeast Fish Sci Cent Ref Doc 07-02; 11 p.","pubDate":"2026-01-01T00:00:00.000+00:00","maintenanceUpdateFrequency":"NOT_PLANNED","maintenanceDescription":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode","dwca":{"coreType":"http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Occurrence","extensions":[],"modified":"2026-05-02T08:26:43.846+00:00"}},{"key":"9442fd92-5252-40c3-b3df-8c84c1c3bde6","installationKey":"68845aab-a453-4816-b36d-a3ec8455deb0","publishingOrganizationKey":"30ff48bd-4dd1-429d-a5a5-348c8e5fbfb1","doi":"10.15472/um3io0","version":"1.1","external":false,"numConstituents":0,"type":"OCCURRENCE","subtype":"OBSERVATION","shortName":"Garrapatas en el Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona","title":"Distribución y abundancia de garrapatas y patógenos asociados en el Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, como una estrategia para la contención de posibles zoonosis","description":"\n El conocimiento acerca de la presencia de garrapatas y microorganismos potencialmente patógenos en el Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona (PNNT) es crucial para entender las potenciales consecuencias que estas puedan tener en las especies silvestres, además de la amenaza que podrían significar para los animales domésticos y la salud humana. Este proyecto pretende determinar la distribución y abundancia de garrapatas en fase de vida libre (sobre la vegetación) y fase parasitaria (sobre equinos y aves) en los sectores de Neguanje, Cañaveral y Arrecifes en el PNNT, asi como detectar la presencia de microorganismos patógenos. La base de datos contiene un total de 306 registros biológicos correspondientes a 229 muestras de garrapatas y 77 muestras de sangre de aves recolectadas. La cobertura temporal del conjunto de datos abarca los meses de marzo, abril, mayo, julio, octubre, noviembre y diciembre. En términos taxonómicos el recurso incluye 38 taxones identificados.\n ","language":"spa","logoUrl":"https://gitlab.com/sib-colombia/logos/-/raw/main/socio-SiB-unimagdalena.png","citation":{"text":"Castro L, Rodriguez M M, Guerrero J, Madrid J P (2026). Distribución y abundancia de garrapatas y patógenos asociados en el Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, como una estrategia para la contención de posibles zoonosis. Version 1.1. 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Municipio de Santa Marta, Colombia","boundingBox":{"minLatitude":11.301111,"maxLatitude":11.314167,"minLongitude":-74.075278,"maxLongitude":-73.929167,"globalCoverage":false}}],"temporalCoverages":[{"@type":"range","start":"2024-10-06T00:00:00.000+00:00","end":"2025-07-04T00:00:00.000+00:00"}],"keywordCollections":[{"thesaurus":"NA","keywords":["detección molecular","zoonosis","Amblyomma"]},{"thesaurus":"GBIF Dataset Subtype Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_subtype.xml","keywords":["Observation"]},{"thesaurus":"GBIF Dataset Type Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_type_2015-07-10.xml","keywords":["Occurrence"]}],"project":{"title":"Distribución y abundancia de garrapatas y patógenos asociados en el Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, como una estrategia para la contención de posibles zoonosis","contacts":[{"type":"POINT_OF_CONTACT","primary":false,"userId":[],"firstName":"Lyda","lastName":"Castro","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]}],"funding":"Fondo de Investigación (FONCIENCIAS), Universidad del Magdalena.","awards":[],"studyAreaDescription":"El Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona está ubicado entre 11° 18' y 11° 21' de latitud norte y entre los 74° 4' y 74° 7' de longitud oeste, con un área aproximada de 150 km² que va desde los 0 a los 950m.s.n.m. Se caracteriza por presentar paisajes en todas las regiones de vida de un gradiente montañoso. El régimen de precipitación es de tipo bimodal tetraestacional con dos períodos de concentración de las lluvias, de mayo a junio y de septiembre a noviembre con su mayor intensidad en octubre; y dos períodos secos, el más intenso va de diciembre hasta abril y el veranillo de julio a agosto. La precipitación media mensual es 578 mm; existe un gradiente de humedad creciente entre los extremos occidental y oriental, con un punto de transición en la bahía de Cinto. La temperatura promedio anual es 27°C; en las partes altas 22°C; la temperatura media máxima anual es 32.6°C y la media mínima es 23.3°C. Los sectores de Arrecifes y Cañaveral al oriente reciben la mayor precipitación del parque. La caracterización de las zonas vegetales muestreadas está compuesta principalmente por bosque seco tropical y bosque húmedo tropical.","relatedProjects":[],"abstract":"La aparición de patógenos zoonóticos generalmente se inicia por el desbordamiento de un patógeno desde la vida silvestre a los animales domésticos o al humano, lo que puede ocurrir en áreas con alta presencia de animales y biodiversidad de artrópodos que actúen como vectores puente, como las garrapatas. El Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona es un escenario crítico para este suceso, al ser un área protegida, hotspot de biodiversidad, altamente visitada por turistas y con presencia abundante de animales domésticos, específicamente equinos, que se usan para el transporte de personas, de equipaje y alimentos al interior del parque. El conocimiento acerca de la presencia de garrapatas y microorganismos potencialmente patógenos en el Parque Tayrona es crucial para entender las consecuencias potenciales que éstas pueden tener en la conservación de especies silvestres, al igual que la amenaza que podrían significar para la salud humana. En este proyecto pretendemos determinar la distribución y abundancia de garrapatas en fase de vida libre (sobre la vegetación) y fase parasitaria (sobre equinos y aves silvestres) en el Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona (PNNT). Además, mediante técnicas moleculares, detectar la presencia de microorganismos patógenos de importancia en salud pública y veterinaria como Rickettsia sp, Ehrlichia sp, Anaplasma sp, Babesia sp y Theileria sp. A sí mismo, a través del presente proyecto se busca generar, de forma colaborativa entre Parques Nacionales y La Universidad del Magdalena, estrategias para la prevención y control de posibles zoonosis en el área protegida."},"samplingDescription":{"studyExtent":"Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, sectores Neguanje, Arrecifes y Cañaveral","sampling":"1. Captura de aves\n2. Tomas de muestras de sangre en Aves\n3. Búsqueda de garrapatas en aves\n4. Identificación taxonómica y molecular de garrapatas de aves y búsqueda de patógenos\n5. Búsqueda de garrapatas en vegetación y en equinos\n6. Identificación taxonómica y molecular de garrapatas de vegetación y equinos y búsqueda de patógenos","methodSteps":["Captura de aves y toma de muestras de sangre: La captura de aves se realizó utilizando redes de niebla, las redes fueron distribuidas en el interior y borde de bosque. La apertura de las redes se realizó de 6:00 am a 11:00am y de 2:00pm a 5:00pm, durante 5 días. Cada una de las zonas se visitó tres veces durante los meses de octubre, noviembre y diciembre de 2024 y enero, marzo y abril de 2025. Se tomaron muestras de sangre de la vena braquial o yugular, extrayendo de 0,1 a 0,2 ml por ave utilizando una jeringa de insulina de 1 ml con una aguja de 27 G × 1/2. El volumen de sangre extraído dependió del peso del ave. Para minimizar el riesgo de mortalidad, no se incluyeron en el muestreo de sangre aves con un peso inferior a 10 g. La sangre recolectada se colocó en un tubo Eppendorf con 10 µL de solución anticoagulante EDTA. Todas las aves capturadas se identificaron utilizando guias de campo.","Búsqueda de garrapatas en aves: Cada ave capturada se examinó cuerpo completo en búsqueda de garrapatas, las cuales se colectaron utilizando pinzas entomológicas de punta delgada y tomándolas del hipostoma (órgano bucal que perfora la piel) para evitar el desprendimiento de este a la hora de extraer las garrapatas. Las garrapatas se depositaron en viales Eppendorf de 1.5 ml con alcohol al 96% o superior debidamente rotulado. Las aves capturadas aves fueron marcadas y liberadas para anotar posibles recapturas.","Captura y búsqueda de garrapatas en senderos y caballos: La captura de garrapatas en senderos se realizó mediante el uso de sábanas blancas de 1m2 implementando la técnica dragging en cada sendero durante 1 hora, con revisiones constantes cada 5 min. La recolección de garrapatas en caballos se realizó con previo consentimiento de sus propietarios, las garrapatas se recolectaron directamente de los caballos utilizando pinzas o de forma manual de las partes del cuerpo donde generalmente se encuentran, como orejas, cabeza, cuello, patas y regiones torácica, abdominal y perianal. Las garrapatas recolectadas se separaron por hospedero en tubos con alcohol al 95% y posteriormente se almacenaron a -20 °C."]},"countryCoverage":[],"collections":[],"dataDescriptions":[],"dataLanguage":"spa","pubDate":"2026-05-01T00:00:00.000+00:00","maintenanceUpdateFrequency":"UNKNOWN","maintenanceDescription":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode","dwca":{"coreType":"http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Occurrence","extensions":["http://data.ggbn.org/schemas/ggbn/terms/Permit"],"modified":"2026-05-02T08:26:42.444+00:00"}},{"key":"f624cdc2-e7af-4d5b-9c0a-f11bc718acf9","installationKey":"09490f73-d156-445c-971e-f02b574f0320","publishingOrganizationKey":"67b2263f-6990-4d9d-b32b-20aa72ef4fbc","doi":"10.82144/8e86db47","external":false,"numConstituents":0,"type":"OCCURRENCE","subtype":"OBSERVATION","shortName":"zd_102007","title":"NEFSC Right Whale Aerial Survey in 2007","description":"

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El DNMI Colinas y Lomas Submarinas de la Cuenca Pacífico Norte, declarado en 2022, es hasta el momento la segunda área marina protegida (AMP) profunda después de la RN Cordillera Beata con inventarios de biodiversidad derivados del ADN ambiental (eDNA) en Colombia. Esta herramienta ha permitido la caracterización de la biodiversidad en ecosistemas de difícil acceso, gracias a su capacidad para detectar especies de forma robusta y eficiente sin generar impacto sobre los sistemas naturales a diferencia de otros métodos de muestreo. Se realizaron muestreos en el DNMI Colinas y Lomas a partir del ADN ambiental acuático en 2022 previo a su declaración y en 2023 como una actividad de monitoreo a la nueva AMP. La metodología de muestreo consistió en la filtración de tres réplicas de 120 L por estación a una tasa de 1 L por minuto, el agua se recolectó a partir de lances de roseta oceanográfica (con 12 botellas Niskin de 10 L cada una). En total se obtuvieron 39 filtros con ADN ambiental (18 en 2022 y 21 en 2023). En laboratorio se emplearon dos pares de cebadores mitocondriales para el gen 12S del ARNr, dirigidos a vertebrados en general (Vert02) y a peces óseos (Teleo 01). El presente conjunto de datos recopila 2376 registros de ocurrencia de aves, mamíferos acuáticos y peces. Este ultimo grupo fue el más diverso detectado, lo cual puede atribuirse tanto a su abundancia en la zona como a la especificidad del cebador utilizado. | The DNMI Colinas y Lomas Submarinas de la Cuenca Pacífico Norte, designated in 2022, is currently the second deep-sea marine protected area (MPA) in Colombia, after the Cordillera Beata National Reserve, that has biodiversity inventories based on environmental DNA (eDNA). This tool has enabled the characterization of biodiversity in hard-to-reach ecosystems, thanks to its ability to detect species robustly and efficiently while causing minimal impact on natural systems, unlike other sampling methods. Sampling was conducted in the Colinas y Lomas DNMI using aquatic environmental DNA in 2022 prior to its designation and in 2023 as a monitoring activity for the new MPA. The sampling methodology consisted of filtering three 120-liter replicates per station at a rate of 1 liter per minute; water was collected using an oceanographic rosette (with 12 Niskin bottles, each holding 10 liters). In the laboratory, two pairs of mitochondrial primers targeting the 12S rRNA gene were used, directed at vertebrates in general (Vert02) and bony fishes (Teleo01). This dataset compiles 2,376 occurrence records of birds, aquatic mammals, and fishes. Fishes were the most diverse group detected, which may be attributed both to their abundance in the area and to the specificity of the primer used.

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Evaluación Ambiental de las Colinas y Lomas Submarinas de la Cuenca Pacífico Norte. Santa Marta, Colombia. Informe Técnico Final. Convenio 181-21. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito Vives de Andréis. Santa Marta. Colombia. 335 p. +Anexos","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"INVEMAR y Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia. 2024 Crucero De Investigación Distrito Nacional De Manejo Integrado Colinas Y Lomas Submarinas De La Cuenca Pacífico Norte. Santa Marta, Colombia. Informe Técnico Final. Convenio N° 008 de 2023. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito Vives de Andréis. Santa Marta. Colombia. 251 p. +Anexos","citationProvidedBySource":false}],"curatorialUnits":[],"taxonomicCoverages":[{"description":"Los registros se identificaron usando las bases de datos de referencia. En general, la identificación fue llevada hasta Clase en un 4,2 %, Orden 10,8 %, Familia 48,3 %, Género 25,5 % y Especie 11,2 %. Por taxón, los alcances taxonómicos expresados en número de registros son los siguientes: Teleostei: 32 órdenes, 72 familias, 66 géneros y 45 especies. Mammalia: 1 orden, 4 familias, 5 géneros y 4 especies. Elasmobranchii: 3 órdenes, 6 familias, 6 géneros y 5 especies. Aves: 5 órdenes, 5 familias, 4 géneros y 2 especies. Amphibia: 1 orden, 1 familia y 1 género. | The records were identified using reference databases. Overall, identification was achieved to the following taxonomic levels: Class (4.2%), Order (10.8%), Family (48.3%), Genus (25.5%), and Species (11.2%). By taxon, the taxonomic coverage expressed as number of records is as follows: Teleostei includes 32 orders, 72 families, 66 genera, and 45 species; Mammalia includes 1 order, 4 families, 5 genera, and 4 species; Elasmobranchii includes 3 orders, 6 families, 6 genera, and 5 species; Aves includes 5 orders, 5 families, 4 genera, and 2 species; and Amphibia includes 1 order, 1 family, and 1 genus.","coverages":[{"scientificName":"Dussumieriidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Molidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Synodontidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Cyclopsettidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Eleotridae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Alopiidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Halosauridae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Ariidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Mugilidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Fistulariidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Gadiformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Coryphaenidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Anseriformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Carangidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Myctophidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Istiophoriformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Istiophoridae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Scombriformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Xiphiidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Galliformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Delphinidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Apogonidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Passeriformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Pelecaniformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Hemiramphidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Neoscopelidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Scorpaenidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Triglidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Pomacentridae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Notacanthiformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Tetraodontiformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Ophidiiformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Melanocetidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Beryciformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Melamphaidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Chordata","rank":{"verbatim":"phylum","interpreted":"PHYLUM"}},{"scientificName":"Stomiiformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Nemichthyidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Aves","rank":{"verbatim":"class","interpreted":"CLASS"}},{"scientificName":"Trichiuridae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Oneirodidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Hylidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Vinciguerriidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Mullidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Stomiidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Moringuidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Bathylagidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Serranidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Balaenopteridae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Exocoetidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Salmoniformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Fregatidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Mammalia","rank":{"verbatim":"class","interpreted":"CLASS"}},{"scientificName":"Polynemidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Engraulidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Linophrynidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Acanthuriformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Bothidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Carangiformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Lophiiformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Eupercaria","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Carcharhiniformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Mugiliformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Myliobatidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Peristediidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Sulidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Physeteridae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Paralepididae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Aulopiformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Salmonidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Tetraodontidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Myliobatiformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Amphibia","rank":{"verbatim":"class","interpreted":"CLASS"}},{"scientificName":"Anatidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Cichliformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Cichlidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Sciaenidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Gobiiformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Holocentridae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Kurtiformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Chlopsidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Labriformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Himantolophidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Laridae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Carcharhinidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Rhinopteridae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Syngnathiformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Callionymidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Beloniformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Ophichthidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Animalia","rank":{"verbatim":"kingdom","interpreted":"KINGDOM"}},{"scientificName":"Perciformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Nomeidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Cetartiodactyla","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Scopelarchidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Anura","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Argentiniformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Sebastidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Phosichthyidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Cynoglossidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Lamniformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Luvaridae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Gobiidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Lutjaniformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Ophidiidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Paralichthyidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Holocentriformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Gempylidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Balistidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Clupeidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Siluriformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Pangasiidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Serrivomeridae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Rondeletiidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Bramidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Charadriiformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Carangaria","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Pomacanthidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Congridae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Elasmobranchii","rank":{"verbatim":"class","interpreted":"CLASS"}},{"scientificName":"Dasyatidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Ziphiidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Scombridae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Caristiidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Diplophidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Labridae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Cetartiodactyla","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Echeneidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Anguilliformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Lutjanidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Pleuronectiformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Clupeiformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Ovalentaria","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Merlucciidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Myctophiformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Teleostei","rank":{"verbatim":"class","interpreted":"CLASS"}},{"scientificName":"Pelecanidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}}]}],"geographicCoverages":[{"description":"Las muestras fueron tomadas en el Océano Pacífico Norte colombiano, en el Distrito Nacional de Manejo Integrado (DNMI) Colinas y Lomas Submarinas de la Cuenca Pacífico Norte entre los 40 y 100 m de profundidad. | \nThe samples were collected in the Colombian North Pacific Ocean, within the National District of Integrated Management (DNMI) Colinas and Lomas Submarinas de la Cuenca Pacífico Norte (between 40 and 100 meters depth).","boundingBox":{"minLatitude":4.58331,"maxLatitude":6.15042,"minLongitude":-79.717,"maxLongitude":-78.24003,"globalCoverage":false}}],"temporalCoverages":[{"@type":"range","start":"2022-03-31T00:00:00.000+00:00","end":"2023-12-27T00:00:00.000+00:00"}],"keywordCollections":[{"thesaurus":"GBIF Dataset Type Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_type_2015-07-10.xml","keywords":["Occurrence"]},{"thesaurus":"n/a","keywords":["ADN Ambiental"]},{"thesaurus":"n/a","keywords":["Biodiversidad marina"]},{"thesaurus":"n/a","keywords":["Pacífico Colombiano"]},{"thesaurus":"n/a","keywords":["Vertebrados"]},{"thesaurus":"n/a","keywords":["Profundidad"]}],"project":{"title":"Evaluación Ambiental de las Colinas y Lomas Submarinas de la cuenca Pacífico Norte (2022) | Crucero de Investigación Distrito Nacional de Manejo Integrado Colinas y lomas Submarinas de la Cuenca Pacífico Norte (2023)","identifier":"Convenio Interadministrativo No. 181 de 2022 y Convenio Interadministrativo No. 008 de 2023","contacts":[{"type":"CONTENT_PROVIDER","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7174-5382"],"firstName":"Vanessa","lastName":"Yepes-Narváez","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"POINT_OF_CONTACT","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8622-2947"],"firstName":"Cristina María","lastName":"Cedeño-Posso","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"CONTENT_PROVIDER","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3091-3938"],"firstName":"Giomar Helena","lastName":"Borrero-Pérez","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"ORIGINATOR","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7174-5382"],"firstName":"Vanessa","lastName":"Yepes-Narváez","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"PROCESSOR","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5883-9197"],"firstName":"Angie","lastName":"Colorado Martínez","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"PROCESSOR","primary":false,"userId":[],"firstName":"Luisa","lastName":"Pineda Martínez","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"CUSTODIAN_STEWARD","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9709-6787"],"firstName":"Erika","lastName":"Montoya-Cadavid","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"PROCESSOR","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0931-9897"],"firstName":"Manuel","lastName":"Garrido Linares","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"PROCESSOR","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1624-3205"],"firstName":"Leonel","lastName":"Fernández Gómez","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"PROCESSOR","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7948-4145"],"firstName":"Jheyson","lastName":"Mercado-Vides","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"POINT_OF_CONTACT","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6935-8203"],"firstName":"Martha","lastName":"Vides Casado","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"PROCESSOR","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0321-5416"],"firstName":"Fernando","lastName":"Dorado-Roncancio","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"PROCESSOR","primary":false,"userId":[],"firstName":"Rafael","lastName":"Pardo","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"PROCESSOR","primary":false,"userId":[],"firstName":"Roika","lastName":"Angulo","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]}],"funding":"Convenio No. 181 de 2022, celebrado entre el consorcio Fondo Colombia en Paz 2019, en su calidad de vocero y administrador del patrimonio autónomo Fondo Colombia en Paz e Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras \"José Benito Vives de Andréis” - INVEMAR. Convenio Interadministrativo No. 008 de 2023 suscrito entre el Parques Nacionales Naturales- Dirección Territorial Pacífico Norte, y el Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras \"José Benito Vives de Andréis” – INVEMAR. | \nAgreement No. 181 of 2022, entered into between the Fondo Colombia en Paz 2019 Consortium, acting as spokesperson and administrator of the autonomous patrimony Fondo Colombia en Paz, and the Marine and Coastal Research Institute “José Benito Vives de Andréis” – INVEMAR. Interadministrative Agreement No. 008 of 2023, executed between National Natural Parks of Colombia – Pacific North Territorial Directorate, and the Marine and Coastal Research Institute “José Benito Vives de Andréis” – INVEMAR.","awards":[],"studyAreaDescription":"El área de estudio para ambos proyectos se encuentra sobre el Sistema oceánico del Pacífico (SOP), específicamente sobre la Cuenca del Pacífico Norte (CODECHOCO-CARDER-CORPONARIÑO-CRC-CVC-IIAP-INVEMAR-Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia-WWF, 2014), ubicada en la frontera marítima con Panamá al oeste, que comprende un polígono con un área de 2.823.147,23 h. | \nThe study area for both projects is located within the Pacific Ocean System (POS), specifically in the Northern Pacific Basin (CODECHOCO-CARDER-CORPONARIÑO-CRC-CVC-IIAP-INVEMAR-National Natural Parks of Colombia-WWF, 2014)). It lies along the maritime border with Panama to the west and comprises a polygon covering an area of 2,823,147.23 hectares.","designDescription":"El diseño de ambos proyectos se basó en 3 aspectos importantes: 1) la proximidad a las colinas y lomas submarinos con el fin de observar posibles agrupaciones asociadas a éstos ecosistemas, 2) los datos del comportamiento de la termoclina adquiridos in situ, ya que la mayoría de los organismos pelágicos se desplazan de acuerdo a ésta variable, 3) la evaluación hidroacústica de peces obtenida en tiempo real, con el fin de corroborar los resultados del eDNA con las estimaciones de los recursos pesqueros por cada estación y de ésta forma determinar la riqueza y co-ocurrencia de vertebrados pelágicos, endémicos y migratorios (peces y mamíferos) presentes en la zona de estudio. El diseño de muestreo del ADN ambiental consistió en seis estaciones en 2022 y siete en 2023 cada una con tres réplicas. En cada punto de muestreo se realizó un lance de roseta con 12 botellas Niskin de 10 litros cada una recolectando un total de 120 litros por réplica. Luego de su filtración se analizaron con cebadores específicos de vertebrados y peces. | The design of both projects was based on three key aspects 1) the proximity to submarine hills and seamounts, in order to observe potential aggregations associated with these ecosystems, 2) in situ thermocline behavior data, since most pelagic organisms move in response to this variable and 3) real-time hydroacoustic assessment of fish, aimed at validating eDNA results with fishery resource estimates at each station, thereby determining the richness and co-occurrence of endemic and migratory pelagic vertebrates (fish and mammals) present in the study area. The environmental DNA sampling design consisted of six stations in 2022 and seven in 2023, each with three replicates. At each sampling point, a rosette cast was conducted using 12 Niskin bottles of 10 litres each, collecting a total of 120 liters per replicate. After filtration, samples were analyzed using vertebrate- and fish-specific primers.","relatedProjects":[],"abstract":"El proyecto Evaluación Ambiental de las Colinas y Lomas Submarinas de la cuenca Pacífico Norte (2022) buscaba recopilar insumos científicos y evidencia biológica que permitieran a las autoridades y tomadores de decisiones justificar la protección del área de estudio dentro de una categoría de conservación y que a su vez contribuyera a los compromisos del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica y las nuevas Metas a 2030 en cuanto a la protección y gestión efectiva del 30% de las áreas terrestres, continentales, costeras y marinas del mundo para el año 2030 (30x30). Este proyecto constituyó un insumo clave para la declaratoria Distrito Nacional de Manejo Integrado Colinas y Lomas Submarinas de la Cuenca Pacífico Norte Resolución N° 0671 del 28 de junio de 2022.\nEl proyecto Crucero de Investigación Distrito Nacional de Manejo Integrado Colinas y lomas Submarinas de la Cuenca Pacífico Norte (2023) tenía como objetivo generar recomendaciones de investigación y monitoreo para el Plan de Manejo del DNMI Colinas y Lomas para fortalecer y asegurar la eficiente gestión, control y vigilancia de los objetos de conservación del área, además de promover la articulación con otras estrategias de conservación de la biodiversidad en la región del Pacífico Este Tropical. | \n\nThe project Evaluación Ambiental de las Colinas y Lomas Submarinas de la cuenca Pacífico Norte (2022) aimed to compile scientific inputs and biological evidence to support authorities and decision-makers in justifying the protection of the study area under an appropriate conservation category. It also sought to contribute to the commitments of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the 2030 targets, particularly the goal of effectively protecting and managing 30% of the world’s terrestrial, inland, coastal, and marine areas by 2030 (30x30). This project served as a key input for the official designation of the Distrito Nacional de Manejo Integrado Colinas y Lomas Submarinas de la Cuenca Pacífico Norte, established through Resolution No. 0671 of June 28, 2022.\nThe research cruise project Distrito Nacional de Manejo Integrado Colinas y Lomas Submarinas de la Cuenca Pacífico Norte (2023) aimed to develop science-based recommendations for research and monitoring to support the Management Plan of the DNMI Colinas y Lomas. These recommendations are intended to strengthen and ensure effective management, control, and surveillance of the area’s conservation targets, while also promoting integration with other biodiversity conservation strategies across the Eastern Tropical Pacific region."},"samplingDescription":{"studyExtent":"DNMI Colinas y Lomas Submarinas de la Cuenca Pacífico Norte en profundidades de 40 a 150 metros. | DNMI Colinas y Lomas Submarinas de la Cuenca Pacífico Norte at depths of 40 to 150 meters.","sampling":"El diseño de muestreo del ADN ambiental consistió en seis estaciones en 2022 y siete en 2023 cada una con tres réplicas organizadas en forma de triángulo con una distancia de 2 millas entre sí. En cada punto de muestreo se realizó un lance de roseta con 12 botellas Niskin de 10 litros cada una, recolectando un total de 120 litros por réplica, los cuales se filtraron a una tasa de 1 litro por minuto con ayuda de un kit de filtración. Se filtraron en total 2,160 litros de agua en el 2022 y 2,520 en 2023 que luego de su filtración se analizaron con cebadores específicos de vertebrados y peces. En total se obtuvieron 56,095,587 secuencias que luego de su análisis se recopilaron en 2,376 registros de ocurrencia pertenecientes a peces óseos y cartilaginosos, mamíferos marinos y aves. |\nThe eDNA sampling design consisted of six stations in 2022 and seven in 2023, each with three replicates arranged in a triangular configuration with a distance of 2 miles between them. At each sampling point, a rosette cast was conducted using 12 Niskin bottles of 10 liters each, collecting a total of 120 liters per replicate. Samples were filtered at a rate of 1 liter per minute using a filtration kit. A total of 2,160 liters of water were filtered in 2022 and 2,520 liters in 2023. After filtration, samples were analyzed using vertebrate- and fish-specific primers. In total, 56,095,587 sequences were obtained, which, after analysis, were compiled into 2,376 occurrence records belonging to bony and cartilaginous fishes, marine mammals, and birds.","qualityControl":"Para el trabajo de campo, los puntos de muestreo se seleccionaron con base en tres criterios fundamentales: (1) la proximidad a colinas y lomas submarinas, con el fin de identificar posibles agregaciones de organismos asociadas a estos ecosistemas; (2) la dinámica de la termoclina obtenida in situ, considerando que la mayoría de los organismos pelágicos ajustan su distribución en función de esta variable; y (3) la evaluación hidroacústica de las comunidades de peces en tiempo real. Adicionalmente, las réplicas se dispusieron en una configuración triangular con una separación de 2 millas, lo que permitió mejorar la interpretación de la estructura espacial del área y maximizar la detección de ADN ambiental en suspensión, alrededor de cada estación de muestreo. En el laboratorio, los procesos de extracción, amplificación y secuenciación del ADN se llevaron a cabo bajo estrictos controles de contaminación y condiciones de esterilidad, garantizando la integridad de los resultados. Se incluyeron cuatro controles negativos de extracción y dos controles negativos de PCR por cada par de cebadores, los cuales fueron secuenciados en paralelo con las muestras, para detectar posibles contaminantes. Posteriormente, las secuencias obtenidas fueron sometidas a procesos de depuración para eliminar errores, y la asignación taxonómica se realizó mediante comparaciones con herramientas y bases de datos de referencia (BLAST (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi), GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/), and BOLD Systems (https://www.boldsystems.org/)). La asignación se basó en umbrales de identidad de 98–100% para especie, 96–98% para género y 90–96% para familia, asegurando así un alto nivel de confiabilidad en la identificación. Finalmente, la taxonomía fue revisada y validada utilizando bases de datos regionales y globales como OBIS (https://obis.org/), GBIF (https://www.gbif.org/es/), FishBase (https://www.fishbase.se/search.php), y WoRMS (https://www.marinespecies.org/). | \nFor fieldwork, sampling stations were selected based on three key criteria: (1) proximity to submarine hills and seamounts, to identify potential aggregations of organisms associated with these ecosystems; (2) in situ thermocline dynamics, given that most pelagic species adjust their distribution in response to this variable; and (3) real-time hydroacoustic assessments of fish communities. In addition, replicates were arranged in a triangular configuration with a 2-mile separation, enhancing the interpretation of spatial structure and maximizing the detection of suspended environmental DNA around each sampling station. In the laboratory, DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing were conducted under strict contamination control and sterile conditions to ensure data integrity. Four extraction negative controls and two PCR negative controls were included for each primer set and sequenced alongside the samples to detect any potential contamination. The resulting sequences were subjected to curation processes to remove errors, and taxonomic assignment was performed through comparisons with reference tools and databases (BLAST (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi), GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/), and BOLD Systems (https://www.boldsystems.org/)). The assignment was based on identity thresholds of 98–100% for species, 96–98% for genus, and 90–96% for family, ensuring a high level of confidence in the identification. Finally, the taxonomy was reviewed and validated using regional and global databases such as OBIS (https://obis.org/), GBIF (https://www.gbif.org/es/), FishBase (https://www.fishbase.se/search.php), and WoRMS (https://www.marinespecies.org/).","methodSteps":["A partir de la selección de la ubicación y profundidad de los puntos de muestreo basado en: 1) La proximidad a las colinas y lomas submarinos, 2) Los datos del comportamiento de la termoclina, y 3) la evaluación hidroacústica de peces. Se designaron en total 6 estaciones en 2022 y 7 estaciones en 2023. Y para cada estación se realizaron 3 réplicas, las cuales se seleccionaron en forma de triángulo con distancia de 2 millas entre puntos. | \n\nBased on the selection of sampling locations and depths, guided by (1) proximity to submarine hills and seamounts, (2) thermocline behavior data, and (3) hydroacoustic fish assessments, a total of six stations were established in 2022 and seven in 2023. At each station, three replicates were conducted, arranged in a triangular configuration with a distance of 2 miles between sampling points.","En cada punto de muestreo se realizó un lance de roseta con 12 botellas Niskin de 10 litros cada una, recolectando un total de 120 litros por réplica, los cuales se filtraron a una tasa de 1 litro por minuto con ayuda de un kit de filtración (SPYGEN), que consiste en una bomba peristáltica Athena® (Proactive Environmental Products LLC) y una cápsula de filtración de flujo cruzado VigiDNA® 0,22 μm (SPYGEN), adherida a una manguera estéril desechable. Cada filtro dentro de su cápsula se preservó con una solución buffer CL1 (SPYGEN) bajo estrictas condiciones de higiene y sanidad, para evitar la contaminación cruzada y se almacenaron sellados y rotulados a temperatura ambiente. | \nAt each sampling point, a rosette cast was conducted using 12 Niskin bottles of 10 liters each, collecting a total of 120 liters per replicate. The water was then filtered at a rate of 1 liter per minute using a SPYGEN filtration kit, consisting of an Athena® peristaltic pump (Proactive Environmental Products LLC) and a VigiDNA® 0.22 μm cross-flow filtration capsule (SPYGEN) attached to a sterile disposable hose. Each filter, enclosed within its capsule, was preserved with CL1 buffer solution (SPYGEN) under strict hygienic and sanitary conditions to prevent cross-contamination, and subsequently stored sealed and labeled at room temperature.","La extracción, amplificación y secuenciación del ADN se realizó bajo estricto cuidado e higiene para asegurar la integridad de los resultados. Se usaron dos pares de cebadores mitocondriales diferentes para el gen 12S del ARNr, dirigidos a los peces teleósteos y a los vertebrados en general. Los productos de PCR purificados se secuenciaron utilizando un secuenciador de última generación Illumina. | \n\nDNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing were carried out under strict contamination control and hygienic conditions to ensure the integrity of the results. Two pairs of mitochondrial primers targeting the 12S rRNA gene were used, one specific to teleost fishes and the other to vertebrates in general. The purified PCR products were then sequenced using a next-generation Illumina platform.","Las secuencias se procesaron para eliminar errores y se analizaron mediante programas implementados en el paquete OBITools hasta obtener las asignaciones taxonómicas correspondientes. Estas asignaciones fueron además respaldadas mediante comparaciones con herramientas y bases de datos de referencia, como BLAST, GenBank y BOLDSystems. Finalmente, las listas obtenidas con cada uno de los cebadores fueron revisadas y depuradas utilizando bases de datos regionales y globales como OBIS, GBIF, FishBase y WoRMS. | \n\nThe sequences were processed to remove errors and analyzed using programs implemented in the OBITools package to obtain the corresponding taxonomic assignments. These assignments were further supported through comparisons with reference tools and databases such as BLAST, GenBank and BOLD Systems. Finally, the lists obtained for each primer set were reviewed and curated using regional and global databases, including OBIS, GBIF, FishBase, and WoRMS."]},"countryCoverage":[],"collections":[],"dataDescriptions":[],"dataLanguage":"spa","acknowledgements":"

Se extienden los agradecimientos al Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible y a Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia por su apoyo en los proyectos que permitieron la obtención de la información. Asimismo, se agradece al proyecto MPA Deep Seamounts Pacific (Grant Number: 2025/37 COL), en cuyo marco se financió la movilización de esta información, mediante la colaboración entre el Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras “José Benito Vives de Andréis” (INVEMAR) y Friends of the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands, en alianza con la Bezos Earth Fund y la Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. De igual manera, se agradece a la Universidad del Valle, Universidad Nacional Sede Medellin y a la Fundación Malpelo por su apoyo en campo. | Acknowledgments are extended to the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development and to National Natural Parks of Colombia for their support in the projects that enabled the collection of this information. We also acknowledge the MPA Deep Seamounts Pacific Project (Grant Number: 2025/37 COL), under which the mobilization of this information was funded through a collaboration between the Marine and Coastal Research Institute “José Benito Vives de Andréis” (INVEMAR) and Friends of the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands, in partnership with the Bezos Earth Fund and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. We would also like to thank the Universidad del Valle, the Universidad Nacional (Medellín Campus), and the Malpelo Foundation for their support during fieldwork.

","pubDate":"2026-04-30T00:00:00.000+00:00","maintenanceUpdateFrequency":"AS_NEEDED","maintenanceDescription":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode","dwca":{"coreType":"http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Occurrence","extensions":["http://rs.gbif.org/terms/1.0/DNADerivedData"],"modified":"2026-04-30T21:20:52.292+00:00"}},{"key":"b36999f7-d84c-4ca7-adf7-2fb4515f2ac6","installationKey":"73ebc470-17bd-4130-a880-1be5cfb16e4d","publishingOrganizationKey":"f072f648-b8a4-47a0-9e1c-89d790645b5a","doi":"10.15472/xfbkjq","external":false,"numConstituents":0,"type":"OCCURRENCE","subtype":"OBSERVATION","title":"Avistamiento de oportunidad de fauna marina Santuario de Flora y Fauna Malpelo","description":"\n Este recurso presenta 36 registros de observaciones biológicas de megafauna marina, obtenidos en la Expedición Científica Mesofótica al Santuario de Flora y Fauna Malpelo, Pacifico colombiano 2025; una actividad desarrollada en el marco del proyecto \"Exploración de la biodiversidad de los montes submarinos profundos y estrategias de monitoreo de AMP en el Pacífico Colombiano a lo largo de gradientes batimétricos\"; realizada por el Invemar en convenio la fundación Charles Darwin y como aliado Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia. El 55 % de los registros incluidos corresponde a aves marinas, destacándose las ocurrencias de aves de pertenecientes a los géneros Sula y Fregrata; mamíferos, peces y reptiles agrupan el 44 % restante de las observaciones. Como complemento de las ocurrencias se aportan un total de 211 registros de datos de otras variables como conteo, etapa de vida, vitalidad, comportamiento, sexo, equipos muestreadores, y embarcación, los cuales se detallan en la tabla de medidas o hechos extendida (eMoF). Igualmente, como evidencia de soporte se contribuye con 57 imágenes documentadas en la extensión simple multimedia que también se incluye en el recurso.\n ","language":"spa","logoUrl":"https://ipt.biodiversidad.co/sibm/logo.do?r=expmesofoticossffmalpelo2025","citation":{"text":"Navarrete-Rodríguez D A, Rodríguez-Toscano A J, Ramírez Enríquez J P, Fino Villamil L, Rodríguez Pinilla Q, Silva López V D, Montoya-Cadavid E (2026). Avistamiento de oportunidad de fauna marina Santuario de Flora y Fauna Malpelo. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras - Invemar. 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(2008). Marine mammals of the world: A comprehensive guide to their identification. Academic Press.","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"Ayerbe Quiñones, F. (2019). Guía ilustrada de la avifauna colombiana. Editorial Hombre de Colombia.","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"Caicedo-Herrera, D., Becerra, C., Duque, L., Trujillo, F., Ortiz, E., Rosso-Londoño, M., & Mignucci, A. (2018). Cetáceos, sirénidos y tortugas: Guía de identificación para el Caribe y Pacífico colombiano. Fundación Omacha.","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"Perrin, W. F., Würsig, B., & Thewissen, J. G. M. (Eds.). (2009). Encyclopedia of marine mammals. Academic Press.","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"INVEMAR y Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia.2025. Expedición Científica Mesofotica Al santuario de Flora y Fauna, Pacífico Colombiano. Santa Marta, Colombia. Informe Técnico Final. Grant2025/37. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito Vives de Andréis . Santa Marta Colombia. Colombia 165p","citationProvidedBySource":false}],"curatorialUnits":[],"taxonomicCoverages":[{"description":"El conjunto de datos contiene 36 registros de observaciones biológicas de megafauna marina. El 88% de los registros están identificados hasta especie, el 8% hasta el género, y el 2% hasta la familia. Por clase, los alcances taxonómicos expresados en número de registros son:\n\nMamíferos: 1 hasta género, 4 hasta especie.\nAves: 1 hasta Familia, 2 hasta género, 17 hasta especie.\nPeces: Teleostei: 3 hasta especie, Elasmobranquios 7 hasta especie.\nReptil: 1 hasta especie.","coverages":[{"scientificName":"Animalia","commonName":"Animal","rank":{"verbatim":"kingdom","interpreted":"KINGDOM"}},{"scientificName":"Chordata","commonName":"Cordado","rank":{"verbatim":"phylum","interpreted":"PHYLUM"}},{"scientificName":"Mammalia","commonName":"Mamíferos","rank":{"verbatim":"class","interpreted":"CLASS"}},{"scientificName":"Cetartiodactyla","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Mysticeti","rank":{"verbatim":"superfamily","interpreted":"SUPERFAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Balaenopteridae","commonName":"Rorcuales","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Balaenoptera","commonName":"Rorcuales","rank":{"verbatim":"genus","interpreted":"GENUS"}},{"scientificName":"Odontoceti","rank":{"verbatim":"superfamily","interpreted":"SUPERFAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Delphinidae","commonName":"Delfínes","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Stenella","commonName":"Delfín manchado tropical","rank":{"verbatim":"genus","interpreted":"GENUS"}},{"scientificName":"attenuata","commonName":"Delfín manchado tropical","rank":{"verbatim":"species","interpreted":"SPECIES"}},{"scientificName":"Tursiops","commonName":"Delfín nariz de botella","rank":{"verbatim":"genus","interpreted":"GENUS"}},{"scientificName":"truncatus","commonName":"Delfín nariz de botella","rank":{"verbatim":"species","interpreted":"SPECIES"}},{"scientificName":"Elasmobranchii","rank":{"verbatim":"class","interpreted":"CLASS"}},{"scientificName":"Carcharhiniformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Carcharhinidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Carcharhinus","rank":{"verbatim":"genus","interpreted":"GENUS"}},{"scientificName":"falciformis","commonName":"Tiburón sedoso","rank":{"verbatim":"species","interpreted":"SPECIES"}},{"scientificName":"Myliobatiformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Aetobatidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Aetobatus","rank":{"verbatim":"genus","interpreted":"GENUS"}},{"scientificName":"narinari","commonName":"Raya jaspeada","rank":{"verbatim":"species","interpreted":"SPECIES"}},{"scientificName":"Teleostei","commonName":"Peces óseos","rank":{"verbatim":"class","interpreted":"CLASS"}},{"scientificName":"Carangiformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Istiophoridae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Istiompax","rank":{"verbatim":"genus","interpreted":"GENUS"}},{"scientificName":"indica","commonName":"Marlín negro","rank":{"verbatim":"species","interpreted":"SPECIES"}},{"scientificName":"Scombriformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Scombridae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Thunnus","commonName":"Atún","rank":{"verbatim":"genus","interpreted":"GENUS"}},{"scientificName":"albacares","commonName":"Atún de aleta amarilla","rank":{"verbatim":"species","interpreted":"SPECIES"}},{"scientificName":"Testudines","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Chelonioidea","rank":{"verbatim":"superfamily","interpreted":"SUPERFAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Cheloniidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Eretmochelys","rank":{"verbatim":"genus","interpreted":"GENUS"}},{"scientificName":"imbricata","commonName":"Tortuga carey","rank":{"verbatim":"species","interpreted":"SPECIES"}},{"scientificName":"Aves","commonName":"Aves","rank":{"verbatim":"class","interpreted":"CLASS"}},{"scientificName":"Charadriiformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Laridae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Creagrus","rank":{"verbatim":"genus","interpreted":"GENUS"}},{"scientificName":"furcatus","commonName":"Gaviota Rabihorcada","rank":{"verbatim":"species","interpreted":"SPECIES"}},{"scientificName":"Passeriformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Hirundinidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Petrochelidon","rank":{"verbatim":"genus","interpreted":"GENUS"}},{"scientificName":"pyrrhonota","commonName":"Golondrina Alfarera","rank":{"verbatim":"species","interpreted":"SPECIES"}},{"scientificName":"Pelecaniformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Fregatidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Fregata","rank":{"verbatim":"genus","interpreted":"GENUS"}},{"scientificName":"magnificens","commonName":"Fragata real","rank":{"verbatim":"species","interpreted":"SPECIES"}},{"scientificName":"Phaethontidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Phaethon","rank":{"verbatim":"genus","interpreted":"GENUS"}},{"scientificName":"aethereus","commonName":"Rabijunco etéreo","rank":{"verbatim":"species","interpreted":"SPECIES"}},{"scientificName":"Sulidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Sula","rank":{"verbatim":"genus","interpreted":"GENUS"}},{"scientificName":"granti","commonName":"Piquero de Nazca","rank":{"verbatim":"species","interpreted":"SPECIES"}},{"scientificName":"leucogaster","commonName":"Piquero pardo","rank":{"verbatim":"species","interpreted":"SPECIES"}},{"scientificName":"sula","commonName":"Piquero patirrojo","rank":{"verbatim":"species","interpreted":"SPECIES"}},{"scientificName":"Procellariiformes","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Hydrobatidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Fregetta ","rank":{"verbatim":"genus","interpreted":"GENUS"}},{"scientificName":"grallaria","commonName":"Paiño Ventriblanco","rank":{"verbatim":"species","interpreted":"SPECIES"}},{"scientificName":"Hydrobates","rank":{"verbatim":"genus","interpreted":"GENUS"}},{"scientificName":"tethys","commonName":"Paiño de Galápagos","rank":{"verbatim":"species","interpreted":"SPECIES"}},{"scientificName":"Procellariidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Puffinus","commonName":"Pardelas","rank":{"verbatim":"genus","interpreted":"GENUS"}},{"scientificName":"Ardenna","commonName":"Fardela","rank":{"verbatim":"genus","interpreted":"GENUS"}}]}],"geographicCoverages":[{"description":"Los registros fueron obtenidos mediante avistamientos de individuos en a Isla Malpelo, ubicada en el Pacífico oriental tropical de Colombia, esta se encuentra a 350 km de la costa continental y a 380 km de la costa de Colombia. Es una pequeña isla volcánica de 1.8 km de longitud y 0.6 km de ancho, rodeada por once islotes. Su topografía es rugosa, con pendientes pronunciadas, y sus fondos marinos son rocosos. Las aguas claras y libres de sedimentos permiten una rica biodiversidad, incluyendo especies de peces de valor pesquero. Debido a su riqueza biológica y ubicación estratégica, la isla de Malpelo fue declarada \"Santuario de Fauna y Flora\" con una extensión de 6 millas náuticas.","boundingBox":{"minLatitude":3.813,"maxLatitude":4.005,"minLongitude":-81.622,"maxLongitude":-77.737,"globalCoverage":false}}],"temporalCoverages":[{"@type":"range","start":"2025-03-01T00:00:00.000+00:00","end":"2025-03-15T00:00:00.000+00:00"}],"keywordCollections":[{"thesaurus":"GBIF Dataset Type Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_type_2015-07-10.xml","keywords":["Occurrence"]},{"thesaurus":"GBIF Dataset Subtype Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_subtype.xml","keywords":["Observation"]},{"thesaurus":"n/a","keywords":["Pacifico Colombiano"]},{"thesaurus":"n/a","keywords":["Santuario de Flora y Fauna Malpelo"]},{"thesaurus":"n/a","keywords":["Expedición Científica"]},{"thesaurus":"n/a","keywords":["Avistamiento de oportunidad"]},{"thesaurus":"n/a","keywords":["Observador de fauna marina"]},{"thesaurus":"n/a","keywords":["Avistamientos costa afuera"]},{"thesaurus":"n/a","keywords":["Mamíferos marinos"]},{"thesaurus":"n/a","keywords":["Peces marinos"]},{"thesaurus":"n/a","keywords":["Aves"]}],"project":{"title":"Deep seamount biodiversity exploration and MPA monitoring strategies in the Colombian Pacific along bathymetric gradients","identifier":"MPA Deep seamounts Pacific - FCD ","contacts":[{"type":"POINT_OF_CONTACT","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1461-3401"],"firstName":"David Alejandro","lastName":"Alonso Carvajal","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"POINT_OF_CONTACT","primary":false,"userId":[],"firstName":"Martha Patricia","lastName":"Vides Casado","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"POINT_OF_CONTACT","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7174-5382"],"firstName":"Vanessa","lastName":"Yepes-Narváez","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"PROCESSOR","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8622-2947"],"firstName":"Cristina María","lastName":"Cedeño-Posso","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"ORIGINATOR","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2349-8417"],"firstName":"David Alejandro","lastName":"Navarrete-Rodríguez","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"ORIGINATOR","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6541-1622"],"firstName":"Laura","lastName":"Fino Villamil","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"POINT_OF_CONTACT","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5015-0903"],"firstName":"Stuart","lastName":"Banks","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"POINT_OF_CONTACT","primary":false,"userId":[],"firstName":"Carolina","lastName":"Torres","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"ORIGINATOR","primary":false,"userId":[],"firstName":"Juan Pablo","lastName":"Ramírez Enríquez","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"ORIGINATOR","primary":false,"userId":[],"firstName":"Victor Dario","lastName":"Silva López","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"ORIGINATOR","primary":false,"userId":[],"firstName":"Querubín","lastName":"Rodríguez Pinilla","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]}],"funding":"Este proyecto fue ejecutado en el marco del Grant Number: 2025/37 COL, entre el Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras \"José Benito Vives de Andréis\" (INVEMAR) y Friends of the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands (Bezos Earth Foundation-BEF).","awards":[],"studyAreaDescription":"El archipiélago de Malpelo está localizado en el Pacífico Tropical Oriental en las coordenadas 4° 0'6.47\"N y 81°36'27.81\"O, sobre la Cuenca de Panamá, es considerado como una región tectónicamente compleja porque allí convergen las placas de Nazca y Cocos; se encuentra en jurisdicción de la República de Colombia, y en su división político administrativa pertenece al municipio Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca. Está ubicado aproximadamente a 490 kilómetros al oeste del puerto de Buenaventura. Este lugar está compuesto por una isla principal (Malpelo), rodeada por 11 islotes de mucho menor tamaño, cuatro de ellos ubicados en el extremo norte conocidos como Los Mosqueteros (Athos, Porthos, Aramis y D'Artagnan), dos en el oriente (Vagamares y La Torta), y los cinco restantes en el extremo sur, conocidos como La Gringa, Escuba, Saúl, David y Salomón. Particularmente Malpelo, que es la isla de interés de la expedición, tiene alrededor de 1.643 m de largo, un ancho máximo de 727 m, una altura máxima de 360 msnm, en el Cerro de la Mona, y su superficie emergida consta de unas 35 ha, que incluye costas acantiladas de formación volcánica, que emergen desde más de 4.000 m de profundidad.","designDescription":"El muestreo evaluó tres componentes\n\n1. Geológico: Adquisición de información batimétrica utilizando el sistema multihaz GeoSwath 4R (125 kHz).\n\n2. Biológico: (A) Transectos de muestreo visual: Utilizando R.O.V. y Cámara de deriva para realizar una caracterización megafauna bentónica. Buceo en el cual se tomaron muestras biológicas para análisis de Barcoding. (B) Tránsito alrededor de la isla realizando observación de fauna marina (OFM): Mamíferos marinos, aves y tortugas, empleando el método de observación visual en barrido (Jefferson, 2009). (C) Para la caracterización biológica pelágica, se establecieron estaciones alrededor de la isla en las cuales se hicieron arrastres con redes de plancton para obtención de muestras (500 ml); así mismo, se hicieron filtrados de agua marina con bombas peristálticas usando filtros eDNA.\n\n3. Oceanográfico: en las estaciones alrededor de la isla, se usó la CTDO para realizar las mediciones de temperatura y salinidad, y Botella Niskin para la obtención de muestras de agua para la caracterización planctónica.","relatedProjects":[],"abstract":"El INVEMAR desarrolló el proyecto Nro. 2025/37 COL “Exploración de la biodiversidad de los montes submarinos profundos y estrategias de monitoreo de AMP en el Pacífico colombiano a lo largo de gradientes batimétricos” suscrito entre INVEMAR y la FRIENDS OF THE CHARLES DARWIN FOUNDATION FOR THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS, el cual busca mejorar el conocimiento de base para mejorar el diseño de AMP de aguas profundas existentes y recientemente establecidas en la región del Pacífico Tropical Oriental de Colombia, que incluyen aguas profundas poco o nada exploradas debido a los desafíos técnicos y financieros que implica estudiarlos. Las AMP del Pacífico colombiano albergan ecosistemas estratégicos que sustentan importantes recursos pesqueros, así como especies de tiburones, cetáceos y tortugas con alguna categoría de amenaza, y alta conectividad con otras áreas del Corredor Marino del Pacífico Tropical Oriental (CMAR); no obstante, tienen importantes vacíos de conocimiento especialmente de sus zonas profundas, las cuales incluyen elevaciones submarinas, por lo que requieren el fortalecimiento de sus actuales planes de manejo y estrategias de conservación, o el diseño y revisión de los mismos, frente a sus amenazas emergentes, como el intenso esfuerzo pesquero, el cambio climático y la perspectiva de minería en aguas profundas en el CMAR en general. Una de las actividades del proyecto consistió en realizar un levantamiento de información de biodiversidad, mediante la realización de una expedición científica al Santuario de Flora y Fauna - SFF Malpelo para caracterizar y modelar las elevaciones submarinas mesofóticas y hábitats de terrazas entre 50 y 200 m de profundidad presentes en esta AMP mediante la obtención de un modelo batimétrico detallado del fondo marino, seguido de una exploración del fondo marino con Vehículo de Operación Remota - R.O.V. en sectores de interés determinados en las elevaciones submarinas y de manera complementaria la Identificación de la dinámica oceanográfica, observación de grandes vertebrados marinos (aves, mamíferos marinos, tortugas marinas y peces) y la determinación de la composición taxonómica, abundancia y distribución espacial del plancton."},"samplingDescription":{"studyExtent":"La isla de Malpelo está ubicada en el Océano Pacífico Tropical Oriental, aproximadamente a 500 kilómetros al oeste del puerto de Buenaventura. Es una pequeña isla volcánica de 1.8 km de longitud y 0.6 km de ancho, rodeada por once islotes. En la división político administrativa, pertenece al municipio Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca.","sampling":"Durante el período del 1 al 16 de marzo, en el marco de la Expedición Científica Mesofótica al SFF Malpelo, realizada como parte del proyecto \"Exploración de la biodiversidad de los montes submarinos profundos y estrategias de monitoreo de AMP en el Pacífico colombiano a lo largo de gradientes batimétricos\", se documentó la presencia y distribución de la megafauna marina observada. Es importante destacar que estos registros se realizaron bajo condiciones de observación de oportunidad.\n\nA bordo de la embarcación Sea Wolf, se realizaron reportes de fauna marina utilizando el método de observación visual en barrido, tal como se describe en Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (Perrin, Würsig, & Thewissen, 2009). Las observaciones se efectuaron desde el puente y las cubiertas de la embarcación, con los observadores desplazándose a ambos costados (estribor y babor) en los puntos de mejor visibilidad. En ocasiones, cuando se avistaba un animal, el observador se reubicaba en la proa o popa, dependiendo del comportamiento del animal, para optimizar la observación.\nPara registrar las observaciones, se utilizó una cámara fotográfica Nikon D5500 con un lente Nikon compacto zoom de 70-300 mm. Además, la tripulación y otros investigadores a bordo colaboraron activamente, informando sobre avistamientos que no fueron detectados inicialmente por el observador principal.\n\nLos registros fueron documentados en los formatos correspondientes a cada grupo faunístico (mamíferos marinos, aves, peces, entre otros), consignando la ubicación mediante el Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (GPS), utilizando el geolocalizador satelital Garmin GPSMAP-78s, las coordenadas se obtuvieron en el formato grados, minutos y segundos (GMS). Para la identificación de las especies observadas, se consultaron diversas guías de referencia, la Guía de identificación de la fauna marina del Caribe y Pacífico Oriental Tropical - Cetáceos, sirénidos y tortugas (Becerra Serrano et al., 2018), Marine Mammals of the World (Jefferson et al., 2008), la Guía ilustrada de la Avifauna Colombiana (Ayerbe, 2019) y Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (Perrin, Würsig, & Thewissen, 2009).","qualityControl":"Los datos de observaciones obtenidos durante la Expedición Científica Mesofótica al Santuario de Flora y Fauna Malpelo, Pacifico colombiano fueron procesados una vez finalizó la campaña, con el objetivo de confirmar o corregir la identificación de los ejemplares y realizar la debida documentación de la información recopilada. Se tuvieron en cuenta cuatro criterios para el control de calidad: (1) Criterios curatoriales: Verificación de la información. (2) Criterios taxonómicos: Validaciones taxonómicas. (3) Criterios espaciales: Validaciones de georreferenciación. (4) Criterios documentales: Estandarización DwC, siguiendo los lineamientos nacionales para datos marinos y costeros (OBiS Colombia y SiBM - SiB), así como los criterios requeridos por los sistemas globales (OBIS y GBIF). Durante la aplicación de cada uno de los criterios, se utilizaron las herramientas recomendadas para optimizar los procesos de control de calidad: OBiS Coordinates, Marine Regions Gazetteer, Google Earth Pro 2022 (versión 7.3.6.9345), World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), y GBIF Data Validator.","methodSteps":["1. Observación de oportunidad.","2. Toma de fotografía y registro de la información.","3. Procesamiento de imágenes para la identificación.","4. Extracción de metadatos de las imágenes y complementación de la información para la estructuración de los registros biológicos asociados.","5. Limpieza y validación de datos taxonómicos, georreferenciación.","6. Documentación de registros acorde al estándar Darwin Core siguiendo los requisitos para datos marinos de OBIS y SIBM-SIB Colombia.","7. Elaboración de metadatos del recurso.","8. Validación y aplicación de controles de calidad de los datos por parte del administrador de base de datos SIBM-OBIS Colombia: WoRMS, Marine Regions Gazeteer, GBIF Data Validator, chequeo de banderas de calidad de datos OBIS y GBIF. Validación de la integridad de metadatos contra estándar EML en IPT.","9. Publicación en el IPT SiBM-OBIS Colombia, y movilización de datos a OBIS y GBIF."]},"countryCoverage":[],"collections":[{"name":"Avistamientos/Observaciones","specimenPreservationMethod":"NO_TREATMENT","curatorialUnits":[{"typeVerbatim":"Registros biológicos de observación","count":0,"deviation":0,"lower":1,"upper":36}]}],"dataDescriptions":[],"dataLanguage":"spa","acknowledgements":"Este proyecto fue ejecutado en el marco del Grant Number: 2025/37 COL, entre el Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras \"José Benito Vives de Andréis\" (INVEMAR) y Friends of the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands (Bezos Earth Foundation-BEF)","pubDate":"2026-04-30T00:00:00.000+00:00","maintenanceUpdateFrequency":"AS_NEEDED","maintenanceDescription":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","dwca":{"coreType":"http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Occurrence","extensions":["http://rs.iobis.org/obis/terms/ExtendedMeasurementOrFact","http://rs.gbif.org/terms/1.0/Multimedia"],"modified":"2026-04-30T19:43:47.356+00:00"}}]}