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Abstract
High mountain ecosystems are a challenge for the survival of animal and plant species, which have to evolve specific adaptations to cope with the prevailing extreme conditions. The strategies to survive may reach from opportunistic to highly adapted traits. One species successfully surviving under these conditions is the here studied butterfly Erebia nivalis. In a mark-release-recapture study performed in the Hohe Tauern National Park (Austria) from 22 July to 26 August 2013, we marked 1386 individuals and recaptured 342 of these. For each capture event, we recorded the exact point of capture and various other traits (wing conditions, behaviour, nectar sources). The population showed a partial protandrous demography with the minority of males emerging prior to the females, but the majority being synchronised with them. Males and females differed significantly in their behaviour with males being more flight active and females nectaring and resting more. Both sexes showed preferences for the same plant species as nectar sources, but this specialisation apparently is the result of a rapid individual adaptation to the locally available flowers. Estimates of the realised dispersal distances predicted a comparatively high amount of long-distance flights, especially for females. Therefore, the adaptation of Erebia nivalis to the unpredictable high mountain conditions might be a mixture of opportunism and specialised traits.
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PLoS ONE 6 (8), No. e 23879: 1-6, DOI: 0.1371/journal.pone.0023879
Abstract
In order to understand and protect ecosystems, local gene pools need to be evaluated with respect to their uniqueness. Cryptic species present a challenge in this context because their presence, if unrecognized, may lead to serious misjudgement of the distribution of evolutionarily distinct genetic entities. In this study, we describe the current geographical distribution of cryptic species of the ecologically important stream amphipod Gammarus fossarum (types A, B and C). We use a novel pyrosequencing assay for molecular species identification and survey 62 populations in Switzerland, plus several populations in Germany and eastern France. In addition, we compile data from previous publications (mainly Germany). A clear transition is observed from type A in the east (Danube and Po drainages) to types B and, more rarely, C in the west (Meuse, Rhone, and four smaller French river systems). Within the Rhine drainage, the cryptic species meet in a contact zone which spans the entire G. fossarum distribution range from north to south. This large-scale geographical sorting indicates that types A and B persisted in separate refugia during Pleistocene glaciations. Within the contact zone, the species rarely co-occur at the same site, suggesting that ecological processes may preclude long-term coexistence. The clear phylogeographical signal observed in this study implies that, in many parts of Europe, only one of the cryptic species is present.
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Abstract
Contributions to the knowledge of Sciarid flies of Taiwan. Part I: Genus Scatopsciara EDWARDS, 1927 (Diptera Nematocera: Sciaridae). - Six new Scatopsciara-species are described from Taiwan: Scatopsciara (s. str.) amplituda sp. nov., Scatopsciara (s. str.) glorificata sp. nov., Scatopsciara (s. str.) necopinata sp. nov;, Scatopsciara (s. str.) philosopha sp. nov., Scatopsciara (s. str.) suprema sp. nov. and Scatopsciara {Xenopygina) dispositata sp. nov. Illustrations of the most important morphological characters and a discussion of the systematic position is given for each species. Three well known Palaearctic species are recorded from Taiwan for the first time: Scatopsciara (s. str.) aberrantia MOHRIG & MAMAEV, 1983, Scatopsciara (s. str.) atomaria (ZETTERSTEDT, 1851) and Scatopsciara (s. str.) postgeophila MOHRIG & MENZEL, 1992. A detailed redescription of Scatopsciara aberrantia is given and a new species-group within the subgenus Scatopsciara (s. str.) is founded on the character of the clearly toothed tarsal claws. In addition a revised check-list for the Sciarid fauna of Taiwan is compiled which reflects the current state of knowledge.
Zusammenfassung
Sechs neue Scatopsciara- Arten werden aus Taiwan beschrieben: Scatopsciara (s. str.) amplituda sp. nov., Scatopsciara (s. str.) glorificata sp. nov., Scatopsciara (s. str.) necopinata sp. nov., Scatopsciara (s. str.) philosopha sp. nov., Scatopsciara (s. str.) suprema sp. nov. und Scatopsciara (Xenopygina) dispositata sp. nov. Die wichtigsten morphologischen Merkmale werden abgebildet, und die systematische Stellung der einzelnen Arten wird diskutiert. Drei bekannte paläarktische Arten werden zum ersten Mal für die Fauna Taiwans nachgewiesen: Scatopsciara (s. str.) a b e r r a n t i MOH a RIG & MAMAEV, 1983, Scatopsciara (s. str.) atomaria (Z E T T E R S T E D T, 1851) und Scatopsciara (s. str.) postgeophila MOHRIG & MENZEL, 1992. Scatopsciara a b e r r a n t i a wird ergänzendbeschrieben und abgebildet. A u f der Grundlage des Merkmals der deutlich gezähnten Tarsalklauen wird eine neue ArtenGruppe für das Subgenus Scatopsciara (s. str.) begründet. Eine revidierte Checkliste für die Sciaridenfauna Taiwans, die den gegenwärtigen Kenntnisstand repräsentiert, w i r d vorgestellt.
Einleitung
Der aktuelle Kenntnisstand über die Trauermückenfauna Taiwans ist zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt noch sehr lückenhaft. Als deutlicher Beleg hierfür muss gelten, dass sich nach einer kritischenÜberarbeitungder TaiwanCheckliste vonLIN & C H E N (1999) unter besondererBerücksichtigung der Revisionsarbeiten vonM O H R I G & M E N Z E L (1991, 1999) nur ein zur Zeit gültiger Bestand von insgesamt 20 gesicherten Sciaridenarten ergibt (siehe Anhang). Für eine Vielzahl sowohl in der Orientalis als auch der Ostpaläarktis artenreich verbreiteter Gattungen, wie z.B. Camptochaeta, Corynoptera, Cratyna oder Trichosia, liegen aus Taiwan bisher keinerlei Artnachweise vor. Dies gilt ebenso für die Gattung Scatopsciara EDWARDS, 1927, von der in diesem Beitragsechs neue Arten für die Faunenregion der Orientalis beschrieben werden. Desweiteren können drei weitere Scatopsciara Arten zum ersten Mal für die Sciaridenfauna Taiwans nachgewiesen werden.
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ABSTRACT
This study contributes to the understanding of Physciaceae Zahlbr. lichens in Pakistan by analyzing specimens collected from various regions of Gilgit-Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. As a result of this investigation, Kudratovia pakistanica U.F. Ahmad, Afshan & Khalid, sp. nov., is described here as a new species, while Anaptychia crinalis (Schleich.) Vězda ex J. Nowak and A. roemerioides Hollinger, Noell & S.D. Leav. are reported as new records for Pakistan. Kudratovia pakistanica U.F. Ahmad, Afshan & Khalid, sp. nov., is morphologically similar to the closely related K. luridata but is characterized by its thick, indeterminate thallus, plane to concave apothecial discs, a thick hypothecium forming a stipe in mature apothecia (up to 200 µm deep), larger asci (68-92 × 12-24 µm), and larger ascospores (16-19 × 10-12 µm). Furthermore, recent collections – corroborated by detailed morphological examination, molecular data, and evaluation of prior taxonomic literature – confirm Anaptychia setifera (Mereschk.) Räsänen as the currently accepted name for A. kaspica Gyeln., thereby clarifying its taxonomic status and contributing to a better understanding of its distribution within the country. A detailed taxonomic treatment, including morphological descriptions and molecular phylogenetic analysis, is provided to support these findings.
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