{"offset":0,"limit":1000,"endOfRecords":false,"count":1532167,"results":[{"key":165682912,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Hormotila","genusKey":165682912,"scientificName":"Hormotila A.A.Borzì, 1883","canonicalName":"Hormotila","authorship":"A.A. Borzì, 1883","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"13131810","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Hormotila is a genus of green algae in the family Chaetophoraceae."},{"description":"Hormotila was formerly the type genus of the family Hormotilaceae. , AlgaeBase no longer included any genera in the family, although some sources listed the family but without the type genus."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":1384426,"nameKey":97038110,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":1384426,"parentKey":5505,"parent":"Eulophidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Hymenoptera","family":"Eulophidae","genus":"Apleurotropis","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":54,"classKey":216,"orderKey":1457,"familyKey":5505,"genusKey":1384426,"scientificName":"Apleurotropis A.A.Girault, 1913","canonicalName":"Apleurotropis","authorship":"A.A.Girault, 1913","publishedIn":"Arch. Naturgesch., 79, A6","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":26,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:1384426","extinct":false,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Key to Neotropical species of Apleurotropis 1. Petiole with dorsal part white (Fig. 33) ........................................................................................................................ 2 - Petiole with dorsal part dark and usually metallic (Fig. 32)......................................................................................... 4 2. Female ........................................................................................................................................... A. albicaulis sp. nov. - Male .............................................................................................................................................................................. 3 3. Scape white; setae on flagellomeres short and more dense (Fig. 39) .......................................... A. albiscapus sp. nov. - Scape yellowish-brown; setae on flagellomeres long and more sparse (Fig. 37) ......................... A. albicaulis sp. nov. 4. Hind coxa white to yellowish-brown............................................................................................................................ 5 - Hind coxa dark and metallic ......................................................................................................................................... 6 5. Costal cell with ventral surface bare or with setae only in basal ½ (Fig. 34); median carina on propodeum narrow throughout (Fig. 16) .................................................................................................. A. anemia sp. nov. (female, male) - Costal cell with ventral surface with a complete row of setae (as in Fig. 35); median carina on propodeum with ante- rior part wide, posterior part narrow (Fig. 11) .............................................................. A. albiscapus sp. nov. (female) 6. Female petiole with dorsal surface smooth and shiny, without carinae (Fig. 21). Both sexes: dorsellum without two large foveae anteriorly (Fig. 21); scape predominantly dark brown, pale only at base .................................................. ...................................................................................................................................... A. assis sp. nov. (female, male) – Female petiole with a median carina (Fig. 30) or with irregular carinae (Fig. 26). Both sexes: dorsellum with two large foveae anteriorly (Figs 26, 30); scape yellowish-brown to pale brown............................................................... 7 7. Female eyes small (Figs 22, 24), width of head/width of frons at level of anterior ocellus = 2.1 ................................. ................................................................................................................................... A. ficaria sp. nov. (female, male) – Female eyes large (Figs 27, 28), width of head/width of frons at level of anterior ocellus = 2.6 .................................. ...................................................................................................................... A. strix sp. nov. (female, male unknown)"},{"description":"Distribution. Australia, India, Japan, Madagascar, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Tanzania. Tropical America (all new records): Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, Peru."},{"description":"Remarks. Apleurotropis shares some characters with Achrysocharoides Girault: hairy eyes, frons just above frontal suture raised and forming a carina, lateral downsloping part of pronotum with a longitudinal carina. This latter character is somewhat different in the two genera, in Achrysocharoides it is incomplete, present only in posterior ½, whereas it is complete in Apleurotropis. The two latter characters are as far as is known present only in these two genera, hence indicating a possible relationship. These genera differ as follows. Apleurotropis has antennal scrobes in females joining frontal suture separately, mesoscutum and scutellum with engraved reticulation, postmarginal vein 2.4 – 3.7 X as long as stigmal vein, propodeum with a distinct and strong median carina; Achrysocharoides with antennal scrobes in females joining below frontal suture, mesoscutum and scutellum with raised reticulation or partly smooth — sometimes with pits, postmarginal vein 0.5 – 1.5 X (usually about 1 X) as long as stigmal vein, and propodeum without strong median carina. Identification. In the key to the Nearctic genera of Eulophidae by Schauff et al. (1997) Apleurotropis runs to couplet 119 where the genera Entedon and Pediobius are keyed out. Apleurotropis differs from both in having engraved reticulation on midlobe of mesoscutum and scutellum (mesoscutum and scutellum with raised reticulation in both Entedon and Pediobius), and in having a very long postmarginal vein (2.4 – 3.7 X as long as stigmal vein), in Entedon and Pediobius the postmarginal vein is at most 1.7 X as long as stigmal vein but usually these two veins are subequal in length. It differs from Entedon in having distinct propodeal plicae and from Pediobius in having medioposterior part of propodeum short and anterior part of petiole narrow — in Pediobius the medioposterior part of propodeum is extended backwards to varying degrees to form a nucha, and anterior part of petiole is wide and concave to embrace the extended medioposterior part of propodeum. Another option for identification is to use the multiple entry key to the Neotropical genera of Entedoninae on the website www. neotropicaleulophidae. com."},{"description":"Diagnosis. Eyes with dense long hairs (e. g. Figs 7, 12); vertex with a pit or a short groove in front of anterior ocellus (e. g. Figs 4, 9); frons just above frontal suture raised to form a carina, V-shaped, straight or slightly down-curved laterally (e. g. Figs 2, 17, 22); pronotum with a transverse carina close to posterior margin (e. g. Figs 5, 10), laterally also with a complete longitudinal carina (Fig. 31); mesoscutum usually with a median groove in posterior 1 / 3 – 1 / 2 (e. g. Figs 5, 15); mesoscutum and scutellum with engraved and strong reticulation (e. g. Figs 10, 20); postmarginal vein long, 2.4 – 3.7 X as long as stigmal vein; propodeum with complete and more or less parallel plicae and with a complete median carina (e. g. Figs 6, 11, 16)."},{"description":"Description. Flagellum with a two-segmented clava in both sexes; male flagellomeres with scattered setae; male scape enlarged, ventral sense area present along entire scape; sensilla ampullacea symmetric and short, present on all flagellomeres. Antenna with discoid anelli. Mandibles with two large teeth at apex and with one small tooth above large teeth. Clypeus not delimited. Malar sulcus present. Upper frons just above frontal suture as a raised carina, straight or slightly down-curved laterally; antennal scrobes reach frontal suture separately. Occipital margin rounded; occiput without median groove or fold above foramen magnum. Pronotum with a transverse carina close to posterior margin. Midlobe of mesoscutum with two pairs of setae; mesoscutum and scutellum with engraved reticulation; mesoscutum with a shallow median groove in posterior 1 / 3 – 1 / 2; notauli distinct in anterior ½, in posterior ½ present as weakly delimited notaular depressions that are usually smooth. Scutellum with or without lateral grooves in anterior 1 / 2 – 2 / 3; with one pair of setae. Transepimeral sulcus weakly curved. Dorsellum visible in dorsal view. Postmarginal vein 2.4 – 3.7 X as long as stigmal vein. Propodeum smooth and shiny with complete median carina and parallel and complete plicae. Petiole 0.5 – 2.0 X as long as wide, smooth and shiny or with irregular carinae, with or without a spine medially to either side of the petiole, ventral surface smooth. The male genitalia are similar to the majority of Entedoninae, i. e. with two digital spines and with volsellar setae thin and narrow (see e. g. Hansson 1996)."},{"description":"Biology. Primary parasitoids on leaf-mining larvae of sawflies (Hymenoptera), Agromyzidae (Diptera), Hispinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae), and various Lepidoptera groups (Bouček 1988). Hosts for the species described here are mainly from leaf-mining Lepidoptera, with one record from a leaf-mining Diptera and one from an unidentified gall (all new records): Bucculatrix sp. (Lepidoptera: Bucculatricidae) on Forsteronia spicata (Apocyanaceae); Elachista sp. (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) on Olyra latifolia (Poaceae); Marmara sp. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on Heliconia sp. (Heliconiaceae); Phyllocnistis sp. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on Trichilia havanensis (Meliaceae); Tischeria spp. (Lepidoptera: Tischeriidae) on Coussapoa villosa (Moraceae) and Gouania polygama (Rhamnaceae); unidentified Elachistidae (Lepidoptera) mining leaves of Bambusa (= Guadua) angustifolia (Poaceae); unidentified lepidopteran leafminers on Saurauia sp. (Actinidiaceae), Trichilia havanensis, Peperomia peltata (Piperaceae), unidentified Asteraceae, Heliconiaceae and Melastomataceae; Agromyzidae indet. (Diptera) on Tradescantia sp. (Commelinaceae); from a leaf pustule gall on Ficus hartwegii (Moraceae)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","54":"Arthropoda","216":"Insecta","1457":"Hymenoptera","5505":"Eulophidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":183705744,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":3216993,"genus":"Woronichinia","genusKey":183705744,"scientificName":"Woronichinia A.A.Elenkin","canonicalName":"Woronichinia","authorship":"A.A.Elenkin","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"66389532","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Woronichinia is a genus of cyanobacteria, belonging to the family Coelosphaeriaceae. The genus was described in 1933 by Alexander Elenkin and is named after the Russian microbiologist N. N. Woronichin (1882—1956).see the Russian interwiki, section 'Таксоны, названные в честь Н. Н. Воронихина' The genus is native to Europe and Northern America. Species: Woronichinia botrys (Skuja) Komárek & Hindák, 1988 Woronichinia compacta (Lemmermann) Komárek & Hindák, 1988 Woronichinia delicatula (Skuja) Komárek & Hindák, 1988 Woronichinia elorantae Komárek & Komárková-Legnerová, 1992 Woronichinia fremyi (Komárek) Komárek & Hindák, 1988 Woronichinia fusca (Skuja) Komárek & Hindák, 1988 Woronichinia karelica Komárek & Komárková-Legnerová, 1992 Woronichinia klingiae Komárek & Komárková-Legnerová, 1992 Woronichinia kuseliae M.Watanabe & Komárek, 1994 Woronichinia meiocystis Joosten, 2006 Woronichinia microcystoides (Komárek) Joosten, 2006 Woronichinia naegeliana (Unger) Elenkin, 1933 Woronichinia obtusa Joosten, 2006 Woronichinia problematica Joosten, 2006 Woronichinia radians (Hortobágyi) Komárek & Hindák, 1988 Woronichinia robusta (Skuja) Komárek & Hindák, 1988 Woronichinia tenera (Skuja) Komárek & Hindák, 1988"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":1679383,"nameKey":17483313,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":1679383,"parentKey":3342,"parent":"Chaoboridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Diptera","family":"Chaoboridae","genus":"Chaoborus","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":54,"classKey":216,"orderKey":811,"familyKey":3342,"genusKey":1679383,"scientificName":"Chaoborus A.A.H.Lichtenstein, 1800","canonicalName":"Chaoborus","authorship":"A.A.H.Lichtenstein, 1800","publishedIn":"Lichtenstein, A. A. H. 1800. Beschreibung eines neu entdeckten Wasserinsekts. Archiv für Zoologie und Zootomie 1(1): 168-175.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":79,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:1679383","extinct":false,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":["NOT_EVALUATED"],"descriptions":[{"description":"Larva"},{"description":"Chaoborus flavicans: in part. An et al. 2012: (molecular phylogeny). Chaoborus sp.: Zhang et al. 2019: (molecular phylogeny). This taxon is treated here as a putative undescribed species of the C. flavicans complex. Komyo (1954) redescribed Japanese specimens as C. crystallinus and illustrated the male paramere. According to Komyo, this species lacks tergal bands and the paramere does not fit C. crystallinus, C. flavicans, C. albipes or C. posio sp. n. In recent molecular studies (Dupuis et al. 2008; An et al. 2012; Zhang et al. 2019) a few specimens (four in total, see below) seem to form separate clusters or branches, which probably represent a distinct taxonomic species (Fig. 15). This species may be the Chaoborus illustrated by Komyo, but conclusive evidence is still lacking. Further integrative studies are needed to clarify the status of this taxon which may be endemic to Japan. This taxon formed a unique BIN BOLD: AEA 6459 in BOLD, composed of the specimen MK 281356 analysed by Zhang et al. (2019). The collecting data of the specimen is the following: Japan, Kyushu, Fukuoka-shi, Kashii, 2.10.2013, Shigetaka Nonaka leg. (Zhang et al. 2019 appendix). Sequencing of the specimens studied by Dupuis et al. (2008) and An et al. (2012) did not cover the COI barcoding region and are not comparable in the present context. GenBank accession number DQ 146274 (Dupuis et al. 2008) was collected from Toyama prefecture, N 36.81, E 136.93, in 2004; JQ 277993 and JQ 277994 (An et al. 2012) lack collection data, except “ Japan ”."}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"幽蚊屬","language":"zho"},{"vernacularName":"Mosquitos fantasma","language":"spa"},{"vernacularName":"Коретра","language":"rus"},{"vernacularName":"유리모기속","language":"kor"},{"vernacularName":"フサカ属","language":"jpn"},{"vernacularName":"ケヨソイカ属","language":"jpn"},{"vernacularName":"Corèthres","language":"fra"},{"vernacularName":"koretra","language":"ces"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","54":"Arthropoda","216":"Insecta","811":"Diptera","3342":"Chaoboridae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":10687193,"nameKey":33180391,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":10687193,"parentKey":3055964,"parent":"Acalypha","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Malpighiales","family":"Euphorbiaceae","genus":"Acalypha","species":"Acalypha almadinensis","kingdomKey":6,"phylumKey":7707728,"classKey":220,"orderKey":1414,"familyKey":4691,"genusKey":3055964,"speciesKey":10687193,"scientificName":"Acalypha almadinensis A.A.C.Sousa","canonicalName":"Acalypha almadinensis","authorship":"A.A.C.Sousa","publishedIn":"Syst. Bot. 44: 346 (2019)","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:10687193","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Voucher specimens BRAZIL – Minas Gerais • Lombardi, J. A. 5765; BHCB • Salino, A. 9033; BHCB, SP. – Bahia • Jardim, J. G. 986; CEPEC, SP."},{"description":"Distribution Brazil."},{"description":"Remarks This species is only known from the three aforementioned collections."},{"description":"Provisional conservation status CR B 2 ab (ii, iii, iv)."},{"description":"Habit Shrub. Native. Habitat Eastern Highlands: Atlantic Forests, alt. 490 ‒ 800 m."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"6":"Plantae","7707728":"Tracheophyta","220":"Magnoliopsida","1414":"Malpighiales","4691":"Euphorbiaceae","3055964":"Acalypha"},"class":"Magnoliopsida"},{"key":165627687,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","parentKey":165627684,"parent":"Beaufortia","genus":"Beaufortia","species":"Beaufortia burbidgeae","genusKey":165627684,"speciesKey":165627687,"scientificName":"Beaufortia burbidgeae A.A.Burb","canonicalName":"Beaufortia burbidgeae","authorship":"A.A.Burb","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"51166338","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Beaufortia burbidgeae, commonly known as column beaufortia, is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a shrub with crowded, needle-shaped leaves and mostly red, or red and green flowers on the ends of the branches from spring to early summer."},{"description":"Beaufortia burbidgeae is classified as \"Priority Three\" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife, meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat."},{"description":"Beaufortia burbidgeae is a shrub which sometimes grows to a height of 2 m or is a spreading shrub 2 m across. The leaves are needle-like, 6-10 mm long and crowded on the woody stems. The flowers are arranged in heads on the ends of the branches and on short side branches. The flowers have 5 sepals, 5 petals and 5 bundles of stamens. The stamen bundles are deep red at their bases and pale green or pink on the ends, 5-18 mm and hairy on the inner surface. There are 3 to 5 stamens in each bundle and the free ends of the stamens are a further 2.5-6 mm long. Flowering occurs from August to May but mostly in spring and early summer and is followed by fruit which are woody capsules, 3-10 mm long and 7-12 mm wide and sometimes clustered."},{"description":"Column beaufortia grows in or near laterite on hills in heath and woodland, occasionally in sand. It occurs between Brookton, Corrigin and Boolanelling Nature Reserve in the Avon Wheatbelt biogeographic region."},{"description":"Beaufortia burbidgeae was first formally described in 2016 by Andrew A. Burbidge and the description was published in Nuytsia. The specific epithet (\"burbidgeae\") honours Nancy Tyson Burbidge, the aunt of the author."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165627684":"Beaufortia"}},{"key":165627686,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","parentKey":165627684,"parent":"Beaufortia","genus":"Beaufortia","species":"Beaufortia raggedensis","genusKey":165627684,"speciesKey":165627686,"scientificName":"Beaufortia raggedensis A.A.Burb.","canonicalName":"Beaufortia raggedensis","authorship":"A.A.Burb.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"51176206","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Beaufortia raggedensis, commonly known as Mount Ragged beaufortia, is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a compact shrub with densely clustered leaves and large heads of deep red flowers in spring and only occurs near Mount Arid in the Cape Arid National Park."},{"description":"Beaufortia raggedensis is classified as \"Priority Two\" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife meaning that it is poorly known and from only one or a few locations."},{"description":"Beaufortia raggedensis is usually a compact shrub, sometimes openly branched, which grows to a height of 1.5 m. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs and are linear in shape, 5-10 mm long, less than 1 mm wide and are often in dense clusters. They often have a covering of fine hairs, giving them a greyish appearance. The flowers are deep red and are arranged in heads on the ends of branches. The flowers have 5 sepals, 5 petals and 5 bundles of stamens. The bundles contain between 5 and 7 stamens and are joined for 5-10 mm with the free stamens branching at different points. Flowering occurs from September to December and is followed by fruits which are woody capsules 15-20 mm long, 10 mm wide and joined together."},{"description":"Beaufortia raggedensis grows in quartzite, only on the slopes and bases of mountains of the Russell Range in the Cape Arid National Park, Mallee biogeographic region."},{"description":"Melaleuca raggedensis was first formally described in 2016 by Andrew A. Burbidge and the description was published in Nuytsia. The specific epithet (\"raggedensis\") refers to the Mount Ragged, near which this species is found."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165627684":"Beaufortia"}},{"key":225696206,"datasetKey":"373724de-ed79-490d-894d-99c5bdf62dde","parentKey":332918855,"parent":"Simonachne","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Poales","family":"Poaceae","genus":"Simonachne","species":"Simonachne maidenii","kingdomKey":332918850,"phylumKey":332918851,"classKey":332918852,"orderKey":332918853,"familyKey":332918854,"genusKey":332918855,"speciesKey":225696206,"scientificName":"Simonachne maidenii (A. A. Ham.) (A.A.Ham.) E.J.Thomps.","canonicalName":"Simonachne maidenii","authorship":"(A. A. Ham.) (A.A.Ham.) E.J.Thomps.","publishedIn":"Thompson, E. J. (2022): Simonachne, a new genus for Australia segregated from Ancistrachne s. l. (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) and a new subtribe Cleistochloinae. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (1): 19-62, DOI: 10.1071/SB20024, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb20024","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"B81ED206FFCDFF8BFFF88DA3FB77A110.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Eriochloa maidenii A. A. Ham., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 37: 709 (1912); Ancistrachne maidenii (A. A. Ham.) Vickery, Contrib. N. S. W. Natl. Herb. 3 (2): 83 (1961). Type: New South Wales. Hawkesbury River, 3 May 1912, A. A. Hamilton s. n. (holo: NSW [NSW 52514, JSTOR photo!]; iso: BRI [AQ 540088,!], NSW [NSW 520052, JSTOR photo!]). Fertile branches ascending to 40 cm high, copiously branched with up to ~ 12 nodes. Fertile culm internodes up to 4.5 cm long. Mature fertile leaf sheaths retained, convolute, pilose; outer margin ciliate with ascending tuberculate-based simple trichomes upto 0.5 mm long. Leaf blades upto 4.5 cm long and 7 mm wide; lower margin with tuberculate-based simple trichomes upto 3 mm long. Ligule 0.3 mm long. Contraligule 0.1 mm long. Mid-culm leaf blades 2.5 – 4.5 cm long, 2.5 – 4.0 mm wide, apex tapering, base truncate, margins white; both surfaces sparsely pubescent with simple trichomes upto 0.8 mm long. Terminal inflorescences on axes 1.5 – 5.5 cm long, 8 – 32 - flowered; 0 – several branches, appressed, rachis upto 1 cm long, 1 – 6 - flowered. Spikelets 2.6 – 2.9 mm long, 1.0 – 1.1 mm wide; lateral pedicels 0.4 – 1.0 mm long, ultimate pedicel 0.5 – 2.0 mm long. Lower glume lunar, ~ 0.2 mm long, apex obtuse. Upper glume ovate, 2.6 – 2.9 mm long, apex acute, margins inrolled. Lower lemma ovate, 2.6 – 3.0 mm long; apex acute, margins inrolled. Upper lemma 2.4 – 2.6 mm long; apical cilia 60 – 90 µm long, mucronate to shortly awned. Lodicules ∼ 0.2 mm long. Upper palea 2.4 – 2.6 mm long; apex acute. Anthers 1.5 mm long. Caryopsis ~ 1.7 mm long, ~ 0.8 mm wide, rarely present. Axillary inflorescences usually present below apical 2 or 3 internodes; 3 - or 4 - flowered, lowest 1 or 2 enclosed in leaf sheath. Spikelets 2.8 – 3.2 mm long, 1.2 – 1.3 mm wide. Lower glume vestigial upto 0.1 mm long. Upper glume ovate, 2.8 – 3.2 mm long, chartaceous, villous with woolly hairs upto 0.2 mm long; apex obtuse. Lower lemma ovate, 2.7 – 3.2 mm long; apex revolute. Upper lemma 2.2 – 2.4 mm long; apex revolute, cilia 60 – 90 µm long, mucronate to shortly awned. Upper palea 2.2 – 2.4 mm long; apex revolute. Anthers 0.2 mm long. Caryopsis 1.4 – 1.9 mm long, 0.7 – 0.9 mm wide; surface minutely longitudinally striate; light brown. Fig. 1, 2, Appendix 19. Illustrations D. J. B. Wheeler, S. W. L. Jacobs and B. E. Norton, Grasses of New South Wales 93 (1982); S. W. L. Jacobs and C. A. Wall in G. J. Harden (ed.), Flora of New South Wales 4: 452 - 3 (1993)."},{"description":"Simonachne maidenii shares morphological characters with all of the other taxa in subtribe Cleistochloinae (Table 1). Notable similarities include S. maidenii and Calyptochloa spp. having a contraligule and the stoloniferous growth habit, giving plants a very similar appearance in the field. Breeding system The type of CL manifested by Simonachne maidenii fits the category of dimorphic anthers with amphigamy in the classification of CL by Thompson (2017). Axillary CL in S. maidenii is obligate, whereas in Ancistrachne, CL is facultative with the CL and CH anthers, the same size fitting the type ‘ monomorphic CH and CL anthers’ on the same plant as defined by Thompson (2017). Micromorphology and macromorphology of the lemmas and palea Simonachne maidenii and Ancistrachne s. s. differ in the lower lemmas by S. maidenii having absence of prickles and film of epicuticular wax. Upper lemmas of S. maidenii have minute longitudinal ridges and lack papillae. Upper lemmas of the terminal spikelets of S. maidenii are chartaceous to slightly hardened and loosely clasping the caryopsis, whereas for Ancistrachne s. s. they are hardened, glossy and tightly clasping the caryopsis. Simonachne maidenii, as for other species in Cleistochloinae, lacks a lower palea, whereas species of Ancistrachne, members of Neurachninae s. s. and the species of Panicum have a lower palea. Simonachne maidenii differs from Ancistrachne by the indumentum on the upper glume and lower lemma and differs from other members of Cleistochloinae by having an indistinct germination flap on the upper lemma (Tables 1, 3, Fig. 4; Appendices 8, 10 – 13). Abaxial leaf-blade epidermis Costal−intercostal zonation conspicuous. Papillae absent. Costal long cells rectangular, much narrower than intercostal; anticlinal walls of intercostal long cells Ω-shaped. Anticlinal walls of intercostal long cells moderately undulating, often irregular with short-wave length. Stomata 38 – 43 µm long with low triangular subsidiaries, in 2 rows separated by 5 – 6 files of long cells. Bicellular microhairs 52 – 56 µm long, proximal cell longer than distal, occasional. Silica bodies in single rows, bilobate and polylobate, 16 – 25 µm long, common. Hooks present (Appendices 14, 15). The shape of the anticlinal walls of long cells in the upper lemmas and the abaxial leaf surface in A. maidenii differ from those in A. uncinulata, and, in A. maidenii, the shapes of these walls differ from each other (Table 3). Such differences in the shape of anticlinal walls of long cells have been reported for some other panicoid grasses (Lu et al. 2009; Harun et al. 2020). Transverse section of leaf blade C 3; XyMS +. Mesophyll with radiate chlorenchyma; adaxial pallisade chlorenchyma present. Midrib not prominent; with a double bundle sheath; outer complete ring of parenchyma cells and partial inner ring of thick-walled cells with adaxial arc of clear parenchyma cells. Bulliform cells in discrete regular groups; in simple fans. Sclerenchyma accompanying all vascular bundles as adaxial strands and abaxial girders (Appendix 16). Transverse section of culm Culm examined 0.6 mm in diameter. Outer smallest vascular bundles adjacent to tangential girder sclerenchyma and imbedded in large-celled sclerenchyma. Vascular bundles with a ring of clear parenchyma; three sizes in separate circles, smallest to the periphery. Chlorenchyma in rectangular blocks, 2 or 3 cells deep by up to 10 cells wide; cells with regular size and shape, more or less circular. Inner ground tissue consisting of large thin-walled cells. (Appendix 17). The distribution of the bundle sheath parenchyma of S. maidenii has similarities to the fresh culm sections of Entolasia spp. prepared for this study. Surface of inflorescence culm Pilose with tuberculate-based macrohairs up to 2 mm long, muriculate with hooks and scabridulous with prickles. Stomata frequent, similar to those on the abaxial leaf surface. Bicellar microhairs, ~ 44 μm long, occasional. Silica bodies absent. (Appendix 18)."},{"description":"Distribution Occurs in two disjunct populations on the New South Wales coastline (Fig. 3). Habitat and ecology Under a canopy of trees or shrubs on sandy soils derived from sandstone. Phenology Dates of herbarium collections indicate that S. maidenii flowers throughout the year. Cultivated plants flower mostly in summer. Conservation status Listed as Vulnerable under the Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016, New South Wales. Notes"},{"description":"Additional specimens examined NEW SOUTH WALES. Along an ephemeral creekline close to Old Great North Road, Devines Hill, 29 January 1999, P. Pike s. n. (NSW 427980); Singleton Road, Wiseman Ferry, 23 January 1999, P. Pike s. n. (NSW 427981); Erskine Creek downstream from Jack Evans track in the Blue Mountains National Park, 6 March 1999, R. G. Coveny 17686 & Hind (BRI AQ 681893); 20 m E of Glenreagh – Grafton road, 7 km N of Glenreagh, 6 July 2001, G. Elks s. n. (NSW 488035); ~ 5 km along Stockyard Creek Road from Punchbowl Road, ~ 25 km NW by N of Grafton, 28 November 2005, Edwards 3 (NSW 618071); on left-hand side of track along Marramarra Creek ~ 20 m from Smugglers Ridge and Marramarra Ridge track exits, 17 November 2006, P. Pike s. n. (NSW 772920); Sandstone Drive, S of Bull paddock, Orara River, 3 January 2011, G. Clancy s. n. (NSW 882378); Porto Ridge, SW of Brooklyn, May 2011, R. G. Coveny 19454 (NSW 891751); Stockyard Creek, along Stockyard Creek Rd, ~ 30 km NNW of Grafton, 5 June 2013, E. J. Thompson EJT 936 (BRI AQ 1012262); near Whiporie, along Summerland Way, ~ 55 km N of Grafton, 5 June 2013, E. J. Thompson EJT 939 (BRI AQ 1012263); Coaldale, edge of Coaldale Rd nr. junction with Stockyard Creek Rd, ~ 31 km NNW of Grafton, 22 June 2013, E. J. Thompson EJT 945 & G. P. Guymer (BRI AQ 1012265); along Benowie walking track adjacent to Sams Creek, Berowa, September 2015, E. J. Thompson EJT 1038 & G. P. Guymer (BRI AQ 971047). CULTIVATED. Ashgrove (ex Stockyard Creek Road), April 2017, E. J. Thompson MOR 815 (BRI AQ 1022226)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"332918850":"Plantae","332918851":"Tracheophyta","332918852":"Liliopsida","332918853":"Poales","332918854":"Poaceae","332918855":"Simonachne"},"class":"Liliopsida"},{"key":165627685,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","parentKey":165627684,"parent":"Beaufortia","genus":"Beaufortia","species":"Beaufortia kwongkanicola","genusKey":165627684,"speciesKey":165627685,"scientificName":"Beaufortia kwongkanicola A.A.Burb","canonicalName":"Beaufortia kwongkanicola","authorship":"A.A.Burb","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"51168414","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Beaufortia kwongkanicola, commonly known as Lesueur beaufortia, is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a shrub with crowded leaves and large, deep purple heads of flowers in late winter and spring and is found in the northern kwongkan."},{"description":"Beaufortia kwongkanicola is classified as \"Not Threatened\" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife."},{"description":"Beaufortia kwongkanicola is a shrub which grows to a height and width of 1 m. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, are linear to narrow egg-shaped, 3-8 mm long, 1-2.5 mm wide and are often crowded. The flowers are arranged in heads on the ends of the branches and have 5 sepals, 5 petals and 5 bundles of stamens. The stamen bundles are deep red to purple, 3-8 mm long and densely hairy on the inner surface. There are 5 to 7 stamens in each bundle and the free ends of the stamens separate from the bundle at different points. Flowering occurs from July to November and is followed by fruit which are woody capsules, 10-13.5 mm long and about 8 mm wide and densely clustered."},{"description":"Column beaufortia grows in sandy soils often over laterite and in the Lesueur sandplain region including the Avon Wheatbelt, Geraldton Sandplains and Swan Coastal Plain biogeographic regions."},{"description":"Beaufortia kwongkanicola was first formally described in 2016 by Andrew A. Burbidge and the description was published in Nuytsia. The specific epithet (\"kwongkanicola\") refers to the kwongkan vegetation with which this species is found."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165627684":"Beaufortia"}},{"key":165785871,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","species":"Carinodrillia felis","speciesKey":165785871,"scientificName":"Carinodrillia felis A.A.Olsson, 1964","canonicalName":"Carinodrillia felis","authorship":"A.A. Olsson, 1964","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"57540069","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Carinodrillia felis is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies."},{"description":"This extinct species occurs in Pliocene strata and Miocene strata of Ecuador; age range: 5.332 to 3.6 Ma"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165783842,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","species":"Buridrillia panarica","speciesKey":165783842,"scientificName":"Buridrillia panarica (A.A.Olsson, 1942)","canonicalName":"Buridrillia panarica","authorship":"(A.A. Olsson, 1942 )","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"57492835","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Buridrillia panarica is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae.Buridrillia panarica, Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base"},{"description":"Fossils of this marine species were found in West Panama and in Pliocene strata of Costa Rica and Ecuador; age range: 3.6 to 2.588 Ma"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":167760759,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","parentKey":165733396,"parent":"Prostanthera","genus":"Prostanthera","species":"Prostanthera densa","genusKey":165733396,"speciesKey":167760759,"scientificName":"Prostanthera densa A.A.Ham.","canonicalName":"Prostanthera densa","authorship":"A.A.Ham.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"65155330","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Prostanthera densa, commonly known as villous mint-bush, is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae and is endemic to near-coastal areas of New South Wales. It is an erect, often compact shrub with aromatic branches, egg-shaped leaves, and mauve flowers with orange markings inside."},{"description":"This mintbush is listed as \"vulnerable\" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and the New South Wales Government Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016. The main threats to the species include land clearing for urban development, dieback caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, dumping of garden refuse, weed invasion and disturbance by recreational users."},{"description":"Prostanthera densa is an erect, aromatic, often compact shrub that typically grows to a height of and has hairy branches. The leaves are egg-shaped to triangular, usually hairy, long and wide on a petiole long. The flowers are arranged singly in two to ten of the upper leaf axils with bracteoles about long at the base. The sepals are hairy, sometimes tinged with purple, long and form a tube about wide with two lobes, the upper lobe long. The petals are pale mauve to mauve with orange and white markings, long, forming a tube long. The lower central lobe is long, the lower side lobes long and the upper lobes long and fused with a central notch long. There are a few flowers throughout the year, peaking in spring."},{"description":"Villous mint-bush grows in forest and shrubland on the coast and nearby ranges between Nelson Bay and the Beecroft Peninsula."},{"description":"Prostanthera densa was first formally described in 1920 by Arthur Andrew Hamilton in Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales."}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"Villous mint-bush","language":"eng"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165733396":"Prostanthera"}},{"key":165793923,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","species":"Cyprinodon tularosa","speciesKey":165793923,"scientificName":"Cyprinodon tularosa R.R.Miller & A.A.Echelle, 1975","canonicalName":"Cyprinodon tularosa","authorship":"R. R. Miller & A. A. Echelle, 1975","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"12612889","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"The White Sands pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa) is a species of pupfish in the family Cyprinodontidae. It is endemic to the Tularosa Basin in southern New Mexico, in the Western United States. They are only found in two springs and two small streams in southwest New Mexico. White Sands pupfish have dark eyes and silver scales. They grow from 1+3/4 to long. Adult males have a slight blue color."}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"White Sands pupfish","language":"eng"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":2697615,"nameKey":7928271,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":2697615,"parentKey":2698703,"parent":"Sincoraea","acceptedKey":9294141,"accepted":"Sincoraea mucugensis (Wand. & A.A.Conc.) Louzada & Wand.","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Poales","family":"Bromeliaceae","genus":"Sincoraea","species":"Sincoraea mucugensis","kingdomKey":6,"phylumKey":7707728,"classKey":196,"orderKey":1369,"familyKey":3740,"genusKey":2698703,"speciesKey":9294141,"scientificName":"Orthophytum mucugense Wand. & A.A.Conc.","canonicalName":"Orthophytum mucugense","authorship":"Wand. & A.A.Conc.","publishedIn":"Sitientibus Sér. Ci. Biol. 6: 4 (2006)","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"SYNONYM","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:2697615","extinct":false,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Type: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Mucugê, Parque Municipal Sempre-viva, cachoeira do Rio Tiburtino, 12 ° 59 ’ 83 ” S, 42 ° 20 ’ 91 ” W, 17 January 2006, M. G. L. Wanderley, A. Conceição, R. Louzada, S. Martins 2540 (holotype SP!, isotype HUEFS!). Plants rupicolous, stoloniferous, stems short, ca 1 × 1.3 cm. Leaves patent or arching. Leaf sheaths reddishwhite, ovate, 0.5 – 1 × 0.4 – 1 cm, glabrous, margins serrate, prickles ca 0.4 mm long. Leaf blades subcoriaceous, plane or slightly concave, green, partially to completely red at anthesis, linear-triangular, 2.5 – 6.7 × 0.3 – 0.4 cm, attenuate, sparsely lepidote on both surfaces and with glandular trichomes on the base of the abaxial surfaces, margins serrate, prickles antrorse, ca 0.3 – 0.4 mm long, apices mucronulate. Inflorescences sessile, simple, many-flowered. Vestigial floral bract absent. Floral bracts subcoriaceous, green, symmetrical, carinate, ovate-lanceolate, 1 – 1.2 × 0.4 – 0.7 cm, with glandular trichomes, margins serrate, apices mucronulate. Sepals green, asymmetrical, carinate, narrowly triangular, ca 0.8 × 0.3 cm, with glandular trichomes, margins entire, apices acuminate. Petals white, linear – spatulate, ca 1.9 × 0.4 cm, glabrous, obtuse. Petal appendages sacciform, lacerate, ca 5 mm from base. Callosities inconspicuous. Stamens with antepetalous filaments ca 3 mm long and adnate to the petals, the antesepalous ones free, ca 7 mm long. Anthers yellow, ca 1.8 mm long, apices apiculate. Ovaries trigonous, styles ca 8 mm long. Epigenous tubes present, ca 0.5 mm long. Ovules numerous. Fruits subtrigonous. Seeds obtuse."},{"description":"Distribution and habitat: — Orthophytum mucugense is only known from Mucugê county in Bahia. It grows on moist and shaded rocks near streams and waterfalls. IUCN conservation status: — VU B 2 ab (ii, iii). Despite occurring within a protected area, Orthophytum mucugense is threatened due to the small population size and its limited distribution."},{"description":"Comments: — Orthophytum mucugense is morphologically similar to O. humile, but the leaf shapes, colour and trichomes can be used to separate these two species. Orthophytum mucugense has leaves that are entirely red at anthesis, while O. humile has leaves that are wine red to pink at the apices, but white and green toward the base. The leaf blades of O. humile are densely lepidote on both surfaces, differing from O. mucugense with glabrous to sparsely lepidote leaf blades. Additional specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Mucugê, Serra do Capa Bode, 28 October 1978, (fl), Martinelli 5521 (RB); Parque Municipal Mucugê, cachoeira do Rio Tiburtino, 7 January 2003 (fr), Wanderley et al. 2367. (SP); 17 December 2006 (fr), Louzada & Moreira 58 (SP)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":true,"higherClassificationMap":{"6":"Plantae","7707728":"Tracheophyta","196":"Liliopsida","1369":"Poales","3740":"Bromeliaceae","2698703":"Sincoraea","9294141":"Sincoraea mucugensis"},"class":"Liliopsida"},{"key":165830773,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","species":"Schizothorax skarduensis","speciesKey":165830773,"scientificName":"Schizothorax skarduensis Mirza & A.A.Awan, 1978","canonicalName":"Schizothorax skarduensis","authorship":"Mirza & A. A. Awan, 1978","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"25802657","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Schizothorax skarduensis is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Schizothorax which is endemic to Pakistan."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165793919,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","species":"Cyprinodon pecosensis","speciesKey":165793919,"scientificName":"Cyprinodon pecosensis A.A.Echelle & A.F.Echelle, 1978","canonicalName":"Cyprinodon pecosensis","authorship":"A. A. Echelle & A. F. Echelle, 1978","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"12612845","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"The Pecos pupfish (Cyprinodon pecosensis) is a species of pupfish in the family Cyprinodontidae. It is endemic to the Pecos River watershed in eastern New Mexico and western Texas in the United States."},{"description":"Despite once existing throughout the Pecos River, C. pecosensis populations have become increasingly isolated due to significant portions of their native habitat being removed. Following the introduction of Cyprinodon variegatus (sheepshead minnow), pure Pecos pupfish populations have been further isolated and largely exist in scattered sinkholes, man-made impoundments, and marshes. Its natural habitat includes springs, sinkholes, and pools of streams."},{"description":"Cyprinodon variegatus is thought to have been introduced during the early 1980s, presumably via bait-bucket dumping. Shortly after the introduction of C. variegatus, C. variegatus X C. pecosensis hybrids quickly became widespread, occupying an estimated 50% of the native Pecos pupfish range by 1985. The widespread success of hybrids, and quick range expansion throughout native Pecos pupfish waters, has been hypothesized to be the result of selection mechanisms for hybrids during a period when the native C. pecosensis population had experienced a reduction. Additionally, hybrid populations have been reported to have increased growth-rates and vigor (Heterosis), resulting in Pecos pupfish females to actively choose to mate with hybrids over pure male Pecos pupfish. Given this, conservation efforts have been difficult and efforts are being made to prevent C. variegatus from entering into isolated C. pecosensis populations."}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"Pecos pupfish","language":"eng"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":2475434,"nameKey":16688343,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":2475434,"parentKey":2475391,"parent":"Merops","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Coraciiformes","family":"Meropidae","genus":"Merops","species":"Merops hirundineus","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":44,"classKey":212,"orderKey":1447,"familyKey":9320,"genusKey":2475391,"speciesKey":2475434,"scientificName":"Merops hirundineus A.A.H.Lichtenstein, 1793","canonicalName":"Merops hirundineus","authorship":"A.A.H.Lichtenstein, 1793","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":5,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:2475434","extinct":false,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":["LEAST_CONCERN"],"descriptions":[{"description":"Breeding regions are AF. Breeding subregions are widespread."}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"Swallow-tailed Bee-eater","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Guêpier à queue d'hirondelle","language":"fra"},{"vernacularName":"Swallow-tailed Bee-eater","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Swallow-tailed Bee-eater","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"swallow-tailed bee eater","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"燕尾蜂虎","language":"zho"},{"vernacularName":"Sả đuôi én ăn ong","language":"vie"},{"vernacularName":"бджолоїдка вилохвоста","language":"ukr"},{"vernacularName":"Kırlangıç Kuyruklu Arıkuşu","language":"tur"},{"vernacularName":"seSelamarumo","language":"tsn"},{"vernacularName":"svalstjärtad biätare","language":"swe"},{"vernacularName":"Lastorepa pčelarica","language":"srp"},{"vernacularName":"Abejaruco golondrina","language":"spa"},{"vernacularName":"lastovičji čebelar","language":"slv"},{"vernacularName":"včelárik lastovičí","language":"slk"},{"vernacularName":"Ласточкохвостая щурка","language":"rus"},{"vernacularName":"abelharuco-de-cauda-forcada","language":"por"},{"vernacularName":"abelharuco-andorinha","language":"por"},{"vernacularName":"żołna widłosterna","language":"pol"},{"vernacularName":"svalebieter","language":"nor"},{"vernacularName":"Zwaluwstaartbijeneter","language":"nld"},{"vernacularName":"kregždžiauodegis bitininkas","language":"lit"},{"vernacularName":"エンビハチクイ","language":"jpn"},{"vernacularName":"Gruccione coda di rondine","language":"ita"},{"vernacularName":"fecskefarkú gyurgyalag","language":"hun"},{"vernacularName":"pčelarica lastarka","language":"hrv"},{"vernacularName":"Guêpier à queue d’aronde","language":"fra"},{"vernacularName":"Guêpier à queue d'hirondelle","language":"fra"},{"vernacularName":"Guêpier à queue d'aronde","language":"fra"},{"vernacularName":"haaramehiläissyöjä","language":"fin"},{"vernacularName":"harksaba-mesilasenäpp","language":"est"},{"vernacularName":"hirundovosta abelmanĝulo","language":"epo"},{"vernacularName":"Hirundvosta abelmanĝulo","language":"epo"},{"vernacularName":"Swallow-tailed Bee-eater","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"STBE","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Svalehalebiæder"},{"vernacularName":"Schwalbenschwanzspint","language":"deu"},{"vernacularName":"gwenynysor fforchog","language":"cym"},{"vernacularName":"vlha vlaštovčí","language":"ces"},{"vernacularName":"abellerol cua d'oreneta","language":"cat"},{"vernacularName":"Abellerol hengrineta","language":"arg"},{"vernacularName":"وروار سنونوي الذيل","language":"ara"},{"vernacularName":"Swaelstertbyvreter","language":"afr"},{"vernacularName":"Schwalbenschwanzspint","language":"deu"},{"vernacularName":"abelharuco-andorinha","language":"por"},{"vernacularName":"Swallow-tailed Bee-eater","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Guêpier à queue d'aronde","language":"fra"},{"vernacularName":"Abejaruco golondrina","language":"spa"},{"vernacularName":"svalebieter","language":"nob"},{"vernacularName":"Swallow-tailed Bee-eater","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Swallow-tailed Bee-eater","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Abejaruco golondrina","language":"spa"},{"vernacularName":"abelharuco-andorinha","language":"por"},{"vernacularName":"Guêpier à queue d'aronde","language":"fra"},{"vernacularName":"Swallow-tailed Bee-eater","language":"eng"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","44":"Chordata","212":"Aves","1447":"Coraciiformes","9320":"Meropidae","2475391":"Merops"},"class":"Aves"},{"key":102090982,"nameKey":16688343,"datasetKey":"9ca92552-f23a-41a8-a140-01abaa31c931","nubKey":2475434,"parentKey":102090970,"parent":"Merops","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Coraciiformes","family":"Meropidae","genus":"Merops","species":"Merops hirundineus","kingdomKey":101683523,"phylumKey":102017110,"classKey":102085317,"orderKey":102090457,"familyKey":102090967,"genusKey":102090970,"speciesKey":102090982,"scientificName":"Merops hirundineus A.A.H.Lichtenstein, 1793","canonicalName":"Merops hirundineus","authorship":"A.A.H.Lichtenstein, 1793","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":4,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"554650","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"abelharuco-andorinha","language":"por"},{"vernacularName":"Swallow-tailed Bee-eater","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Guêpier à queue d'aronde","language":"fra"},{"vernacularName":"Abejaruco golondrina","language":"spa"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"101683523":"Animalia","102017110":"Chordata","102085317":"Aves","102090457":"Coraciiformes","102090967":"Meropidae","102090970":"Merops"},"class":"Aves"},{"key":165617356,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","parentKey":165617355,"parent":"Ancistrachne","genus":"Ancistrachne","species":"Ancistrachne maidenii","genusKey":165617355,"speciesKey":165617356,"scientificName":"Ancistrachne maidenii (A.A.Ham.) Vickery","canonicalName":"Ancistrachne maidenii","authorship":"(A.A.Ham.) Vickery","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"62097657","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Ancistrachne maidenii is a grass (in the family Poaceae) endemic to New South Wales. It is a scrambling perennial grass with slender, rigid horizontal stems and branches which ascend. The leaves have sheathes which are sparsely hairy and the ligule is fringed. The racemes are terminal or axillary, and about 4 cm long, with the lateral racemes being shorter and partially enclosed by the sheath. When mature the spikelets (2.5–3 mm long ) fall entirely. The upper glume has five nerves. The lower lemma (similar to the upper glume), has seven nerves and is sterile. The fertile florets are elliptic to lanceolate, with nerves which are obscure. It flowers in summer, and grows on sandstone soils, north of Sydney. The species was first described as Eriochloa maidenii by the botanist Arthur Hamilton in 1913, and in 1961 Joyce Vickery revised it to Ancistrachne maidenii. The specific epithet honours Joseph Maiden, In New South Wales, this species is listed as \"threatened\"."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165617355":"Ancistrachne"}},{"key":165606427,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Aaadonta","genusKey":165606427,"scientificName":"Aaadonta Solem, 1976","canonicalName":"Aaadonta","authorship":"Solem, 1976","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"10223291","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Aaadonta is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Endodontidae.Namebank Record Detail. Ubio.org (12 October 2005). Retrieved 27 September 2010.ION: Index to Organism Names. Organismnames.com. Retrieved 27 September 2010.micro*scope – version 6.0 – March, 2006 . Starcentral.mbl.edu. Retrieved 27 September 2010. Specimens from this genus are endemic to Palau."},{"description":"The habitat where Aaadonta were typically found ranged from primary forests to secondary forests, and even to mountain bases. However, they usually resided on the underside of natural resources. Moreover, they were found under rocks or stones, and under leaves. Some species were found living on dead plants and low levels of trees, as well as on the moss of some boulders."},{"description":"While single localities had been found before Alan Solem established the genus, such as Aaadonta angaurana in 1936, the six species were first defined in Solem's 1976 paper. Solem defined the genus' and species qualities in 8 rules defining shell shape. But since the genus was established, many of the species within it have been difficult to keep track of. A report in 2005 only found Aaandonta constricta and Aaandonta kinlochi."},{"description":"Species in the genus Aaadonta include: Aaadonta angaurana Solem, 1976 Aaadonta constricta Semper, 1874; Type speciesAnimalBase: Genus taxon summary for Aaadonta Aaadonta fuscozonata (E.H. Beddome, 1889) Aaadonta irregularis Semper, 1874 Aaadonta kinlochi Solem, 1976 Aaadonta pelewana Solem, 1976 The genus was given its unusual name by the biologist Alan Solem, who wanted it to appear first in any alphabetical list of endodontid genera.\"Aaadonta and Zyzzyxdonta (terrestrial snails) both named by the late Alan Solem with the idea of being the first and the last entries in any list of endodontoid snails.\" – Shimek, R.L. in The Mollis Clans – A Celebration of Molluscan DiversityZoologische Mededelingen. Dpc.uba.uva.nl. Retrieved 27 September 2010. For animal genera, the first alphabetically listed name is Aaaaba, which is a genus of beetles from Australia. The current conservation status, according to the IUCN Red List, varies depending on species, though they all fall into the larger category of being threatened. One cause of a low population stated by Solem could be that ant colonies that come into the area can prey on eggs of the various species, thus wiping out a large number of snails, potentially without harming the adult snails. Some species, like the fuscozonata, have not been found recently and leads researchers to believe that they may already be extinct."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":294005488,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":10990480,"parentKey":294005225,"parent":"Corallinaceae","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Rhodophyta","order":"Corallinales","family":"Corallinaceae","genus":"Chamberlainium","kingdomKey":293994071,"phylumKey":330929561,"classKey":294005056,"orderKey":294005058,"familyKey":294005225,"genusKey":294005488,"scientificName":"Chamberlainium A.A. Caragnano, A. Foetisch, G.W. Maneveldt & C.E. Payri in Caragnano et al., 2018","canonicalName":"Chamberlainium","authorship":"A.A. Caragnano, A. Foetisch, G.W. Maneveldt & C.E. Payri in Caragnano et al., 2018","publishedIn":"Caragnano, A.; Foetisch, A.; Maneveldt, G. W.; Millet, L.; Liu, L.-C.; Lin, S.-M.; Rodondi, G.; Payri, C. E. (2018). Revision of Corallinaceae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta): recognizing Dawsoniolithon gen. nov., Parvicellularium gen. nov. and Chamberlainoideae subfam. nov. containing Chamberlainium gen. nov. and Pneophyllum. Journal of Phycology. 54(3): 391-409.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"9KTXK","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"293994071":"Plantae","330929561":"Rhodophyta","294005056":"Florideophyceae","294005058":"Corallinales","294005225":"Corallinaceae"},"class":"Florideophyceae"},{"key":165424497,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":1228684,"parentKey":332718424,"parent":"Curculionidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Coleoptera","family":"Curculionidae","genus":"Aades","kingdomKey":165236969,"phylumKey":332715463,"classKey":332718066,"orderKey":332718361,"familyKey":332718424,"genusKey":165424497,"scientificName":"Aades Schoenherr, 1823","canonicalName":"Aades","authorship":"Schoenherr 1823","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"26600765","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Aades is a genus of beetle from the family Curculionidae.Notes on the activities of Aedes larvae.Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington :Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971.Catalogus coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus, autoribus Dr. Gemminger et B. de Harold. Monachii,sumptu E.H. Gummi,1868-76.Curculionidum dispositio methodica, cum generum characteribus, descriptionibus atque observationibus variis, seu Prodromus ad Synonymiae, insectorum partem IV. auctore C.J. Schoenherr ... Lipsiae,apud Fridericum Fleischer,1826.Nomenclator zoologicus. An alphabetical list of all generic names that have been employed by naturalists for recent and fossil animals from the earliest times to the close of the year 1879 ... By Samuel H. Scudder. Washington,Govt. Print. Off.,1882.Australian weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Volume 1. Orthoceri Anthribidae to Attelabidae, the primitive weevils. There are currently 4 species within this genus: Aades bicristatus (Schoenherr, 1823)http://www.catalogueoflife.org/show_reference_details.php?record_id=4166845http://www.catalogueoflife.org/show_species_details.php?record_id=4166845http://www.eol.org/pages/674197 Aades bifoveifrons (Lea, 1916); an infrasubspecies of Aades bifoveifrons is Aades foveipennis bifoveifrons or Aades foveipennis var. bifoveifrons Aades cultratus (Schoenherr, 1823)http://www.eol.org/pages/662556http://www.catalogueoflife.org/show_species_details.php?record_id=4177731http://www.catalogueoflife.org/show_reference_details.php?record_id=4177731 Aades franklini (Heller, K.M., 1925); which is also known under a different genus, Aterpus, as Aterpus frankliniAnnotated checklist of weevils from the Papuan region (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea).http://www.eol.org/pages/651867"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165236969":"Animalia","332715463":"Arthropoda","332718066":"Insecta","332718361":"Coleoptera","332718424":"Curculionidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":165470005,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":4713029,"parentKey":332720329,"parent":"Isotomidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Collembola","family":"Isotomidae","genus":"Aackia","kingdomKey":165236969,"phylumKey":332715463,"classKey":332720283,"orderKey":332720322,"familyKey":332720329,"genusKey":165470005,"scientificName":"Aackia Yosii, 1966","canonicalName":"Aackia","authorship":"Yosii 1966","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"26574717","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Aackia is a genus of springtails in the family Isotomidae.Snow Collembola of the Siachen Glacier in Karakoram. Results Kyoto Univ Scient Exped Karakoram Hindukush, 8 1966: 407-410. [Zoological Record Volume 103] It is a monotypic genus made up of a single species, Aackia karakoramensis. Both genus and species were described in 1966."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165236969":"Animalia","332715463":"Arthropoda","332720283":"Entognatha","332720322":"Collembola","332720329":"Isotomidae"},"class":"Entognatha"},{"key":165606436,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Aacanthocnema","genusKey":165606436,"scientificName":"Aacanthocnema Tuthill & Taylor, 1955","canonicalName":"Aacanthocnema","authorship":"Tuthill & Taylor, 1955","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"26534174","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Aacanthocnema is a genus of bugs from the jumping plant lice family (Triozidae).Australian genera of the family Psyllidae (Hemiptera: Homoptera). Australian Journal of Zoology, 3 1955: 227-257. [Zoological Record Volume 92]Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). external link London :BM(NH) The genus is endemic to Australia, and currently contains six species, found in all states and territories with the exception of the Northern Territory."},{"description":"Aacanthocnema burckhardti Taylor, 2011 Aacanthocnema casuarinae (Froggatt, 1901) Aacanthocnema dobsoni (Froggatt, 1903) Aacanthocnema huegelianae Taylor, 2011 Aacanthocnema luehmannii Taylor, 2011 Aacanthocnema torulosae Taylor, 2011"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":119407712,"datasetKey":"838af845-02e8-4e78-93f7-f1643e0e8b36","nubKey":2015390,"parentKey":333934425,"parent":"Triozidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Hemiptera","family":"Triozidae","genus":"Aacanthocnema","kingdomKey":333934421,"phylumKey":333934422,"classKey":333934423,"orderKey":333934424,"familyKey":333934425,"genusKey":119407712,"scientificName":"Aacanthocnema Tuthill and Taylor","canonicalName":"Aacanthocnema","authorship":"Tuthill and Taylor","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"8D30C212FF9432716EA7C10AFAB0C169.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Redescription. Adult. General colour pale ochraceous to dark brown with light orange-brown to black markings; vertex with orange-brown to dark brown marking in vicinity of fovea and often a transverse dark stripe on anterior margin; genal processes white to pale brown; antennae pale ochraceous to brown, progressively dark brown to black towards apex; pronotum, mesonotum, mesopraescutum and metascutum pale ochraceous to brown with pale orange-brown to black markings; fore wings clear or with brown infuscation along some wing veins; abdominal tergites brown to black; male terminalia ochraceous to black; female terminalia pale ochraceous with brown to black markings. Structure: antennae short, 0.7 – 1.3 mm in length, 0.9 – 1.8 times width of head, 10 - segmented, a single subapical rhinarium on each of segments 4, 6 and 9; segment 3 short, 0.2 – 0.5 mm; segment 10 with 1 long, pointed and 1 short, truncate apical setae; genal processes elongate with rounded apices 0.15 – 0.25 mm long, about 0.6 – 0.9 times length of vertex, slightly divergent distally, little declined ca. 40 ° to longitudinal axis of vertex, ca. 80 ° to longitudinal axis of body; anterior margin of vertex delineated by moderate ridge, overhanging median ocellus and genal processes; vertex short, broad, 0.4 – 0.7 times longer than wide with prominent medial suture and prominent fovea; occipital margin sharply defined; head wider than pronotum and mesoscutum; pronotum short, broad with prominent anterior, medial node; thorax rather flat dorsally; fore wings elongate-oval, 2.5 – 3.1 times longer than wide with broadly rounded to pointed apex, usually clear but sometimes with brown infuscation along some wing veins; Rs very short, terminating well short of wing apex; vein m 1 + 2 terminating little anterior of wing apex; M branch on or distal to Rs-Cu 1 a line; cells m 1 and cu 1 short, broad (m 1 cell value 0.7 – 1.4, cu 1 cell value 0.7 – 1.7); radular areas elongate triangular at margin of wing in cells m 2 and cu 1 not always in m 1 but if so often much reduced; meracanthus conical, pointed; apical hind tibia without spurs, but with corona of 6 – 10 setae; hind tarsi without spurs; hind tibia with basal genual node. Male proctiger unipartite, short, without lateral expansions; subgenital plate of male short, rounded; parameres thin, elongate, curved inward towards apex. Female proctiger short, 0.26 – 0.40 mm in length, 0.3 – 0.6 times width of head, broadly rounded, ovipositor short, stout and straight, subgenital plate short, narrow, broadly rounded from lateral aspect. Nymph (Figs 13, 26 – 28, 36, 58 – 59) elongate-narrow, heavily sclerotised, scale-like; body about 1.8 – 2.6 times longer than wide; antennae short; cephalothorax entire, with a single prominent depression on each of meso- and metathoracic tergites; fore wing pads produced anteriorly, confluent with lateral margin of head; abdominal tergites fused to form caudal plate; caudal plate elongate, narrow, about 0.8 – 1.2 times longer than wide; circum-anal pore field ventral and distant from posterior margin of abdomen; sectasetae very short, truncate on margin of head, fore and hind wing margins, and margin of caudal plate; dorsum without sectasetae."},{"description":"Diagnosis. Species of Aacanthocnema can be distinguished from all other triozids by the following combination of characters: antennae short, 0.8 – 1.8 times width of head, with single rhinarium present subapically on segments 4, 6 and 9, genal processes long, conical, 0.6 – 0.8 times length of vertex, produced ventrally and delineated from vertex by a prominent overhanging ridge, apex of fore wings broadly rounded, wings clear, sometimes with brown infuscation along wing veins, vein Rs short, medial and cubital cells short, broad, hind tibia without spurs but with a corona of 6 – 8 setae, male proctiger short, without lateral expansions, parameres simple, female proctiger short, broadly rounded with a rounded apex, nymphs elongate-narrow, heavily sclerotised and scale-like. It differs from Acanthocasuarina in the arrangement of antennal rhinaria (rhinarium absent on segment 8 in Aacanthocnema), status of spurs on apical hind tibia (absent in Aacanthocnema), shape of the female proctiger (short, rounded in Aacanthocnema, short, with an apical hook in Acanthocasuarina) and shape of the ovipositor (short, stout and straight in Acacanthocnema, long, thin and either straight or curved upward in Acanthocasuarina)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333934421":"Animalia","333934422":"Arthropoda","333934423":"Insecta","333934424":"Hemiptera","333934425":"Triozidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":12062530,"nameKey":75241693,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"c8227bb4-4143-443f-8cb2-51f9576aff14","nubKey":12062530,"parentKey":7905,"parent":"Colletidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Hymenoptera","family":"Colletidae","genus":"Aageocolletes","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":54,"classKey":216,"orderKey":1457,"familyKey":7905,"genusKey":12062530,"scientificName":"Aageocolletes Engel, 2022","canonicalName":"Aageocolletes","authorship":"Engel, 2022","publishedIn":"Engel, Michael S. & Victor H. Gonzalez. 2022. A new bee genus from the pampas of eastern Argentina, with appended notes on the classification of “paracolletines” (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). Journal of Melittology(109): 1-39.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"DOUBTFUL","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:12062530","extinct":false,"habitats":["TERRESTRIAL"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"TYPE SPECIES: Paracolletes platycephalus Cockerell, 1912."},{"description":"ETYMOLOGY: The new generic name is taken from Ancient Greek adjective aāg ḗs [ἀᾱγής, meaning, “ strong ” or “ solid ” (ᾰ – / a –, “ not ”; ᾱ ́ γνῡμῐ / ā ́ gnūmi, “ break ”; – ής / – ḗs, adjectival suffix)], and kollitís (κολλητής, meaning, “ gluer ” or “ one who glues \"). The gender of the name is masculine."},{"description":"DIAGNOSIS: This genus corresponds to the platycephalus species group of Maynard (2013). The genus superficially resembles Leioproctus Smith, s. str., but differs by the pectinate inner metatibial spurs of females and the basal area of the propodeum posteriorly delimited by a carina."},{"description":"ZooBank: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: B 613 E 8 C 0 - 4561 - 4 C 97 - A 382 - 43 ACB 7 C 7 A 1 AE"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","54":"Arthropoda","216":"Insecta","1457":"Hymenoptera","7905":"Colletidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":11605119,"nameKey":130309878,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":11605119,"parentKey":3033294,"parent":"Ranunculus","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Ranunculales","family":"Ranunculaceae","genus":"Ranunculus","species":"Ranunculus oblitus","kingdomKey":6,"phylumKey":7707728,"classKey":220,"orderKey":399,"familyKey":2410,"genusKey":3033294,"speciesKey":11605119,"scientificName":"Ranunculus oblitus Wiegleb, Desfayes & A.A.Bobrov","canonicalName":"Ranunculus oblitus","authorship":"Wiegleb, Desfayes & A.A.Bobrov","publishedIn":"Wiegleb, Desfayes, & Bobrov, A. A. (2022). In: Phytotaxa 559(2): 136.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:11605119","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Type. Argentina. Santa Cruz, Lago San Martín, in lacusculo, c. 600 m s. m, 09. III. 1905, P. Dusén s. n. (holotype, HBG [HBG- 526025]! (Fig. 2); isotypes, BA, BAF, K!, S 06 - 7195!)."},{"description":"Additional specimens of Ranunculus oblitus examined (paratypes). BOLIVIA. La Paz. Achacachi, [16 ° 03 ’ 28.90 ” S 68 ° 40 ’ 45.07 ” W], 3850 m (near Lake Titicaca), in a small stream, 10. X. 2001, M. Desfayes s. n. (G- 040110, duplicate in LMO-BOT 8389!, duplicate in WELT-SP 100372); La Paz, Prov. Murillo, Paso Las Animas, ca. 5 km east of CalaCota (sic!, = Cala Coto, La Paz), Laguna Las Animas, 24. XI. 1984, J. C. Solomon 12878 (MO). CHILE. Región VII. Prov. Concepción, Laguna rotunda (sic! = Laguna redonda), 13. I. 2004, M. Desfayes (G- 040113, LMO-BOT 8387); Isla Mocha, Westseite, in Lagune, undated, G. Kunkel 1737 (B); Región IX. Temuco: Iliga, 10 m, 20. XII. 1934, A. Garaventa s. n. (CONC!); Sierra de las Baguales, Cerro Santa Lucía, M. Arroyo s. n. (SGO); Región X. Prov. Valdivia, Trumao, Vega del Río Bueno Amarillo 73 / 74 ° 40 / 41 °, 8 m, 20. XII. 1932, A. Hollermayer 640, Herb. Aellen (B, G- 074233); Prov. Llanquihue, Lago de Todos Santos, II-III. 1911, L. L. Hauman 241 (B); Región XII. Prov. Magallanes, Salto Grande del Payne, 24. XII. 1969, E. Pisano 2376 (CONC, MO!); Punta Arenas [Sandy Point], 07. II. 1867, R. O. Cunningham s. n. (K!); Punta Arenas, Port Famine, 5. I. 1869, R. O. Cunningham 1866 - 69 (K!); Punta Arenas, 11. I. 1951, H. Pfister s. n. (CONC); Punta Arenas, 09. I. 1951, C. Cekalović (CONC!); Rio Guai [y] rabo, 06. II. 1971, E. Pisano 2924 (MO!); Canal Beagle, I. 1920, M. Gusinde (E- 203, duplicate in WU); abundant in a shallow pool on the east side of route 9, ca 60 km north of Punta Arenas, [52 ° 40 ’ 18 ” S 71 ° 05 ’ 53 ” W], 75 m, 31. I. 2001, M. Desfayes (G- 010131.15!, duplicate in LMO-BOT 8390!: Puerto Natales, pond near sea level, 30. I. 2001); 15 km south of Punta Arenas, shallow water of stream, 06. I. 1939, Eyerdam, Beetle, Grondona 24154 (MO); Punta Arenas, I. 1902, K. Wolffhügel (G!); Prov. Tierra del Fuego, Altos de Boquergon, 9 km E of Porvenir, [53 ° 18 ” S 70 ° 12 ’ W], by small lake, 14. XII. 1971, D. M. Moore, R. N. Goodall 81 (K!). Unknown part of Chile. Herbarium Chilense, purchased of Mr. E. C. Reed, XII. 1873 (K!). ARGENTINA. Prov. Neuquén. Parque Nacional Lanín, Lago Ruca Choroi SW, 30. I. 1968, Eskuche, Klein (G- 1383 - 3!); Prov. Santa Cruz. Patagonia australis, Rio Fósiles, in lacusсulo, c. 800 m s. m, III. 1905, P. Dusén (K!) (see type!); Lago Buenos Aires, 250 m, VI. 1941, Eyerdam, Beetle, Grondona (G!); Estancia Cerro Fitz Roy, Río de la Vueltas, 420 m, 26. XII. 1950, H. Stemmer (G- 7343!); Near Loma del Pliegue tumbado, Los Glaciares, El Chaltén, Cerro Fitz Roy (high resolution images, van den Brink 2021, 3. XII. 2014, van Herk 2021); Prov. Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. Lago Fagnano, Cabezera, Lago at the E end of Lago Fagnano, in a little lake close to Lago Fagnano, 30. III. 1940, R. Santesson 704 (K!); Ushuaia, La Peninsula, in a small lake, 01. XI. 1940, R. Santesson 375 (K!); Ushuaia, 23. XII. 1949, en un turbal, Hunziker (Z); Estancia Remolino, NW of settlement, stream above house, 54 ° 50 ’ S, 67 ° 52 ’ W, 22. II. 1968, D. M. Moore 2002 (K!)."},{"description":"Etymology. The epithet “ oblitus ” is derived from the Latin verb “ oblivisci ” and means “ forgotten ” or “ ignored ”."},{"description":"Distribution and habitat. Batrachium populations have been found in South America in the southern ranges of the Andean Region, extending over a total distance of ca. 5000 km (Fig. 5). A list of additional specimens examined (paratypes) is given below. The northernmost region comprises the pre-Andean mountains around Lima (Peru). Laminarleaved plants are missing in Peru and none of the populations matches the description of R. oblitus. Submerged plants from Peru belong to another species (see below). Such plants also occur further southward, partly in the same regions as R. oblitus populations."},{"description":"The known range of Ranunculus oblitus is divided into three parts. Northernmost sites are situated in the high mountain region around Lake Titicaca (Bolivia: Prov. La Paz and Prov. Oruro). There seems to be a gap in the northern regions of Chile. The central sites include the temperate regions in central Chile of Región V (Valparaiso) to X (Los Lagos) including RM, the newly formed regions XIV and XVI as well as the off-the-coast island of Mocha. Adjacent occurrences are found in the Argentinian provinces Neuquén and Chubut where high elevations are reached. R. oblitus may as well occur in between (provinces San Juan, Mendoza, and Río Negro) but may have been overlooked (see INTA 2021). Another gap exists in the Chilean Región XI (Aisén) and adjacent Argentinian provinces. San Martín’s et al. (2010) record of “ R. aquatilis ” applies to this region, but no comprehensible description is given. Southern sites are situated in the subarctic region of southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego in Chile (Región XII Magallanes y Antártica Chilena) and Argentina (prov. Santa Cruz, prov. Tierra del Fuego). Little is known about the ecology of R. oblitus. It has been reported from ponds, ditches, small streams, wetland marshes and lake margins from sea level to ca. 300 m above sea level in southern Chile and Argentina, from sea level to 4300 m above sea level in central Chile and Argentina, and from 3000 to 4500 m above sea level around Lake Titicaca. Climatic conditions are described as either cold-temperate to subarctic (Lumbreras et al. 2014) or dry highalpine (Raynal-Roques 1992). Humid climatic conditions seem to allow the formation of large stands of amphibious and terrestrial forms on organic substrate. Populations from central Chile and Argentina are more often found fully submerged producing less laminar leaves, which may explain that such forms were not reported by Lumbreras et al. (2014). Aquatic habitats are mostly oligotrophic. No specific preference for acid or calcareous water was found (Lumbreras et al. 2014). Occurrence near the seashore and in semiarid Alpine regions may suggest tolerance to slightly brackish conditions. Taken together, the species seems to be rare but not endangered. It mostly colonizes remote undisturbed habitats. Status and phytogeography. The new species is native to South America. It may have arisen in the past from an introduced North American taxon by genetic drift (founder effect) and subsequent rapid adaptation to the different environment. The range divided into three parts suggests that the species had a wider distribution in the past. A hybrid origin can be excluded due to normal fertility of studied plants and absence of additive polymorphism pattern at the ITS sequences. Rapid evolution of a new hybrid species would require that potentially interbreeding species be getting in contact after earlier isolation. This was assumed for species of the R. penicillatus complex having evolved within the past 250 years (Wiegleb 2020). Other new Batrachium species of hybrid origin such as North European R. schmalhausenii Luferov (1997: 57) and East Asian R. nipponicus have evolved in regions which became simultaneously colonizable for a variety of species after the last glaciation (Bobrov et al. 2015, Wiegleb et al. 2017). A close relationship between South and North American terrestrial Ranunculus species was found by Emadzade et al. (2011). The resulting “ North-South American Amphitropical Disjunction ” is a common pattern in American phytogeography (Wen & Ickert-Bond 2009). The pattern is usually explained by past long-range seed transport by birds. All known sites of the new species R. oblitus lie along the Pacific American bird flyway (EAAFP 2021). However, it cannot be introduced in recent times, as morphological differences to all potential source taxa are too large. Unintentional introduction suggested by Lumbreras et al. (2014), e. g., by ballast water, is highly unlikely as the first Batrachium specimens have already been collected in 1828 by C. Bertero (Lourteig 1951)."},{"description":"Nomenclature. The newly described species was never considered a separate species before the collections of M. Desfayes in 2001 (annotated as ‘ Ranunculus “ aquatilis ” auct. ’ and ‘ Ranunculus, 2001 ’, in G). It has been overlooked or confused for such a long time. Originally, all plants were assigned to R. aquatilis due to the occasional presence of laminar leaves (Reiche 1894, Spegazzini 1896). This was largely accepted both in taxonomic (Cook 1966, Ruiz 2001) and phytosociological works (e. g., San Martín et al. 2011, Urrutia Contreras 2016). Also, the name R. trichophyllus was used instead (e. g., Lourteig 1951, Raynal-Roques 1992, Flora de la Argentina 2018, INTA 2021, Teillier 2021). Both species were recognized by Lumbreras et al. (2014). They used the name “ R. aquatilis ” roughly in the circumscription of the new taxon in present paper. The new species has been wrongly associated with North American R. mongolicus by Wiegleb et al. (2017). All available synonyms are informal names or misapplications. The usage of names such as “ R. aquatilis auct. non L. ” (Zuloaga & Morone 1999, INTA 2021) and “ R. aquatilis auct. div. argent. non L. ” (Lourteig 1984: 320, pro syn.) did not imply that the respective authors had an undescribed species in mind but assumed identity with R. trichophyllus instead."},{"description":"Diagnosis. Ranunculus oblitus is characterized by the combination of the small size, the reddish color of the stem and laminar leaves (in fresh state), the 3 - 5 lobed laminar leaves, the low number of terminal segments in capillary leaves (<30), the short sepals (<2 mm), the circular to elongated nectar pits, the low number (<20) of glabrous achenes, and the hairy receptacle."},{"description":"Description. Annual or wintergreen perennial hydrophyte; aquatic state prostrate or erect, with capillary and laminar leaves (batrachid); terrestrial state prostrate, creeping, with rigid fleshy capillary leaves. Shoots up to 20 cm long, (1 ‒) 2.0 ‒ 2.5 mm in diameter, with a brownish or reddish tinge, glabrous, rooting at all nodes; internodes 20 ‒ 30 mm long, approximately equally long as the adjacent leaf. Laminar leaves present or absent, alternate, (6 ‒) 10 ‒ 18 mm wide, glabrous, often with a reddish tinge, with 3 (‒ 5) primary lobes, dissected to less than 1 / 2 of the lamina, margin of secondary lobes dentate or crenate in 3 - lobed leaves, entire and rounded in 5 - lobed leaves; petioles 10 ‒ 23 (‒ 40) mm long. Intermediate leaves sometimes present, alternate, with 2 ‒ 3 cuneate, deeply divided main lobes, with 3 ‒ 4 - dentate secondary lobes. Capillary leaves present, alternate, 10 ‒ 30 mm long, flaccid, rarely rigid (after regrowth from terrestrial state), glabrous, number of terminal segments 20 ‒ 30; petioles (5 ‒) 10 ‒ 15 mm long, slightly longer in the lower part. Stipules ca. 2 / 3 ‒ 3 / 4 adnate to petiole, free portion convex, glabrous or sparsely hairy. Pedicels 7 ‒ 20 (‒ 30) mm long, opposite to laminar or capillary leaves, 0.8 ‒ 1.2 mm wide, mostly recurved, glabrous. Sepals 5, 1 ‒ 2 mm long, blue-tipped, reflexed. Petals 5 ‒ 6 (‒ 8), 2 ‒ 4.5 (‒ 5.5) mm long, spathulate to ellipsoid, obtuse, white with small yellow claw, not contiguous in anthesis. Nectar pits 1 per petal, circular or elongated. Stamens 10 ‒ 15. Carpels 10 ‒ 20, 1.5 ‒ 1.8 mm long, with scattered dorsal hairs, glabrous at maturity, style short, caducous. Receptacle globose, not elongating in fruit, puberulent to pubescent. Chromosome number unknown. Icons. Drawings of the species are found in Lourteig (1951, p. 451, Fig. 14, based on a specimen of the type collection); and Ruiz (2001, p. 65, lamina 10 g, h). Photographs are found in Lumbreras et al. (2014, p. 24, Fig. 2 d); Marijn van den Brink’s photos (2021, Argentina Marijn- 0068); Kok van Herk photo database (2021, Argentina Pa 2599). The photographs by M. van den Brink and K. van Herk are reproduced in this paper as Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, respectively."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"6":"Plantae","7707728":"Tracheophyta","220":"Magnoliopsida","399":"Ranunculales","2410":"Ranunculaceae","3033294":"Ranunculus"},"class":"Magnoliopsida"},{"key":2015390,"nameKey":30128,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":2015390,"parentKey":7631,"parent":"Triozidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Hemiptera","family":"Triozidae","genus":"Aacanthocnema","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":54,"classKey":216,"orderKey":809,"familyKey":7631,"genusKey":2015390,"scientificName":"Aacanthocnema Tuthill & Taylor, 1955","canonicalName":"Aacanthocnema","authorship":"Tuthill & Taylor, 1955","publishedIn":"Aust. J. Zool., 3","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":7,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:2015390","extinct":false,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Diagnosis. Species of Aacanthocnema can be distinguished from all other triozids by the following combination of characters: antennae short, 0.8 – 1.8 times width of head, with single rhinarium present subapically on segments 4, 6 and 9, genal processes long, conical, 0.6 – 0.8 times length of vertex, produced ventrally and delineated from vertex by a prominent overhanging ridge, apex of fore wings broadly rounded, wings clear, sometimes with brown infuscation along wing veins, vein Rs short, medial and cubital cells short, broad, hind tibia without spurs but with a corona of 6 – 8 setae, male proctiger short, without lateral expansions, parameres simple, female proctiger short, broadly rounded with a rounded apex, nymphs elongate-narrow, heavily sclerotised and scale-like. It differs from Acanthocasuarina in the arrangement of antennal rhinaria (rhinarium absent on segment 8 in Aacanthocnema), status of spurs on apical hind tibia (absent in Aacanthocnema), shape of the female proctiger (short, rounded in Aacanthocnema, short, with an apical hook in Acanthocasuarina) and shape of the ovipositor (short, stout and straight in Acacanthocnema, long, thin and either straight or curved upward in Acanthocasuarina)."},{"description":"Redescription. Adult. General colour pale ochraceous to dark brown with light orange-brown to black markings; vertex with orange-brown to dark brown marking in vicinity of fovea and often a transverse dark stripe on anterior margin; genal processes white to pale brown; antennae pale ochraceous to brown, progressively dark brown to black towards apex; pronotum, mesonotum, mesopraescutum and metascutum pale ochraceous to brown with pale orange-brown to black markings; fore wings clear or with brown infuscation along some wing veins; abdominal tergites brown to black; male terminalia ochraceous to black; female terminalia pale ochraceous with brown to black markings. Structure: antennae short, 0.7 – 1.3 mm in length, 0.9 – 1.8 times width of head, 10 - segmented, a single subapical rhinarium on each of segments 4, 6 and 9; segment 3 short, 0.2 – 0.5 mm; segment 10 with 1 long, pointed and 1 short, truncate apical setae; genal processes elongate with rounded apices 0.15 – 0.25 mm long, about 0.6 – 0.9 times length of vertex, slightly divergent distally, little declined ca. 40 ° to longitudinal axis of vertex, ca. 80 ° to longitudinal axis of body; anterior margin of vertex delineated by moderate ridge, overhanging median ocellus and genal processes; vertex short, broad, 0.4 – 0.7 times longer than wide with prominent medial suture and prominent fovea; occipital margin sharply defined; head wider than pronotum and mesoscutum; pronotum short, broad with prominent anterior, medial node; thorax rather flat dorsally; fore wings elongate-oval, 2.5 – 3.1 times longer than wide with broadly rounded to pointed apex, usually clear but sometimes with brown infuscation along some wing veins; Rs very short, terminating well short of wing apex; vein m 1 + 2 terminating little anterior of wing apex; M branch on or distal to Rs-Cu 1 a line; cells m 1 and cu 1 short, broad (m 1 cell value 0.7 – 1.4, cu 1 cell value 0.7 – 1.7); radular areas elongate triangular at margin of wing in cells m 2 and cu 1 not always in m 1 but if so often much reduced; meracanthus conical, pointed; apical hind tibia without spurs, but with corona of 6 – 10 setae; hind tarsi without spurs; hind tibia with basal genual node. Male proctiger unipartite, short, without lateral expansions; subgenital plate of male short, rounded; parameres thin, elongate, curved inward towards apex. Female proctiger short, 0.26 – 0.40 mm in length, 0.3 – 0.6 times width of head, broadly rounded, ovipositor short, stout and straight, subgenital plate short, narrow, broadly rounded from lateral aspect. Nymph (Figs 13, 26 – 28, 36, 58 – 59) elongate-narrow, heavily sclerotised, scale-like; body about 1.8 – 2.6 times longer than wide; antennae short; cephalothorax entire, with a single prominent depression on each of meso- and metathoracic tergites; fore wing pads produced anteriorly, confluent with lateral margin of head; abdominal tergites fused to form caudal plate; caudal plate elongate, narrow, about 0.8 – 1.2 times longer than wide; circum-anal pore field ventral and distant from posterior margin of abdomen; sectasetae very short, truncate on margin of head, fore and hind wing margins, and margin of caudal plate; dorsum without sectasetae."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","54":"Arthropoda","216":"Insecta","809":"Hemiptera","7631":"Triozidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":144106970,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Aa","genusKey":144106970,"scientificName":"Aa Rchb.f., 1854","canonicalName":"Aa","authorship":"Rchb.f., 1854","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"364524","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"DISPLAYTITLE Aa is a genus of plants of the family Orchidaceae. Species in this genus can be found growing terrestrially in cold habitats near the snowline in the Andes and also in Costa Rica; they are usually found close to small streams. The elongated inflorescence grows from a basal rosette of leaves, terminating in a small white non-resupinate flower. This lip is fringed and hood-shaped. The flower gives off a pungent smell that attracts flies. This genus has often been included in the orchid genus Altensteinia. The first scientific description of a species of this genus was made in 1815 by Karl Sigismund Kunth, naming it first Ophrys paleacea Kunth (1806)., and later Altensteinia paleacea. In 1854 Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach separated Aa from Altensteinia, to include two species Aa argyrolepis and Aa paleacea. The genus name apparently was rendered by the author to always appear first in alphabetical listings. Another - disputed - explanation, is that Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach named this genus after Pieter van der Aa; the printer of the Dutch botanist Paul Herman's \"Paradisus Batavus\". A few years later, Reichenbach reviewed the name of the genus and named it again Altensteinia. Finally in 1912 Rudolf Schlechter switched the name again to Aa, as more species were being discovered making the new name more significant."},{"description":"The following species of Aa are accepted Aa achalensis Schltr. 1920 (Argentina) Aa argyrolepis Rchb.f. 1854 (Colombia to Ecuador) Aa aurantiaca D.Trujillo (Peru)The Plant List: AaTropicos: Aa aurantiaca Aa calceata (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1912 (Peru to Bolivia) Aa colombiana Schltr. 1920 (Colombia to Ecuador) Aa denticulata Schltr. 1920 (Colombia to Ecuador) Aa erosa (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1912 (Peru) Aa fiebrigii (Schltr.) Schltr. 1912 (Bolivia) Aa figueroi Szlach. & S. Nowak, 2014 Tropicos: Aa figueroi Aa hieronymi (Cogn.) Schltr. 1912 (Argentina) Aa lehmanii Rchb. f. ex Szlach. & Kolan., 2014Tropicos: Aa lehmanii Aa leucantha (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1920 (Colombia to Ecuador) Aa lorentzii Schltr. 1920 (Argentina) Aa lozanoi Szlach. & S. Nowak, 2014 Tropicos: Aa Lozanoi Aa macra Schltr. 1921 (Ecuador) Aa maderoi Schltr. 1920 (Venezuela; Colombia; Ecuador) Aa mandonii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1912 (Peru to Bolivia) Aa matthewsii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1912 (Peru) Aa microtidis Schltr. 1922 (Bolivia) Aa paleacea (Kunth) Rchb.f. 1854 (Costa Rica to Bolivia) Aa riobambae Schltr. 1921 (Ecuador) Aa rosei Ames 1922 (Peru) Aa schickendanzii Schltr. 1920 (Argentina) Aa sphaeroglossa Schltr. 1922 (Bolivia) Aa trilobulata Schltr. 1922 (Bolivia) Aa weddelliana (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1912 (Peru to NW Argentina) Synonyms: Aa hartwegii Garay 1978 (Ecuador; Colombia; Venezuela); syn., → Aa maderoi Schltr.,World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) Aa gymnandra (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1912 a synonym of Myrosmodes gymnandra (Rchb.f.) C.A.VargasThe Plant List: Aa gymnandra Aa inaequalis (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1912 (Peru to Bolivia); a synonym of Myrosmodes inaequalis (Rchb.f.) C.A.VargasThe Plant List: Aa inaequalis Aa nervosa (Kraenzl.) Schltr. 1912 (Chile); accepted name Myrosmodes nervosa (Kraenzl.) Novoa, C.A.Vargas & CisternasWCSP Aa nervosa (Kraenzl.) Schltr."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165606437,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Aagaardia","genusKey":165606437,"scientificName":"Aagaardia Sæther & Ole A, 2000","canonicalName":"Aagaardia","authorship":"Sæther, Ole A, 2000;","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"26653061","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Aagaardia is a genus of fly in the Chironomidae family. Aagaardia has been found in Finland, the mainland of Norway and Russia.[1]"},{"description":"There are five species described within this genus. Aagaardia longicalcis Sæther 2000[1] Aagaardia oksanae Makarchenko & Makarchenko 2005 Aagaardia protensa Sæther 2000[2] Aagaardia sivertseni (Aagaard, 1979);[3] also known as Eukiefferiella sivertseni (Aagaard, 1979)[4] Aagaardia triangulata Sæther, 2000[5]"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":119329266,"datasetKey":"1c53980e-de86-4ab0-bf89-66fc4533b184","nubKey":1680362,"parentKey":333967103,"parent":"Tetrigidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Orthoptera","family":"Tetrigidae","genus":"Aalatettix","kingdomKey":333967099,"phylumKey":333967100,"classKey":333967101,"orderKey":333967102,"familyKey":333967103,"genusKey":119329266,"scientificName":"Aalatettix Zheng & Mao 2002","canonicalName":"Aalatettix","authorship":"Zheng & Mao 2002","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"FD680E3C274B5C60C8F0FF60FA4CFE8A.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Key to all known species of the genus Aalatettix Zheng & Mao, 2002 1 Apex of hind process of pronotum with a triangular concave .......................................................................................................... 2 - Apex of hind process of pronotum narrow rounded.......................................................................................................................... 6 2 Width of vertex 2.8 times of an eye; upper margin of pronotum arced before shoulders but undulated behind that; hind process of pronotum reaching apex of hind femur ............................................................................................................... A. lativertex Zheng Zheng, 2014 J. Shaanxi Normal University Nat. Sci. Ed., 42(6): 55, 58. Type locality: China, Hunan, Shimen (Hupingshan). Location of type specimen: holotype, male, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China. - Width of vertex 1.5 – 2.0 times of an eye; upper margin of pronotum extremely arc-shaped protuberant or waved; hind process of pronotum reaching 2/3 or 3/4 of hind femur...................................................................................................................................... 3 3 Vertex and frontal ridge forming a right angle in profile; upper margin of pronotum almost straight; lateral keels of prozona parallel; with a pair of short longitudinal keels between shoulders..................................................... A. longipulvillus Zheng & Mao Zheng & Mao, 2002 J. Shaanxi Normal University Nat. Sci. Ed., 30(1): 91, 93. Type locality: China, Yunnan, Jinghong Location of type specimen: holotype, male, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China. - Vertex and frontal ridge forming blunt circle in profile; upper margin of pronotum extremely arc-shaped protuberant or waved; lateral keels of prozona contracted backward; without a pair of short longitudinal keels between shoulders..................................4 4 Upper margin of pronotum extremely arc-shaped protuberant; width of frontal ridge wider than width of basal joint of antennae; hind tibiae black, base pale.............................................................................................................. A. gibbosa Zheng, Cao & Chen Zheng, Cao & Chen, 2011 Acta Zootaxonomica Sin., 36(4): 943. Type locality: China, Sichuan, Mianning Location of type specimen: holotype, female, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China. - Upper margin of pronotum waved; width of frontal ridge narrower than width of basal joint of antennae; hind tibiae dark brown, base not pale ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 5 Length of pronotum longer, reaching epiproct, width of vertex 2.0 times diameter of eye, lateral carinae of pronotum contracted backward slightly, posterior apex of lower margin rounded on lateral lobe of pronotum, lower margin of median femur straight, antennae placed between lower margin of eyes ...................................................................................... A. yangi Zheng, Shi & Yin Zheng, Shi & Yin, 2015 Zootaxa, 4021(3), 486–490. Type locality: China, Taiwan, Nantou, Chunyang (N 24°02′, E 121°08′, 1600m). Location of type specimen: holotype male, paratype female, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan, China. - Length of pronotum shorter, not reaching epiproct, width of vertex 1.5 times diameter of eye, lateral carinae of pronotum contracted backward distinctly, posterior apex of lower margin anglar on lateral lobe of pronotum, lower margin of median femur waved, antennae placed under lower margin of eyes ................................................................................ A. xiai Zheng, Shi & Yin Zheng, Shi & Yin, 2015 Zootaxa, 4021(3), 486–490. Type locality: China, Taiwan, Nantou, Lienhuachih (N 23°55′, E 120°52′, 750m). Location of type specimen: holotype male, paratype female, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan, China. 6 Upper margin of pronotum extremely arc-shaped protuberant or arced before shoulders in profile, disc of pronotum with a pair of zonal black stripes ............................................................................................................................................................................. 7 - Upper margin of pronotum almost straight, disc of pronotum without a pair of zonal black stripes................................................ 9 7 Vertex and frontal ridge forming a right angle in profile; upper margin of pronotum arced before shoulders but straight behind that in profile; hind process of pronotum reaching 2/3 of hind femur ..................................... A. leshanensis Zheng, Cao & Chen Zheng, Cao & Chen, 2011 Acta Zootaxonomica Sin., 36(4): 944. Type locality: China Sichuan, Leshan. Location of type specimen: holotype, male, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China. - Vertex and frontal ridge forming rounded arc in profile; upper margin of pronotum extremely arc-shaped protuberant, hind process of pronotum reaching almost apex or 4/5 of hind femur ........................................................................................................... 8 8 Anterior margin of vertex arc-shaped; frontal ridge slightly concave before lateral ocelli; antennae located between lower margin of eyes, 14 segmented, length of a segment in the middle 4 times as its width; hind process of pronotum reaching 4/5 of hind femur; three pulvilli of the first segment of hind tarsi gradually larger in turn; hind tibia black brown............................................. ........................................................................................................................................... A. cangshanensis Zheng, Lin & Zhang Zheng, Lin & Zhang, 2013 Acta Zootaxonomica Sin., 36(4): 943. Type locality: China, Yunnan, Cangshan. Location of type specimen: holotype, male, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China. - Anterior margin of vertex straight; frontal ridge distinctly concave before lateral ocelli; antennae located below lower margin of eyes, 16 segmented, length of a segment in the middle 2.5 times as its width; hind process of pronotum reaching almost apex of hind femur; 3rd pulvilli of the first segment of hind tarsi extremely large, 1st pulvilli smaller, 2nd pulvilli extremely small; hind tibia black, with two light rings in the middle ............................................................................................ A. nyalamensis Zheng & Lin. Zheng & Lin, 2015 Zootaxa, 3986(4): 488 – 492. Type locality: China, Xizang, Nyalam. Location of type specimen: holotype, male, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China. 9 Longitudinal furrow of frontal ridge wider than the first segment of antennae; width of vertex 1.5 times width of eye, anterior margin of pronotum not reaching posterior margin of eye, pronotum hind process of pronotum reaching 4/5 of hind femur, lateral carinae of prozona parallel, lower margin of median femur almost straight............................................. A. hupinshanensis Zheng Zheng, 2014 J. Shaanxi Normal University Nat. Sci. Ed., 42(6): 55, 58. Type locality: China, Hunan, Shimen (Hupingshan). Location of type specimen: holotype, male, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China. - Longitudinal furrow of frontal ridge narrower than the first segment of antennae; width of vertex 2.5 – 3.0 times width of eye, anterior margin of pronotum reaching 2/5 part of eye, hind process of pronotum reaching 2/3 of hind femur, lateral carinae of prozona contracted backward, lower margin of median femur waved ................................................................................. A. lini sp. n."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333967099":"Animalia","333967100":"Arthropoda","333967101":"Insecta","333967102":"Orthoptera","333967103":"Tetrigidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":119637611,"datasetKey":"5c5a2304-7e28-448f-bff1-89a597e8c4a4","nubKey":1680362,"parentKey":333875684,"parent":"Tetrigidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Orthoptera","family":"Tetrigidae","genus":"Aalatettix","kingdomKey":333875680,"phylumKey":333875681,"classKey":333875682,"orderKey":333875683,"familyKey":333875684,"genusKey":119637611,"scientificName":"Aalatettix Zheng & Mao 2002","canonicalName":"Aalatettix","authorship":"Zheng & Mao 2002","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"9F6D87E7FFA1D83663D4FA7E7F4F9C5E.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Diagnosis. Body small. Vertex slightly protruding before anterior margin of eyes, with median carina, width of vertex 1.6 – 2.8 times of width of an eye; frontal ridge straight before lateral ocelli in profile, slightly protuberant between antennae; longitudinal furrow of frontal ridge narrow. Antennae filiform, inserted between lower margins of eyes. Pronotum ridgelike; anterior margin obtuse, apex of hind process narrowly rounded or with a concave in the middle; posterior margin of lateral lobes of pronotum with 2 concaves, the winged one extremely shallow, apex of posterior angles rounded. Wings absent or extremely degenerated, covered by pronotum. First segment of posterior tarsi longer than the third."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333875680":"Animalia","333875681":"Arthropoda","333875682":"Insecta","333875683":"Orthoptera","333875684":"Tetrigidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":165561018,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","parentKey":332741430,"parent":"Urocystis","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Basidiomycota","order":"Urocystidales","family":"Urocystidiaceae","genus":"Urocystis","species":"Urocystis agropyri","kingdomKey":165526959,"phylumKey":332740553,"classKey":332741414,"orderKey":332741423,"familyKey":332741429,"genusKey":332741430,"speciesKey":165561018,"scientificName":"Urocystis agropyri (Preuss) A.A.Fisch.Waldh","canonicalName":"Urocystis agropyri","authorship":"(Preuss) A.A. Fisch. Waldh., (1867)","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"11128703","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Urocystis agropyri is a fungal plant pathogen that causes flag smut on wheat."},{"description":"The flag smut fungus, U. agropyri, is a basidiomycete. It produces basidiospores and teliospores. This pathogen is found globally, but is most problematic in Australia and India. Hosts Urocystis agropyri infects wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), among other grass species. Relatives of U. agropyri infect other grasses and are frequently identified as the causal organism of flag smut on wheat, but there is debate still as to whether they are the same organism or different strains. Symptoms Flag smut is a systemic disease that starts in young tissues. Early symptoms include \"leprous\" spots and bending or twisting of coleoptiles. Older plant leaves have white striations that eventually turn silvery gray, which is evidence of the pathogen's impending sporulation. Additionally, infected plants may have stunted growth, increased leaf production, sterile seeds, and failure to produce heads or have successful leaf expansion. Diagnosis Leaves will appear streaked with stripes, which are white, gray or black. The leaf discoloration is due to fungal structures called sori, which are clusters of spore-bearing structures. During sporulation, sori burst through leaves releasing teliospores and cause leaves to appear tattered. These spores are reddish brown, smoothly rounded, and they tend to be in clumps of 5-6 with sterile cells around them. The clumped spores are often referred to as \"spore balls\" and measure about 20-50 microns. Large quantities of U. agropyri spores look like brown or black dust."},{"description":"U. agropyri produces teliospores, which may be wind dispersed or distributed through soils via machinery or animals. In soil, a dikaryotic teliospore germinates, meiosis occurs, then mitosis, and this gives rise to up to four basidiospores, each containing a single nucleus. Basidiospores germinate on seedlings, and each hypha undergoes plasmogamy with a compatible hypha. In this, one nucleus transfers to the other hypha, reestablishing the dikaryotic state of the fungus. The hyphae form appressoria which penetrate the coleoptile of an emerging seeds' shoot through the epidermal tissue, then hyphae grow between vascular bundles of the leaves. Some hyphal cells give rise to smut sori, bearing teliospores, which emerge through the leaf tissue for wind dispersal. Teliospores come to rest in soils, and when conditions are right, they give rise to more basidiospores, further spreading the infection. Alternatively, teliospores can form in seeds when the mycelia grows throughout the plant, in which case they germinate within the seed to give rise to new infection, again via basidiospore production. Teliospores overwinter in the soil, senescent plant tissues, and in seeds. These spores maintain germination viability for 3–7 years."},{"description":"Generally, strategies to prevent flag smut include use of disease resistant cultivars, chemical seed treatments, and crop rotation to reduce amount of inocula present. Since U. agropyri spores germinate in dry soils, maintaining wetter soils helps to diminish their viability. Carboxin is a commonly used fungicide on seeds, which works well to prevent onset of disease. In addition to seed treatments, application of systemic fungicides early in the growing season and at low doses is effective at controlling the disease. Sowing seeds shallowly in soil also helps to reduce disease occurrence."},{"description":"This pathogen prefers arid summers, moderate temperatures, and mild winters. Flag smut fungi germinate in dry soils when the temperature ranges from 40-80 °F. Flag smut has been reported in Australia, the United States, Canada, South Africa, China, Japan, India, Egypt, and Pakistan. Cultivation practices that leave plant debris on soil surfaces enhances U. agropyri's success, as does sowing wheat in winter rather than spring. Mild winters improves the pathogen's ability to establish infections for seeds sown in autumn or winter; spring plantings give the fungus less opportunity to establish."},{"description":"Yield loss Losses from flag smut are usually considered on a field by field basis. Fields planted with susceptible cultivars that happen to become infected will generally be total losses. Australia is among a handful of places that still suffer losses resulting from flag smut. Average losses in Australia are greater than AUS$50 million. Australia experienced the greatest loss known early in the 20th century due to susceptibility of popular wheat varieties and lack of fungicides at the time. In the 1960s, new varieties were planted, which supported a resurgence of disease. Occasionally, total crop losses still occur, but the typical loss range is 5-20%. Losses may be either direct or indirect, as affected plants may be more susceptible to other biotic or abiotic stresses. India reported losses from flag smut in the 1940s through the 1970s, and this averaged about 15,000 tons each year. India and the United States currently have low incidence of this disease due to deployment of resistant cultivars. The occurrence of the disease in the United States was limited to the Pacific Northwest and was the result of the introduction of susceptible cultivars in the mid-twentieth century. Historical Urocystis agropyri is a global problem in wheat-growing regions, especially where environmental conditions suit the fungus. The first reports of flag smut's presence came from Australia in 1868. Later, other countries identified it as the pathogen that was introduced to world crops through trading of seeds and infected cultivars. The development of flag smut in Australia in the nineteenth century, followed by the United States in the twentieth century, is likely due to the spread and exchange of contaminated seeds. Quarantine regulations restricted the movement of infected seed, chaff, and farm machinery from endemic areas. They were first enacted in the USA in the twentieth century to effectively inhibit the spread of disease. Similar regulations were later adopted in Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and many other countries. Flag smut is widespread across Australia and was particularly problematic in the 1920s until resistant cultivars were discovered and put into use. Between 1955 and 1971, flag smut damage and distribution increased in the Pacific Northwest of the United States when the use of several susceptible wheat cultivars was coupled with deep seeding in early autumn planting. Through use of resistant cultivars, the Pacific Northwest's flag smut issue no longer poses a significant threat to yields."}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"Urocystis agropyri (flag smut)","language":"eng"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165526959":"Fungi","332740553":"Basidiomycota","332741414":"Ustilaginomycetes","332741423":"Urocystidales","332741429":"Urocystidiaceae","332741430":"Urocystis"},"class":"Ustilaginomycetes"},{"key":272938409,"datasetKey":"e007cc4a-8704-449d-8829-bb209d26d6c8","nubKey":3245212,"parentKey":2869262,"parent":"Eucyclidae","acceptedKey":312091428,"accepted":"Jeanclaudella Monari & M. A. Conti, 2025","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Seguenziida","family":"Eucyclidae","genus":"Jeanclaudella","kingdomKey":270195436,"phylumKey":272646029,"classKey":300746459,"orderKey":300753087,"familyKey":272921227,"genusKey":312091428,"scientificName":"Aaleniella M. A. Conti & J. C. Fischer, 1981","canonicalName":"Aaleniella","authorship":"M. A. Conti & J. C. Fischer, 1981","publishedIn":"Conti, M. A. and Fischer, J. C. (1981). Preliminary notes on the Aalenian Gastropods of Case Canepine (Umbria, Italy). Rosso Ammonitico Symposium Proceedings. Edizioni Tecnoscienza, Roma., 137–145. https://www.molluscabase.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=500975","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"SYNONYM","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"CPZK2","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":true,"higherClassificationMap":{"270195436":"Animalia","272646029":"Mollusca","300746459":"Gastropoda","300753087":"Seguenziida","272921227":"Eucyclidae","312091428":"Jeanclaudella","2869262":"Eucyclidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":142441112,"datasetKey":"61a5f178-b5fb-4484-b6d8-9b129739e59d","nubKey":8141799,"parentKey":142441104,"parent":"Ilyonectria","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","order":"Hypocreales","family":"Nectriaceae","genus":"Ilyonectria","species":"Ilyonectria robusta","kingdomKey":142364921,"phylumKey":142398082,"classKey":142425906,"orderKey":142438280,"familyKey":142441079,"genusKey":142441104,"speciesKey":142441112,"scientificName":"Ilyonectria robusta (A.A. Hildebr.) A. Cabral & Crous","canonicalName":"Ilyonectria robusta","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"152780","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"142364921":"Fungi","142398082":"Ascomycota","142425906":"Sordariomycetes","142438280":"Hypocreales","142441079":"Nectriaceae","142441104":"Ilyonectria"},"class":"Sordariomycetes"},{"key":273546098,"datasetKey":"e007cc4a-8704-449d-8829-bb209d26d6c8","nubKey":8141799,"parentKey":273546034,"parent":"Ilyonectria","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","genus":"Ilyonectria","species":"Ilyonectria robusta","kingdomKey":273525503,"phylumKey":273525506,"classKey":273526068,"genusKey":273546034,"speciesKey":273546098,"scientificName":"Ilyonectria robusta (A.A. Hildebr.) A. Cabral & Crous","canonicalName":"Ilyonectria robusta","authorship":"(A.A. Hildebr.) A. Cabral & Crous","publishedIn":"(2012). Mycol. Progr. 11(3): 680.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"3PHDX","extinct":false,"habitats":["TERRESTRIAL"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"273525503":"Fungi","273525506":"Ascomycota","273526068":"Sordariomycetes","273546034":"Ilyonectria"},"class":"Sordariomycetes"},{"key":299668045,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":8141799,"parentKey":304170668,"parent":"Ilyonectria","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","family":"Nectriaceae","genus":"Ilyonectria","species":"Ilyonectria robusta","kingdomKey":299629601,"phylumKey":299629951,"classKey":299655227,"familyKey":304170350,"genusKey":304170668,"speciesKey":299668045,"scientificName":"Ilyonectria robusta (A.A. Hildebr.) A. Cabral & Crous","canonicalName":"Ilyonectria robusta","authorship":"(A.A. Hildebr.) A. Cabral & Crous","publishedIn":"(2012). Mycol. Progr. 11(3): 680.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"3PHDX","extinct":false,"habitats":["TERRESTRIAL"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"299629601":"Fungi","299629951":"Ascomycota","299655227":"Sordariomycetes","304170350":"Nectriaceae","304170668":"Ilyonectria"},"class":"Sordariomycetes"},{"key":165832147,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","species":"Selaginella cinerascens","speciesKey":165832147,"scientificName":"Selaginella cinerascens A.A.Eaton","canonicalName":"Selaginella cinerascens","authorship":"A.A.Eaton","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"28038765","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Selaginella cinerascens is a species of spikemoss known by the common names mesa spikemoss, gray spikemoss, and ashy spikemoss. It is native to Baja California as well as some locations just north of the border in San Diego County, California. It grows in dry habitat, often on clay soil, both in open areas and in the shade of larger plants. This lycophyte forms mats of spreading, forking stems up to 18 centimeters long. The plant is often gray or brown in color, forming a dull-colored carpet on the substrate. The linear or lance-shaped leaves are 1 to 3 millimeters long and lack bristles at the tips. The leaves are green when new or moist. They are flattened to the stem or stick out just a little. The strobili borne at the leaf bases are yellow in color and no more than 4 to 5 millimeters long."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":272737199,"datasetKey":"e007cc4a-8704-449d-8829-bb209d26d6c8","nubKey":3247914,"parentKey":272736734,"parent":"Gastrochaenidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Gastrochaenida","family":"Gastrochaenidae","genus":"Cucurbitula","kingdomKey":270195436,"phylumKey":272646029,"classKey":300759826,"orderKey":300764248,"familyKey":272736734,"genusKey":272737199,"scientificName":"Cucurbitula A. A. Gould, 1861","canonicalName":"Cucurbitula","authorship":"A. A. Gould, 1861","publishedIn":"Gould, A. A. (1861). Description of new shells collected by the United States North Pacific Exploring Expedition. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 7: 382–389, 400 [January 1861], 401–409 [February 1861]; 8: 14–32 [March 1861], 33–40 [April 1861]. https://www.molluscabase.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=136010","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"7P2KZ","habitats":["MARINE"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"270195436":"Animalia","272646029":"Mollusca","300759826":"Bivalvia","300764248":"Gastrochaenida","272736734":"Gastrochaenidae"},"class":"Bivalvia"},{"key":299172043,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":2286530,"parentKey":299172040,"parent":"Clinocardiinae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Cardiida","family":"Cardiidae","genus":"Serripes","kingdomKey":296374190,"phylumKey":298785287,"classKey":302118926,"orderKey":299142316,"familyKey":299158395,"genusKey":299172043,"scientificName":"Serripes A. A. Gould, 1841","canonicalName":"Serripes","authorship":"A. A. Gould, 1841","publishedIn":"Gould, A. A. (1841). Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, Comprising the Mollusca, Crustacea, Annelida, and Radiata. Published Agreeably to an Order of the Legislature, by the Commissioners on the Zoological and Botanical Survey of the State. Folsom, Wells, and Thurston, Cambridge, xiii + 373 pp., 15 pls. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.17646","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"7PGN9","extinct":false,"habitats":["MARINE"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"Smoothcockles","language":"eng"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"296374190":"Animalia","298785287":"Mollusca","302118926":"Bivalvia","299142316":"Cardiida","299158395":"Cardiidae","299172040":"Clinocardiinae"},"class":"Bivalvia"},{"key":299053527,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":4609701,"parentKey":299052729,"parent":"Pupinellinae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Architaenioglossa","family":"Pupinidae","genus":"Coptocheilus","kingdomKey":296374190,"phylumKey":298785287,"classKey":302123753,"orderKey":302137730,"familyKey":299051444,"genusKey":299053527,"scientificName":"Coptocheilus A. A. Gould, 1862","canonicalName":"Coptocheilus","authorship":"A. A. Gould, 1862","publishedIn":"Gould, A. A. (1862). Descriptions of new genera and species of shells. 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The sustentaculum tali is dorsoventrally quite thick, even more so than in Cynodictis lacustris and Morphotype B. The plantar tubercle does not form a distally directed tip as seen in Cynodictis lacustris. Distal view The plantar tubercle is ventrally broad. The edge separating the plantar tubercule and the cuboid facet is more visible than in Cynodictis lacustris. Proximal view The proximal part of the tuber calcanei has a sub-spherical surface. 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Its medial and lateral edges are more or less parallel to each other and are of different proximodistal lengths, the lateral edge being much shorter than the medial one. The proximal plantar tuberosity is present and slightly broad. The neck is thin, short and more mediolaterally extended than the head. The head is broad and projected on the medial side. It has strongly pronounced edges, rising on the neck at the medial side of the astragalus and reaching the level of the most distal edge of the trochlea. Ventral view The medial and lateral edges of the ectal facet have fairly strong curvatures. The foramen at the proximal level of this sinus is visible on some specimens. The sustentacular facet is quite large and occupies a large part of the neck width. It looks almost rhomboidal and its edges are strongly marked. The facet is slightly convex except on its proximomedial extension, where it becomes concave. Lateral view The proximomedial edge of the fibular facet forms a nearly right angle with the distal edge. The distal edge is flat, giving the facet a rectangular appearance. The ectal facet is shallow. Distal view The head has a groove in the center. The axis of elongation of the head is in the mediolateral axis of the astragalus. The lateral process is poorly broad. Proximal view The proximoventral part of the medial edge of the trochlea forms a ventral tip. The trochlear foramen is absent. The tendinous plantar groove is strongly excavated, rather mediolaterally thin, inclined with respect to the axis of the trochlea, and very deep."},{"description":"Dorsal view The trochlea is deeply excavated. The medial and lateral edges are relatively equal. The trochlea extends a little distally on the neck, almost forming a squatting facet. The proximal plantar tuberosity is weakly broad. The neck is thin and more mediolaterally extended than the head. The neck is longer than that of Morphotype 1. The head is a little projected on the medial side (much less than in Morphotype 1) and its edges are not pronounced. It rises strongly on the medial edge of the neck, up to the level of the distal edge of the medial lip. Ventral View The ectal facet has little curvature on its medial and lateral margins. The foramen at the proximal level of this sinus is visible. The sustentacular facet is proximodistally elongated. Its lateral edge is rather marked, contrary to the other edges. The facet is slightly convex except on its proximomedial extension, where it becomes concave. Lateral view The edges of the fibular facet are relatively rounded, giving this facet a half-moon shape. The ectal facet is sharply convex. Distal view The axis of elongation of the head is inclined relative to the mediolateral axis of the astragalus. The lateral process is weak or absent. Proximal view The trochlear foramen is wide. The tendinous plantar groove is weakly excavated and is inclined almost 90 ° with respect to the axis of the trochlea."},{"description":"Dorsal view The trochlea is weakly excavated. The medial and lateral lips are of different proximodistal length, the lateral being shorter than the medial. The proximal plantar tuberosity is very slightly broad. The neck is short. In two specimens (MNHN. F. Qu 10042 and MNHN. F. Qu 10367), the neck is slightly longer than in the others, but these two specimens do not differ enough to represent another morphotype. The head is broad and projected on the medial side. It has more pronounced edges on the lateral side than on the medial one and rises strongly on the medial edge of the neck, reaching the level of the most distal edge of the trochlea. Ventral View The medial and lateral edges of the ectal facet are curved (more on the medial than on the lateral edge). A foramen is visible at the proximal level. The sustentacular facet has a rhomboidal area. Its edges are marked. The facet is slightly convex except on its proximomedial extension, where it becomes concave. In two specimens (MNHN. F. Qu 10042 and MNHN. F. Qu 10367), the sustentacular facet is slightly less elongated and more proximally positioned on the body than in the others. Lateral view The edges of the fibular facet are relatively rounded, giving this facet a half-moon look, as in Morphotype 2. The ectal facet is sharply convex. Distal view The axis of elongation of the head is slightly inclined with respect to the mediolateral axis of the astragalus. The lateral process is only slightly broad. Proximal view The trochlear foramen is absent in some specimens and present in others. The proximoventral edge of the medial lip of the trochlea (trochlea tali proximalis) forms a small ventral point. The tendinous plantar groove is present but weakly excavated and is well inclined relative to the axis of the trochlea."},{"description":"Dorsal view The trochlea is shallow. The medial and lateral lips are more or less parallel to each other, but of different proximodistal lengths, and have a distal edge of the medial lip that is more proximal than the lateral lip. The proximal plantar tuberosity is a little broader than in Morphotype 3. The neck is longer than in Morphotype 3. The head is quite large and a little projected on the medial side. It has more pronounced edges than in Morphotype 3 and extends much less on the neck of the medial side of the astragalus. The medial edge of the head is well separated from the distal edge of the medial lip of the trochlea. Ventral view The medial and lateral edges of the ectal facet have a strong curvature. The sustentacular facet has a rhomboidal area. Its edges are well pronounced. This facet is slightly convex except on its proximomedial extension, where it becomes concave. Lateral view The proximomedial edge of the fibular facet is less rounded than in Morphotype 3 and therefore displays a somewhat rectangular shape. The ectal facet is sharply convex. ll ml A B ppt tr sf n sit C D ef lp ff E h ptg F G H I J K L P Q f M N O R S T Distal view The axis of elongation of the head is along the mediolateral axis of the astragalus. The lateral process is very little broad. Proximal view The trochlear foramen is absent. The proximoventral edge of the medial lip of the trochlea forms a ventral tip. The plantar tendon groove is well marked, very inclined relative to the axis of the trochlea, and well excavated. CALCANEUS DESCRIPTIONS For all morphotypes, the medial process of the tuber calcanei is proximally longer than the lateral process. A groove on the proximal surface of the tuber calcanei, positioned rather ventrally, is clearly visible. The cuboid facet is larger mediolaterally than proximodistally. Three different morphotypes have been determined based on differences in size and morphology."},{"description":"Dorsal view The sagittal groove is poorly defined. The tuber calcanei is proximodistally quite elongated. The ectal facet is convex in the middle and very slightly concave in its proximal part. The edges of this facet are rather clear, except the distal edge, which merges with the body of the calcaneus (and is therefore difficult to delimit). The sustentaculum tali has a rounded articular surface, as in Morphotypes A and B, and extends slightly on the proximal edge. The peroneal process is not broad and merged with the ridge extending up on the tuber calcanei. The cuboid facet is concave and inclined with respect to the mediolateral axis, but its lateral edge does not extend up the body of the calcaneus as seen in Morphotypes A and B. Lateral view The dorsal and plantar edges of the tuber calcanei are very slightly concave. The cavity, which is proximal to the ectal facet, is not very deep. Medial view The tendinous plantar groove is not very marked. The sustentaculum tali is dorsoventrally quite thick, as in Morphotype A. Distal view The plantar tubercle is ventrally well broad. Proximal View The edges of the proximal part of the tuber calcanei are quite irregular. COMPARISON These morphotypes exhibit morphological differences from tarsal bones of Hyaenodonta, such as G. chronius (Zack & Rose 2015) and Hyaenodon (Bastl 2012). The neck of the astragalus is mediolaterally thinner and the medial edge of the head is more pronounced in these morphotypes. The plantar tendon groove is less pronounced, the proximal plantar tuberosity and the lateral processes are slenderer. The calcaneus of the morphotypes has a much less inclined cuboid facet than in I. raoi (Rana et al. 2015) and G. chronius (Zack & Rose 2015). In comparison with Nimravidae, such as H. primaevus and N. brachyops (Barrett 2016), all astragalus morphotypes have a longer neck and the head extends less on the medial side of this neck. The calcanei have a thinner sustentaculum tali and a shallower plantar tendon groove than in Nimravidae. Compared to Miacidae such as Vulpavus (Heinrich & Rose 1997), the tarsal bones of the morphotypes are smaller, and the four astragalar morphotypes have a shorter neck, which is less medially projected, and a less pronounced plantar tendon groove, which is less dorsally extended. Moreover, the sustentaculum tali is medially thinner and not as distally positioned as in Vulpavus. These morphotypes are also very different from those of Ursoidea such as Ursus spelaeus (Santi et al. 2005) and Ursus arctos (Baryshnikov 2015). They have less robust tarsal bones, the neck of the astragalus is much longer and the trochlea is mediolaterally thinner. The tuber calcanei is mediolaterally narrower, the sustentaculum tali is less distally positioned and its sustentacular facet is more rounded, not as elongated, and not inclined in the medioproximal-laterodistal direction as observed in ursoids. Compared to the ailurid Simocyon batalleri (Salesa et al. 2008), the morphotypes have a less flattened astragalar head, and a mediolaterally broader sustentacular facet. The sustentaculum tali is proximodistally thinner, the peroneal process is mediolaterally and proximodistally thinner and the plantar tendon groove is less marked than in S. batalleri. Compared to mustelids such as M. sansaniensis, I. zibethoides and T. sansaniensis (Peigné 2012), the astragalar neck of the morphotypes is shorter and less medially projected, and he sustentacular facet is mediolaterally broader. The calcaneus morphotypes are larger with a more rounded sustentaculum tali. All these differences exclude an assignment of the bones to Hyaenodonta, Nimravidae, Miacidae, Ursidae, Ailuridae or Mustelidae and indicate a close relationship to amphicyonids. The astragalus of Morphotypes 1, 3, and 4 is very similar to that generally observed in Amphicyonidae such as Amphicyon major (Argot 2010), Amphicyon galushai (Hunt 2009), and the North American Ysengrinia americana Wortman, 1901 (Oligo- Miocene) (Hunt 2002). The head is relatively projected on the medial side of the astragalus and quite broad; the trochlea is asymmetrical and its mediolateral width is greater than its proximodistal length. Futhermore, Morphotype 1 displays a relatively large trochlea, just as Morphotype 2, which also features a deep trochlear articulation. These characteristics are present in large amphicyonids such as Amphicyon giganteus (Miocene of Europe and Africa; Gagnaison et al. 2017). Despite these morphological similarities, these three morphotypes display some differences from these amphicyonids (i. e., A. major, A. galushai, and Y. americana). The neck of Morphotype 1 is mediolaterally thinner and proximodistally shorter, and the fibular facet is dorsoventrally thicker than in Morphotypes 3 and 4. Moreover, Morphotype 1 is taller than the two others. The neck of Morphotype 3 is proximodistally longer and the head edges are less marked than in the others. In Morphotype 4, the distal edge of the trochlea medial lip is more proximal than the lateral lip and the plantar tendon groove is more marked. Morphotype 2 is assigned to Amphicyonidae because of its strong resemblance to the amphicyonid Daphoenodon robustum (North America, Miocene) (Hunt 2009). Indeed, the shape of the trochlea, relatively well excavated, the elongated neck, and the shape of the head, which is not mediolaterally wide in comparison to the width of the neck, are observed in Daphoenodon robustum. The morphology of the calcaneus Morphotype A is closely similar to that of Amphicyon galushai (Hunt 2009), which also has a broad tubercle on its proximal part that is much thinner on its distal part. Moreover, the sustentacular facet is rounded and distally placed. Morphotype B is similar to the specimen of Daphoenodon robustum illustrated in Hunt (2009). The sustentaculum tali is more proximally located than in the other morphotypes. The plantar tubercle is ventrally and distally long, forming a tip at the cuboid facet. Morphotype C is morphologically similar to the calcaneus of the European Amphicyon lathanicus Ginsburg, Cheneval, Janvier, Pouit & Sen, 2000 (Miocene) (Ginsburg 2002). The sustentaculum tali is distally located, the cuboid facet is inclined with respect to the mediolateral axis and is distally strongly concave. Its morphology is also strongly similar to that of Cynelos lemanensis Pomel, 1846 (Peigné & Heizmann 2003), Afrocyon ginsburgi Morales, Pickford, Soria & Fraile, 1998 (Morales et al. 2016) and Amphicyon longiramus White, 1942 (Olsen 1960). The four amphicyonids share the following features: the peroneal process is poorly broad, the sustentaculum tali is distally positioned and the cuboid facet is concave. Moreover, the sustentacular facet is rounded in both C. lemanensis and Morphotype C. At the opposite side, the sagittal groove is more defined and the tuber calcanei is distally a little thinner in C. lemanensis. Relative abundance and body mass (see below) support the attribution of these morphotypes to amphicyonids, but they cannot be further assigned to infra-familial ranks. RELATIVE ABUNDANCES In almost all collections studied here, amphicyonids are by far the most abundant group (Table 2). This is also true for the dental specimens of this carnivoran group in the ULiege collection, with 30.73 %. Amphicyonids are not the most abundant carnivorans in the KUL collection, but still represent 31.03 % of the assemblage, making it the second most abundant group in this collection after Ursoidea (39.66 %). The high relative abundance of amphicyonid tarsal bones is thus congruent with the high relative abundance of amphicyonids based on dental remains. BODY MASS ESTIMATION The body mass estimated for Cynodictis lacustris based on its astragalus (1 to 2 kg; Table 4) is lower than the values obtained from dental material (c. 5 kg; Table 3). For the European amphicyonids, the body mass estimated from the lower first molar varies between 4 and 134 kg (Table 3). This range is very broad and is greater than the values obtained for the four astragalar morphotypes. Morphotypes 1 and 2 fall within this range, but Morphotypes 3 and 4 are just outside this range with values below 3 kg; one can note that the latter case is similar to that of C. lacustris (Table 4). Among the amphicyonids recorded in the Paleogene of Europe (Table 3), body masses between 5 and 10 kg correspond to the genera Cynodictis, Symplectocyon Springhorn, 1979, and “ Cynodictis ” (C. exilis Teilhard de Chardin, 1915 and “ C. ” palmidens Teilhard de Chardin, 1915). Therefore, Morphotypes 3 and 4 might correspond to these genera. Morphotype 1 groups heavier specimens (between 8 and 17 kg based on astragalus; Table 4). Because it seems that the body masses estimated from the astragalus are lower than those estimated from the m 1, Morphotype 1 could correspond to the smallest species of Cynelos, Cynelos rugosidens Schlosser, 1899 or Cynelos crassidens Filhol, 1876 (≈ 23 - 24 kg). Some specimens could also correspond to the Oligocene amphicyonid Goupilictis Ginsburg, 1969 (13 kg). Finally, Morphotype 2 could also include specimens that correspond to the genus Cynelos Jourdan, 1862. It may also include representatives of the genera Pseudocyonopsis Kuss, 1965 and Haplocyon Schlosser, 1901 (Table 3). Interestingly these new tarsal bones indicate significant differences in body mass within the same family (Table 4), as does the dental material (Table 3). Furthermore, there are no specimens that may correspond to the largest European amphicyonids Brachycyon Filhol, 1872, Harpagocyon Springhorn, 1977, Ysengrinia Ginsburg, 1965, Haplocyonopsis Bonis, 1973, and Crassidia Heizmann & Kordikova, 2000. It is worth noting that these genera are only known in the Chattian (MP 26 - MP 30). Thus, the astragali studied here might come from Priabonian and Rupelian localities, except if some belong to Goupilictis. LOCOMOTION Posture and locomotion significantly affect the morphology of the tarsal bones (Szalay & Decker 1974; Jenkins & McClearn 1984; Taylor 1989). The crurotarsal joint, where the tibia and astragalus are in contact, is the main axis of flexion of the foot. The posture is therefore related to the morphology of this articulation (Wang 1993). The calcaneus, which articulates with the astragalus, also has an important role in the movement of the hindlimb because of the insertion of the m. gastrocnemius and m. soleus. They attach to its distal end via the achilles tendon, which constitutes the main lever of plantar flexion (Barone 2000). Among the Carnivora, two postures are recognized: plantigrady and digitigrady. Some authors define an intermediate state present in many extant Mustelidae and Viverridae: semi-digitigrady (Wang 1993; Polly 2008). It appears that the absence of the trochlear foramen and a tendinous groove in digitigrade predators allows the tibia to rotate over the entire surface of the trochlea and thus to have a greater amplitude of flexion-extension (Wang 1993). According to Ginsburg (1961), an elongated astragalus is associated with digitigrade locomotion. Carrano (1997) remarked that the orientation of the astragalus head is a distinctive element between digitigrade and plantigrade postures: the head is oriented in the same direction as the body in dorsal view in a plantigrade mammal, whereas in a digitigrade mammal, it is inclined relative to the direction of the body of the astragalus. According to Polly (2008), in a digitigrade animal the calcaneal ectal facet is sharply convex, the peroneal process is small, the sustentaculum tali is more proximally and posteriorly positioned, and the astragalar ectal facet is sharply curved. In plantigrade animals: the calcaneal ectal facet is rounded, the peroneal process is long, the sutentaculum tali is larger and distally positioned, the astragalar neck is narrow, and the astragalar ectal facet is shallow. Finally, the presence of large and flat facets on these two bones causes a reduction of intertarsal mobility (Polly 2008). All the postures and locomotion hypothesized for the sample presented herein are listed in Table 6. Morphotype 1 has a plantar tendinous groove, and the head is not inclined towards the mediolateral axis. The ectal facet is shallow, as for Ailurus fulgens Cuvier, 1825 (Ailuridae) and Bassaricyon gabbii Allen, 1876 (Procyonidae), two plantigrade species (Polly 2008). It has a narrow neck and an ectal facet that is shallow. These characters suggest that Morphotype 1 corresponds to a plantigrade animal. Morphotype 2 has a longer neck than in Morphotype 1, and a head that is slightly inclined towards the mediolateral axis. The neck is also larger and the ectal facet is sharply curved, as observed in Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 (Canidae), Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758, Leptailurus serval (Schreber, 1776), and Lynx rufus (Schreber, 1777) (Felidae), which are all digitigrade (Polly 2008). Morphotype 2 therefore better corresponds to a digitigrade animal. Moreover, it strongly resembles the astragalus of the North American amphicyonid Daphoenodon robustum, which was considered a digitigrade animal capable of powerful propulsive force (Hunt 2009). However, Morphotype 2 has a tendinous groove, which is placed fairly ventrally on the trochlea and weakly excavated. Flexion-extension should therefore have moderate amplitude, but more than a plantigrade animal with a strongly defined tendinous groove. Daphoenodon robustum does not appear to have a tendinous groove (Hunt 2009 does not mention this structure, which is also not visible on the illustrations). Because of this morphology, Morphotype 2 is probably better characterized as a semi-digitigrade animal. Morphotypes 3 and 4 have a head that is oriented on the mediolateral axis as well as a plantar tendon groove, like in the plantigrade species used in Carrano’s (1997) analyses and Procyon lotor Linnaeus, 1758 (Procyonidae) (Wang 1993). The neck is long and narrow and the ectal facet is well curved (deeper in Morphotype 3 than in Morphotype 4), as in B. gabbii and A. fulgens, which are plantigrade mammals (Polly 2008). Morphotypes 3 and 4 are therefore interpreted as plantigrade, but the latter displays a larger range of movements enabled by a less deep trochlear surface. Morphotypes A and C have a rounded sutentaculum tali that is rather distal; this structure is even more distal in Morphotype C, as observed in A. fulgens and B. gabbii, which are plantigrade (Polly 2008). This would therefore be characteristic of a plantigrade animal. However, in Morphotype C, the peroneal process is poorly broad, which seems to be a digitigrade feature (e. g., L. serval; Polly 2008). The gear ratio for morphotype A is 1.23 (Table 5), which is similar to that of Vulpes velox (Say, 1823) (Canidae; digitigrade, terrestrial), Spilogale gracilis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mephitidae; plantigrade, terrestrial), Taxidea taxus (Schreber, 1777) (Mustelidae; plantigrade, semifossorial), and Nasua narica (Linnaeus, 1766) (Procyonidae; plantigrade, scansorial) (Polly 2010; Polly et al. 2017). The gear ratio for Morphotype C (1.18; Table 5) is similar to that of Tremarctos ornatus (Cuvier, 1825) (Ursidae; Plantigrade, scansorial), Potos flavus (Schreber, 1774) (Procyonidae; plantigrade, arboreal) and Galictis vittata (Schreber, 1776) (Mustelidae; plantigrade, semi-fossorial) (Yensen & Tarifa 2003; Polly 2010; Polly et al. 2017). Morphotypes A and C may therefore correspond to plantigrade amphicyonids. Morphotype B has a more proximal sustentaculum tali, as in F. catus and L. rufus (Polly 2008). In addition, its morphology is close to that of the calcaneus of Daphoenodon robustum, which is digitigrade as indicated above (Hunt 2009). It also resembles the specimen of the Miocene digitigrade Plithocyon ursinus Cope, 1875 in North America (Paleontological Collection of MNHN), which also has a proximal sustentaculum tali and a distally long plantar tubercle. On the other hand, the peroneal process is well broad and the sustentaculum tali is located a little more dorsally, which seem to be plantigrade features (e. g., A. fulgens; Polly 2008). Even if the sustentaculum tali is more proximal than the other morphotypes, it is still far distal relative to extant digitigrade carnivorans (e. g., F. catus; Polly 2008). The gear ratio for Morphotype B is 1.25 (Table 5), which is close to P. lotor (semi-digitigrade, scansorial), Martes americana (Turton, 1806) (Mustelidae; plantigrade, scansorial) and Conepatus chinga (Molina, 1782) (Mephitidae; semi-digitigrade, terrestrial) (Polly 2010; Polly et al. 2017). Morphotype B would therefore rather be a semidigitigrade and terrestrial or scansorial animal, but probably not cursorial (gear ratio less than 1.22). The head of the astragalus of Cynodictis lacustris is inclined with respect to the mediolateral axis and the tendinous groove seems to merge with the trochlea, as in the digitigrade Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Schreber, 1775) (Wang 1993). However, the neck is quite short and the astragalar ectal facet is well curved, as in F. catus and L. rufus which are digitigrade and scansorial. In addition, the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus is not placed very distally, as can be observed in a digitigrade animal (e. g., C. lupus; Polly et al. 2017). The gear ratio is 1.27 for C. lacustris (Table 5), which is similar to Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) (Canidae; digitigrade, terrestrial), Canis latrans Say, 1823 (Canidae; digitigrade, terrestrial), Canis rufus Audubon & Bachman, 1851 (Canidae; digitigrade, terrestrial), and Panthera onca Linnaeus, 1758 (Felidae; digitigrade, scansorial) (Polly et al. 2017). The canid species (i. e., Canis Linnaeus, 1758 and Vulpes Frisch, 1775) are all cursorial (Polly et al. 2017). Therefore, Cynodictis lacustris can be considered as digitigrade and cursorial. Interpretations are more contentious regarding locomotion. Based on the model of Polly & MacLeod (2008), the calcaneus of Cynodictis morphology is intermediate between the terrestrial and the scansorial morphologies. Morphotypes A and C are between the arboreal and terrestrial morphologies. But the specimens used for the implementation of this model are all extant animals and, in the case of plantigrady, the majority of the specimens are arboreal. Therefore, Polly & MacLeod’s (2008) model links plantigrady and arborality. While it is true that arboreal animals are often plantigrades (Taylor 1989; Panciroli et al. 2017), plantigrades are not necessarily arboreal (Wang 1993). Morphotypes A and C do not exhibit a large sustentaculum tali, in contrast to arboreal animals. Therefore, Morphotypes A and C may represent terrestrial predators."},{"description":"Dorsal view The sagittal groove is rather marked. The proximal part of the tuber calcanei is rather mediolaterally wide. It is rather proximodistally elongated, as is the ectal facet. This facet is highly convex. Its edges are rather well pronounced, except the distal one, which merges with the body of the calcaneus (and therefore is difficult to delimit). The sustentacular facet is well-rounded, very slightly concave, and extends on the proximal edge of the sustentaculum tali. The peroneal process is quite broad and its proximal edge is well-defined. The cuboid facet is inclined with respect to the mediolateral axis and its lateral edge rises slightly on the body of the calcaneus. This articular surface is strongly concave. Lateral view The dorsal and ventral edges of the tuber calcanei are slightly concave. A cavity – probably for the insertion of the lateral collateral ligament – is clearly visible proximal to the ectal facet. Medial view The tendinous plantar groove is well excavated. The sustentaculum tali is dorsoventrally quite thick, even more so than in Cynodictis lacustris and Morphotype B. The plantar tubercle does not form a distally directed tip as seen in Cynodictis lacustris. Distal view The plantar tubercle is ventrally broad. The edge separating the plantar tubercule and the cuboid facet is more visible than in Cynodictis lacustris. Proximal view The proximal part of the tuber calcanei has a sub-spherical surface. The groove is slightly more pronounced than in Cynodictis lacustris."},{"description":"Dorsal view The sagittal groove is rather visible. The tuber calcanei is proximodistally quite elongated. The ectal facet is more inclined relative to the proximodistal axis than in other morphotypes, as well as in Cynodictis lacustris. It is strongly convex in the middle and very slightly concave in its proximal part. The edges of this facet are rather well pronounced, except the distal edge, which merges with the body of the calcaneus and is therefore difficult to delimit. The sustentacular facet is rounded and extends slightly on the proximal edge of the sustentaculum tali. It is placed more proximal on the body of the calcaneus than in the other two calcaneal morphotypes. The peroneal process and its proximal and distal edges are quite well defined. The cuboid facet is inclined with respect to the mediolateral axis and its lateral edge rises over the body of the calcaneus. The plantar tubercle is distally very long and clearly visible in dorsal view. It is longer than that of Cynodictis lacustris. Lateral view The dorsal and ventral edges of the tuber calcanei are very slightly concave. The cavity, proximal to the ectal facet, is deep and positioned higher on the tuber than in Morphotype A. Medial view The tendinous plantar groove is quite excavated. Distal view The cuboid facet is smaller than in Morphotype A. The plantar tubercle is ventrally quite broad. The edge separating these two structures is not very clear. 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Moreover, the BLASTn results of ITS, LSU, tef 1 - α and rpb 2 expect our isolate KUNCC 22 - 12508 100 % similar to Trichoderma virens strains (LZ 002, LZ 012, Z 051). Therefore, our isolate KUNCC 22 - 12508 is identified as Trichoderma virens, a new host record based on morphological features and phylogenetic evidence."},{"description":"Isolated from intestinal contents of dead American bullfrog larvae. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph on PDA: Aerial mycelium abundant on PDA, fast-growing, forming cream-yellow to green sporulation with maturity, with a distinctive odour, sometimes producing a farinose to granular mat. Conidiophores 20 – 30 μm high, irregularly branched in a dendriform structure. Vegetative hyphae 4 – 8 μm wide (x ̅ = 6 μm, n = 30), branched, hyaline, smooth and thick-walled, septate, narrow and flexuous, terminal branched, often curved. Conidiogenous cells 5.5 – 8 × 3 – 5 μm (x ̅ = 6.5 × 4 μm, n = 20), occurring in lateral and terminal clusters, pyramidal. 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Massal.","canonicalName":"Polyozosia","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"1186844","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"142364921":"Fungi","142398082":"Ascomycota","142416957":"Lecanoromycetes","142422454":"Lecanorales","142425103":"Lecanoraceae"},"class":"Lecanoromycetes"},{"key":142402966,"datasetKey":"61a5f178-b5fb-4484-b6d8-9b129739e59d","nubKey":2596776,"parentKey":142402718,"parent":"Verrucariaceae","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","order":"Verrucariales","family":"Verrucariaceae","genus":"Bagliettoa","kingdomKey":142364921,"phylumKey":142398082,"classKey":142399636,"orderKey":142402716,"familyKey":142402718,"genusKey":142402966,"scientificName":"Bagliettoa A. Massal.","canonicalName":"Bagliettoa","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"121011","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"142364921":"Fungi","142398082":"Ascomycota","142399636":"Eurotiomycetes","142402716":"Verrucariales","142402718":"Verrucariaceae"},"class":"Eurotiomycetes"},{"key":142425633,"datasetKey":"61a5f178-b5fb-4484-b6d8-9b129739e59d","nubKey":2607454,"parentKey":142425614,"parent":"Catillariaceae","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","order":"Lecanorales","family":"Catillariaceae","genus":"Solenopsora","kingdomKey":142364921,"phylumKey":142398082,"classKey":142416957,"orderKey":142422454,"familyKey":142425614,"genusKey":142425633,"scientificName":"Solenopsora A. Massal.","canonicalName":"Solenopsora","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"129059","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"142364921":"Fungi","142398082":"Ascomycota","142416957":"Lecanoromycetes","142422454":"Lecanorales","142425614":"Catillariaceae"},"class":"Lecanoromycetes"},{"key":168975580,"datasetKey":"61a5f178-b5fb-4484-b6d8-9b129739e59d","nubKey":7251896,"parentKey":142424537,"parent":"Ramalinaceae","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","order":"Lecanorales","family":"Ramalinaceae","genus":"Thalloidima","kingdomKey":142364921,"phylumKey":142398082,"classKey":142416957,"orderKey":142422454,"familyKey":142424537,"genusKey":168975580,"scientificName":"Thalloidima A. Massal.","canonicalName":"Thalloidima","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"129681","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"142364921":"Fungi","142398082":"Ascomycota","142416957":"Lecanoromycetes","142422454":"Lecanorales","142424537":"Ramalinaceae"},"class":"Lecanoromycetes"},{"key":221340636,"datasetKey":"630b1996-1df6-4bc0-986a-859bb4cd01d4","nubKey":2608790,"parentKey":332929436,"parent":"Sarrameanaceae","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","order":"Sarrameanales","family":"Sarrameanaceae","genus":"Loxospora","kingdomKey":332929432,"phylumKey":332929433,"classKey":332929434,"orderKey":332929435,"familyKey":332929436,"genusKey":221340636,"scientificName":"Loxospora A. Massal.","canonicalName":"Loxospora","authorship":"A. Massal.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"43353D097EF9501BAEBDF1378F3D9546.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Loxospora A. Massal. Loxospora Ric. Auton. Lich. Crost.: 137 (1852). Notes. Three species, L. cyamidia (Stirt.) Kantvilas, L. septata (Sipman & Aptroot) Kantvilas and L. solenospora ( Müll . Arg.) Kantvilas (syn. Sarrameana tasmanica Vězda & Kantvilas), from the Southern Hemisphere have not been sequenced so far. However, they have ascospores similar in shape to other Loxospora spp. (although, in L. cyamidia and L. solenospora, they are rarely septate), asci with an amyloid apical dome and contain thamnolic acid (although L. solenospora may sometimes contain additionally gyrophoric acid or only the latter substance) (Kantvilas 2000, 2004). Given the morphological and chemical similarities to the type species L. elatina and other members of Loxospora s.str., they are treated here as belonging to this genus. Loxospora isidiata Kalb (described from the Philippines) and L. ochrophaeoides Kalb & Hafellner (described from Madeira), introduced by Kalb and Hafellner (1992) and L. glaucomiza (Nyl.) Kalb & Staiger (described from Japan) treated by Staiger and Kalb (1995) are also treated as belonging to Loxospora s.str. due to the production of thamnolic acid. The name Loxospora pustulata (Brodo & W.L. Culb.) Egan was applied to a common and widespread pustulose-sorediate crustose species with thamnolic acid that occurs throughout eastern North America (Brodo and Culberson 1986; Lendemer and Noell 2018). The discovery of fertile material led to its being transferred to the genus Lepra Scop. as L. pustulata (Brodo & W.L. Culb.) Lendemer & R.C. Harris (Lendemer and Harris 2017)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"332929432":"Fungi","332929433":"Ascomycota","332929434":"Ascomycetes","332929435":"Sarrameanales","332929436":"Sarrameanaceae"},"class":"Ascomycetes"},{"key":320112147,"datasetKey":"fb455748-cf94-4ca0-97f3-90715b4d6d26","nubKey":3156567,"parentKey":333283128,"parent":"Annonaceae","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Magnoliales","family":"Annonaceae","genus":"Miliusa","kingdomKey":333283124,"phylumKey":333283125,"classKey":333283126,"orderKey":333283127,"familyKey":333283128,"genusKey":320112147,"scientificName":"Miliusa A. DC.","canonicalName":"Miliusa","authorship":"A. DC.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"0674F073AA025FD8B63E9DC4BA4240D2.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Miliusa Lesch. ex A. DC. in Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 5: 213 (1832) Miliusa Lesch. ex A. DC. in Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 5: 213 (1832); Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 147 (1855); Fl. Brit. India 1: 86 (1872); Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 1: 46 (1877); Finet & Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 1: 109 (1907); J. Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Singapore 14: 377 (1955); Y. Tsiang & P. T. Li, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30 (2): 39 (1979); N. T. Ban, Fl. Vietnam 1: 305 (2000); Mols & Kessler, Blumea 48: 421 (2003); P. T. Li & M. G. Gilbert in C. Y. Wu et al., Fl. China 19: 679 (2011); Fl. Thailand 16 (1): 167 (2022). Type: Miliusa indica Lesch. ex A. DC. (holotype: G! [G 00402293]; isotypes: P! [P 00432374, P 00432375]). Hyalostemma Wall., Numer. List 6434 (1832). Type: Hyalostemma roxburghiana Wall., nom. illegit, superfl. (≡ Miliusa dioeca (Roxb.) Chaowasku). Saccopetalum Benn., Pl. Jav. Rar. 165, t. 35 (1840). Type: Saccopetalum horsfieldii Benn. Description. Shrubs, small to medium-sized trees, rarely large trees, 2–40 (– 55) m tall, evergreen, rarely deciduous or semi-deciduous. Annual branches predominantly pubescent to varying degrees, sparsely pubescent to tomentose, becoming glabrescent with age; older branches mostly glabrous, with or without sparse lenticels, longitudinally wrinkled. Leaves chartaceous to subcoriaceous, rarely membranaceous, elliptic, ovate-elliptic, obovate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, rarely ovate, obovate, lanceolate or oblong, 1.8–36 cm long (mostly 5–13 cm), 1–18 cm wide (mostly 2–5 cm), length: width ratio 1.8–3.3; base obtuse-rounded to cuneate, rarely cordate or subcordate, usually asymmetrical; apex mostly acuminate or acute, rarely rounded or mucronate; midvein adaxially flat, slightly impressed or raised, abaxially prominently raised; lateral veins 4–22 per side (mostly 6–15), straight to arching, anastomosing near the margin; tertiary venation reticulate; adaxial leaf surface glabrous, pubescent, or pubescent only along the midvein; abaxial surface usually hairy; petioles 0–7 (– 15) mm long, adaxially grooved or flat, abaxially wrinkled, rarely thickened at the base. Inflorescences simple cymes with 1–10 flowers, axillary, subaxillary, or rarely terminal; inflorescence rachis very short or absent; peduncle present, 0.5–2 mm long, rarely up to 20 mm long, thickened during fruiting; pedicels 0.4–33 cm long (mostly 1–3 cm), 0.5–1 mm in diam., thickened to 0.7–2 (– 3.5) mm during fruiting; bracts and bracteoles usually present, 1–2 (– 4) of each, triangular-ovate, 1–3 × 1–2 mm, pubescent. Flowers bisexual, occasionally unisexual. Calyx valvate, sepals free, rarely slightly connate at base, ovate, triangular to broadly ovate-triangular, rarely lanceolate or linguiform, 0.5–3 (– 10) mm long, 0.5–2 (– 3.5) mm wide, length: width ratio 0.7–3, persistent in fruit; outer petals valvate, free, ovate, triangular or narrowly ovate-triangular, slightly longer than sepals, 1–4 (– 13) mm long, 1–3 (– 6) mm wide, length: width ratio 1.5–5, not persistent in fruit; inner petals yellow, red, purplish red or pale yellowish white, ovate, ovate-triangular or ovate-elliptic, 2.3–42 mm long, 2–15 mm wide, appressed or free from base to middle, saccate or nearly flat, with glands and coloured spots, colourless translucent “ window-like ” regions, or with a coloured patch along the midvein. Androecium of the “ miliusoides ” type; stamens 3–232, usually 20–70, with 1–6 sterile stamens occasionally present. Anthers 2 - locular, ellipsoid, 0.5–1.3 (– 1.8) mm long, 0.5–1 (– 1.3) mm wide, with a longitudinal groove; connective curved, apex obtuse or rarely acute, slightly exceeding the anther; filaments conspicuous, 0.2–0.5 (– 0.9) mm long. Carpels 3–80, usually 10–40; ovaries ellipsoid, (0.5 –) 1–2 (– 2.5) mm long, 0.5–1 mm in diam., glabrous or pubescent; ovules lateral, mostly 1–2 per carpel, rarely 4–12, in 1 or 2 rows; style absent; stigmas ellipsoid, cylindrical, capitate or subglobose, 0.3–2 mm long, 0.3–0.5 mm in diam., glabrous or pubescent. Torus pubescent, conical, subglobose or hemispherical, 1.5–2.5 mm long, 2–3 mm in diam., enlarging to subglobose in fruit. Fruiting pedicel 0.4–33 cm long (mostly 1–7 cm), 0.7–2 mm in diam.; fruit with 1–40 monocarps; monocarps generally spherical, subglobose to ellipsoid, base asymmetric, apex rounded or mucronate, base rounded or tapering to the enlarged pedicel apex, 6–19 mm long, 6–14 mm wide; immature fruits green, maturing red, purplish red, purplish black or black, berry-like, usually smooth, with minute tubercles when dry; pericarp thin, ca. 0.5 mm thick; stipe terete, occasionally slightly quadrangular, 0–50 (– 65) mm long. Seeds 1–10 per monocarp, subglobose or ellipsoid (flattened on 1–2 faces when several), 6–9 × 4–8 mm or 11–17 × 7–15 mm; endosperm ruminate, with lamellate ruminations divided into four parts. Phenology. Most species flower from February to May, rarely from September to December, with a few species flowering in multiple seasons. Fruits typically mature 1–5 months after flowering. Distribution. Tropical and subtropical regions of Asia to Oceania, including Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, the Nicobar and Andaman Islands, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. Habitat. Tropical and subtropical lowland regions, mainly in humid and warm conditions; numerous species also occur at higher elevations (up to 2000 m) or in seasonally dry limestone karst. Most species are primarily associated with evergreen broad-leaved forests, while some inhabit deciduous or semi-evergreen forests."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333283124":"Plantae","333283125":"Tracheophyta","333283126":"Magnoliopsida","333283127":"Magnoliales","333283128":"Annonaceae"},"class":"Magnoliopsida"},{"key":100115481,"datasetKey":"2cd4e3d1-b905-451c-b7a4-c3a6c10419cd","nubKey":7655319,"parentKey":334008637,"parent":"Chenopodiaceae","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Caryophyllales","family":"Chenopodiaceae","genus":"Suckleva","kingdomKey":334008633,"phylumKey":334008634,"classKey":334008635,"orderKey":334008636,"familyKey":334008637,"genusKey":100115481,"scientificName":"Suckleva A. Grav","canonicalName":"Suckleva","authorship":"A. Grav","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"38CCFFDB3B5616D6ECC7F3C0278A36D7.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Annual, succulent herb, monoecious. Flowers in clusters, the staminate ones at the end of the branches; perianth 3 - 4 lobed, almost globose, lobes unequal; stamens 3 - 4; pistillate flowers axillary, 2 - bracteolate; bracteoles folded, or keeled, later winged, often connate up to the middle; stigmas 2. Pericarp free from the globose seeds; embryo horseshoe-shaped; radicle pointing upward. One sp., S. suckleana (Torr.) Rydb., USA, Rocky Mountains, Montana to Colorado."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334008633":"Plantae","334008634":"Tracheophyta","334008635":"Magnoliopsida","334008636":"Caryophyllales","334008637":"Chenopodiaceae"},"class":"Magnoliopsida"},{"key":230928794,"datasetKey":"7ba252be-cec6-49ee-b97f-642ad7bd1cb5","nubKey":7285388,"parentKey":334052323,"parent":"Malpighiaceae","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Malpighiales","family":"Malpighiaceae","genus":"Spachea","kingdomKey":334052319,"phylumKey":334052320,"classKey":334052321,"orderKey":334052322,"familyKey":334052323,"genusKey":230928794,"scientificName":"Spachea A. Juss.","canonicalName":"Spachea","authorship":"A. Juss.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"E062209A92665246B64F06A827D15CC9.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"1.3. 2. Spachea A. Juss. in Deless., Icon. Sel. Pl. 3: 19. 1838 [1837]. = Lophanthera A. Juss., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 13: 328. 1840, syn nov. Type species: Lophanthera kunthiana A. Juss., nom. superfl. [≡ Spachea longifolia (Kunth) R. F. Almeida & M. Pell.]. = Spachea sect. Meckelia Mart. ex A. Juss., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 13: 326. 1840 ≡ Meckelia (Mart. ex A. Juss.) Griseb. in Martius, Fl. Bras. 12 (1): 25. 1858. Type species: Spachea tricarpa A. Juss. = Andersoniella C. Davis & Amorim, Harvard Pap. Bot. 25 (1): 51–56. 2020, nom. illeg., non Andersoniella K. J. F. Schmitz (1897) ≡ Andersoniodoxa C. Davis & Amorim, Phytotaxa 470 (1): 121–122. 2020, syn. nov. Type: Andersoniodoxa spruceana (Nied.) C. Davis & Amorim [≡ Lophanthera spruceana (Nied.) R. F. Almeida & M. Pell.]. Type. Spachea elegans (G. Mey.) A. Juss. Notes. Spachea was described by Jussieu (1837) to accommodate the species previously placed in Byrsonima with unisexual flowers. Lophanthera was initially described by Jussieu (1840) based on L. kunthiana A. Juss., an illegitimate renaming of Galphimia longifolia Kunth. Grisebach (1858) transferred G. longifolia to Lophanthera and placed L. kunthiana in synonymy. Niedenzu (1914) described the second species of Lophanthera, L. spruceana Nied., ca. 50 years after Grisebach. With the expansion of the Amazonian frontier in Brazil, Ducke described the third and fourth new species of the genus almost two decades later (1925, 1937). Finally, Davis et al. (2020 a, b) proposed Andersoniodoxa for the three species of Lophanthera with white to pink flowers and winged anthers. This was, in theory, strongly supported by molecular data. Nonetheless, the authors never made the sequences used in their article available in public repositories, and the analysis produced by us includes the type species of the three genera and recovers them as a strongly supported clade. Thus, we propose the recognition of a broadly circumscribed but morphologically cohesive Spachea, including all species of Lophanthera and Andersoniodoxa . In the expanded circumscription presented here, Spachea includes 12 species (five threatened species; Suppl. material 1) of large trees distributed in flooded to non-flooded rainforests from the Amazon basin and Central America (POWO 2024). The highly unusual structure of the fruits in S. longifolia and S. spruceana is worth mentioning, as it might be a water dispersal adaptation that enables buoyancy in the mericarp. For an identification key for Spachea, see Anderson (1981) for the Guyana Highland, Almeida et al. (2020) for Brazil, and Pool (in prep.) for Mesoamerica."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334052319":"Plantae","334052320":"Tracheophyta","334052321":"Magnoliopsida","334052322":"Malpighiales","334052323":"Malpighiaceae"},"class":"Magnoliopsida"},{"key":220684965,"datasetKey":"d4693117-b8f6-406a-bb2f-db4a0c1826f9","nubKey":6616329,"parentKey":334055810,"parent":"Roccellaceae","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","order":"Arthoniales","family":"Roccellaceae","genus":"Mazosia","kingdomKey":334055806,"phylumKey":334055807,"classKey":334055808,"orderKey":334055809,"familyKey":334055810,"genusKey":220684965,"scientificName":"Mazosia A. MASSAL.","canonicalName":"Mazosia","authorship":"A. MASSAL.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"03EC87C1FFB8FFB3FF5BFF5CF170FC71.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"WORLDWIDE KEY TO CORTICOLOUS SPECIES OF THE GENUS MAZOSIA A. MASSAL. (UPDATED FROM Sakata et al. 2017) 1. Thallus byssoid; ascospores 1-septate; pycnidia stipitate ...................... M. byssoidea Lebreton & Ertz, sp. nov. — Thallus compact; ascospores 3-septate; pycnidia not stipitate ....................................................................... 2 2. Apothecia prominently elevated above the thallus, sharply to slightly delimited in outline .......................... 3 — Apothecia slightly elevated above the thallus, semi-immersed to immersed, not sharply delimited in outline .. .................................................................................................................................................................... 6 3. Thallus with irregular and partly confluent verrucae; apothecial margin warty and irregular ........................... ...................................................................................................... M. viridescens (Fée) Aptroot & M.Cáceres — Thallus slightly verrucose or almost smooth; apothecial margin crenulate .................................................... 4 4. Epihymenium with crystals ......................................................................................................................... 5 — Epihymenium lacking crystals ............................................................... M. bruguierae A.Sakata & H.Harada 5. Thallus slightly verrucose; apothecia prominently elevated above the thallus, slightly delimited in outline .................................................................................................... M. carnea (Eckfeldt) Aptroot & M.Cáceres — Thallus smooth; apothecia prominently elevated above the thallus, sharply delimited in outline ..................... .......................................................................................................................... M. endonigra (Nyl.) Sparrius 6. Ascospores (15-)18-20 × 3-4 µm ............................................................... 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Outer surface of the endocarp irregularly rugose or ridged, with a diffuse or reticulate pattern of rounded to sharp ridges. Vasculature follows the ridges or rests between rugosities. Endocarp primary vascular bundle positioned outside or within the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall with at least one row of periclinally oriented cells. Locule surface smooth and faintly lacunate."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333433290":"Plantae","333433291":"Tracheophyta","333433292":"Magnoliopsida","333433300":"Icacinales","333433301":"Icacinaceae"},"class":"Magnoliopsida"},{"key":306996108,"datasetKey":"b8e5d9ec-7e27-4bbf-a8a8-6cee2bf7465f","nubKey":2811784,"parentKey":334028306,"parent":"Orchidaceae","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Asparagales","family":"Orchidaceae","genus":"Benthamia","kingdomKey":334028302,"phylumKey":334028303,"classKey":334028304,"orderKey":334028305,"familyKey":334028306,"genusKey":306996108,"scientificName":"Benthamia A. 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Lip clearly trilobed ................................................................................................. Benthamia praecox Schltr. — Lip obscurely trilobed ................................................................................................ Benthamia exilis Schltr. 4. Leaf single ................................................................................................................................................... 5 — More than one leaf ...................................................................................................................................... 6 5. Lip trilobed ....................................................................................... Benthamia glaberrima (Ridl.) H.Perrier — Lip entire ......................................................................................................... Benthamia monophylla Schltr. 6. Leaves 2, rarely 3 .................................................................................................... Benthamia rostrata Schltr. — Leaves 3 to 6 ...................................................................................................... Benthamia bathieana Schltr. 7. Spur scrotiform or dorso-ventrally flattened ................................................................................................ 8 — Spur a simple hollow at the base of the lip ........................................................ Benthamia boiteaui Hervouet 8. Plants epiphytic ........................................................................................................................................... 9 — Plants terrestrial ......................................................................................................................................... 14 9. Plants more than 45 cm tall ......................................................................... Benthamia majoriflora H.Perrier — Plant less than 45 cm tall ........................................................................................................................... 10 10. Lip entire or obscurely trilobed .................................... Benthamia erinacea (Cordem.) Hermans & P.J.Cribb — Lip distinctly trilobed ................................................................................................................................ 11 11. Lobes of lip truncate .................................................. Benthamia lakatoensis Descourv. & Hervouet, sp. nov. — Lobes of lip not truncate ........................................................................................................................... 12 12. Sepals green, petals white ................................................... Benthamia trifida Hermans & Hervouet, sp. nov. — Sepals white or off-white ........................................................................................................................... 13 13. Flowers pure white .................................................................................................... Benthamia nivea Schltr. — Flowers off-white ................................................................ Benthamia corona Hermans & Hervouet, sp. nov. 14. Petals white ............................................................................................................................................... 15 — Petals green or yellow ................................................................................................................................ 16 15. Basal leaf solitary ............................................................................................ Benthamia herminioides Schltr. — Basal leaves several ........................................................................ Benthamia madagascariensis (Rolfe) Schltr. 16. Leaf solitary ............................................................................................................................................... 17 — Leaves several ............................................................................................................................................ 19 17. Lip calceolate .................................................................................................. Benthamia calceolata H.Perrier — Lip not calceolate ...................................................................................................................................... 18 18. Leaf linear ................................................................. Benthamia spiraloides (Cordem.) Hermans & P.J.Cribb — Leaf elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate ..... Benthamia arcuata (H.Perrier) Descourv. & Hervouet, comb. nov., stat. nov. 19. Leaves near middle of stem ........................................................................................................................ 20 — Leaves basal ............................................................................................................................................... 24 20. Leaves 5 or more .................................................................................... Benthamia spiralis (A.Rich.) A.Rich. — Leaves fewer than 5 ................................................................................................................................... 21 21. Flowers arranged in 3 rows ............................................................................ Benthamia perfecunda H.Perrier — Flowers not arranged in 3 rows .................................................................................................................. 22 22. Lip with prominent callus ............................................................................... Benthamia melanopoda Schltr. — Lip lacking a prominent callus .................................................................................................................. 23 KEY TO THE GENUS BeNThaMIa A. RICH. (continuation) 23. Spur ventrally flattened .................................................................................. Benthamia vulcanorum sp. nov. — Spur scrotiform .............................................................. Benthamia mascula Hervouet & Descourv., sp. nov. 24. Inflorescence arcuate ........................................................................................... Benthamia bosseri Hervouet — Inflorescence erect ..................................................................................................................................... 25 25. Lip lateral lobes very short ......................................................................................................................... 30 — Lip clearly trilobed .................................................................................................................................... 26 26. Leaves more than 4 times longer than wide ............................................................................................... 27 — Leaves less than 4 times longer than wide .................................................................................................. 29 27. Leaves erect and regularly alternate .......................................................................... Benthamia flavida Schltr. — Leaves not alternate ................................................................................................................................... 28 28. Leaves basal, rachis often less than a third of plant height ....... Benthamia litoralis Hervouet & Descourv., sp. nov. — Leaves up to rachis, rachis often half of plant height ................................................... Benthamia elata Schltr. 29. Leaves 5 or more ............................................................................................ Benthamia humbertii H.Perrier — Leaves fewer than 5 ................................ Benthamia latisatis (Thouars) Bytebier. (La Réunion and Mauritius) 30. Leaves more than 5 cm long, basal or cauline ....................................... Benthamia africana (Lindl.) Hermans — Leaves less than 5 cm long, basal ....................................................................... 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Gray","canonicalName":"Sidalcea","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"http://services.snsb.info/DTNtaxonlists/rest/v0.1/names/DiversityTaxonNames_Plants/67589/","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"116778237":"Spermatophyta","116780681":"Magnoliopsida","116798114":"Malvales","116798116":"Malvaceae"},"class":"Magnoliopsida"},{"key":154131045,"nameKey":23200483,"datasetKey":"04daaebb-6917-4c73-a664-8f017819c841","parentKey":157168174,"parent":"Lecythidaceae","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Ericales","family":"Lecythidaceae","genus":"Eschweilera","kingdomKey":157167850,"phylumKey":157167851,"classKey":157168068,"orderKey":157168156,"familyKey":157168174,"genusKey":154131045,"scientificName":"Eschweilera sp. A","canonicalName":"Eschweilera","authorship":"","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"765","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"157167850":"Plantae","157167851":"Tracheophyta","157168068":"Magnoliopsida","157168156":"Ericales","157168174":"Lecythidaceae"},"class":"Magnoliopsida"},{"key":183909111,"datasetKey":"b742af22-42bf-4218-aee3-0a827439adc7","parentKey":333346514,"parent":"Crenuchidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Characiformes","family":"Crenuchidae","genus":"Characidium sp.A","kingdomKey":333346483,"phylumKey":333346488,"orderKey":333346501,"familyKey":333346514,"genusKey":183909111,"scientificName":"Characidium sp. A","canonicalName":"Characidium sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"F9AA8CE3894A51038F02ECBAE14E100A.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Fig. 3 C"},{"description":"Diagnosis. Characidium sp. A differs from its congeners of this study by having very tapered snout; wide and conspicuous vertical bars in the lateral of body in both juveniles and adults specimens; longitudinal dark band occupying one or more scales; one-two dark, wide and conspicuous bands in half of caudal fin rays and another in the base of first and posterior caudal fin ray."},{"description":"Distribution. Upper rio Santo Antonio, rio Doce basin."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333346483":"Animalia","333346488":"Chordata","333346501":"Characiformes","333346514":"Crenuchidae"}},{"key":158525360,"datasetKey":"c81249cc-265d-41cd-809d-74da9f8324d6","parentKey":333488427,"parent":"Gorgoniidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Cnidaria","order":"Alcyonacea","family":"Gorgoniidae","genus":"Leptogorgia species","kingdomKey":333488421,"phylumKey":333488422,"classKey":333488423,"orderKey":333488424,"familyKey":333488427,"genusKey":158525360,"scientificName":"Leptogorgia species A","canonicalName":"Leptogorgia species","authorship":"species A","nameType":"BLACKLISTED","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"9EE5A92902DF0F04469B5C40BCDFCED9.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Biology. Barnacle galls present on a number of specimens (SBMNH 423084 and SBMNH 422903)."},{"description":"Description. Colonies (Figure 25 A) non-reticulate; main stem ~ 14 cm long, arising from thin, flat attachment structure; latter gives off generally dichotomous (or irregular), mostly lateral, few to moderate, elongated, sometimes slightly crooked branches; these may divide again, often not; upright growth pattern in most, overall giving colony the appearance of a candelabra. Stem and branches rounded, nearly uniform, 1.0 - 2.0 mm diameter, not including polyps. Branches bend outwards in broad curve at axils; terminal branches from 2.5 - 7.5 cm long, without division, blunt at end. Few branchlets, rounded and slightly crooked. (One lot, SBMNH 422334, a simple, single whip-like, unbranched to minimally branched fragment, where diameter tends to smallest measurements of range, length ~ 37 cm, but not complete; other fragments much shorter, as above). Stem, branches and branchlets covered on all sides with prominent conical polyps, when extended (Figure 25 B); when contracted, nearly flush with branch surface; apertures circular. Polyps measure 0.2 mm tall (extended), 1.7 mm wide; spacing between them 2.0 - 2.5 mm apart. Arrangement of polyps does not delineate median groove. Color of all colonies, regardless of colony shape, bright lemon yellow or gold; most sclerites bright lemon-yellow or gold; the few straight, less warted sclerites, pale or colorless. Sclerite shapes (Figures 26 A-C, 27 A-D) not diverse; mostly spindles, heavily warted; warts form regular belts; belts either evenly spaced (six to seven belted rings) or belts much closer together, largest at middle of spindle and outwards toward spindle tips progressively smaller, creating in silhouette sclerites that appear in elongated diamond shape (Figures 26 C, 27 C); some few (Figure 27 D) of these with dense triangular collection of warts at each end with very narrow, median waist; very few straight, not as heavily warted, spindles. In a comparison with images from Breedy and Cortes (2011, Figure 2), similarities between the sclerites shown in their image and the one included here in Figures 26 C and 27 are strong, with exception of tentacular sclerites (rods); SBMNH specimens may be L. tricorata Breedy & Cortes, 2011."},{"description":"Distribution. From specimens examined within the California Bight, limited range from Cortes Bank up to California Channel Islands, but see also Breedy and Cortes (2011) and \" Remarks \" below."},{"description":"Material examined. ~ 11 lots (see Appendix 1: List of material examined)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333488421":"Animalia","333488422":"Cnidaria","333488423":"Anthozoa","333488424":"Alcyonacea","333488427":"Gorgoniidae"},"class":"Anthozoa"},{"key":11201469,"nameKey":37868080,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"a97f36e5-ded1-49cc-bdec-ac6170fc7b9c","nubKey":11201469,"parentKey":10763106,"parent":"UTPLA1","kingdom":"Bacteria","phylum":"Planctomycetota","order":"UBA1845","family":"UTPLA1","genus":"ECT2AJA-110-A","kingdomKey":3,"phylumKey":10815135,"classKey":8211192,"orderKey":10788733,"familyKey":10763106,"genusKey":11201469,"scientificName":"ECT2AJA-110-A","authorship":"","nameType":"NO_NAME","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":1,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:11201469","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"3":"Bacteria","10815135":"Planctomycetota","8211192":"Phycisphaerae","10788733":"UBA1845","10763106":"UTPLA1"},"class":"Phycisphaerae"},{"key":183909156,"datasetKey":"b742af22-42bf-4218-aee3-0a827439adc7","parentKey":333346535,"parent":"Trichomycteridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Siluriformes","family":"Trichomycteridae","genus":"Trichomycterus sp.A","kingdomKey":333346483,"phylumKey":333346488,"orderKey":333346523,"familyKey":333346535,"genusKey":183909156,"scientificName":"Trichomycterus sp. A","canonicalName":"Trichomycterus sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"22F173E96F285A6E9A0B90B5E1C4A882.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Fig. 4 C"},{"description":"Diagnosis. Trichomycterus sp. A is distinguished from its congeners of the study area by the spotted body due to high concentration of large maculae with no defined shape; caudal fin strongly truncated; eight branchiostegal rays; few dorsal procurrent rays (14 or 15)."},{"description":"Distribution. Upper rio Santo Antonio, rio Doce basin."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333346483":"Animalia","333346488":"Chordata","333346523":"Siluriformes","333346535":"Trichomycteridae"}},{"key":180747428,"datasetKey":"14903b53-e0b4-4811-a2c8-5b33259d4dac","parentKey":333368918,"parent":"Brachycentridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Trichoptera","family":"Brachycentridae","genus":"Micrasema spec","kingdomKey":333368912,"phylumKey":333368913,"classKey":333368914,"orderKey":333368915,"familyKey":333368918,"genusKey":180747428,"scientificName":"Micrasema spec. A","canonicalName":"Micrasema spec","authorship":"spec. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"3C3A65E957F450EBA9F166BC4B1CF72B.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Material. 1 ♀, 8 miles camp, 2500 m a. s. l., 6 - 8. x. 2002, LF, leg. W. Mey, (pinned)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333368912":"Animalia","333368913":"Arthropoda","333368914":"Insecta","333368915":"Trichoptera","333368918":"Brachycentridae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":265510329,"nameKey":353430863,"datasetKey":"678aa986-0481-4e46-b17f-c371195c7c74","parentKey":265510287,"parent":"Plantae","kingdom":"Plantae","genus":"Ranunculus tuvinicus","kingdomKey":265510287,"genusKey":265510329,"scientificName":"Ranunculus tuvinicus A.","canonicalName":"Ranunculus tuvinicus","authorship":"A.","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"DENORMED_CLASSIFICATION","numDescendants":1,"numOccurrences":0,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"265510287":"Plantae"}},{"key":182223648,"datasetKey":"b5ca09f5-d028-47bc-b992-ee4c2d459999","parentKey":333360951,"parent":"Gelechiidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Lepidoptera","family":"Gelechiidae","genus":"Tricerophora sp.A","kingdomKey":333360947,"phylumKey":333360948,"classKey":333360949,"orderKey":333360950,"familyKey":333360951,"genusKey":182223648,"scientificName":"Tricerophora sp. A","canonicalName":"Tricerophora sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"27FB1F8CF2FDCBDAE0D13E5F5980CFFB.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Material. 1 ♂, [RSA] Wylies Poort, 3 m, North, 16. vi. 1954 (Janse) (gen. slide 331 / 14, O. Bidzilya) (TMSA)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333360947":"Animalia","333360948":"Arthropoda","333360949":"Insecta","333360950":"Lepidoptera","333360951":"Gelechiidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":154474325,"datasetKey":"67643e9c-433b-46f7-bd95-9b8b00ad0d04","parentKey":333503748,"parent":"Entomobryidae","kingdom":"Animalia","order":"Collembola","family":"Entomobryidae","genus":"Coecobrya sp.A","kingdomKey":333503746,"orderKey":333503747,"familyKey":333503748,"genusKey":154474325,"scientificName":"Coecobrya sp. A","canonicalName":"Coecobrya sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"398C17FC71B9C94A47B1A97B260CD613.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Material examined. Ecuador, Galapagos, Santa Cruz Island: 1 juvenile ♂? on slide, Cueva Gallardo, leaf litter near entrance, 8. iii. 2014 (S. Taylor and J. Jacoby), GLP- 047, INHS Acc. 567,421."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333503746":"Animalia","333503747":"Collembola","333503748":"Entomobryidae"}},{"key":183909163,"datasetKey":"b742af22-42bf-4218-aee3-0a827439adc7","parentKey":333346537,"parent":"Loricariidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Siluriformes","family":"Loricariidae","genus":"Neoplecostomus sp.A","kingdomKey":333346483,"phylumKey":333346488,"orderKey":333346523,"familyKey":333346537,"genusKey":183909163,"scientificName":"Neoplecostomus sp. A","canonicalName":"Neoplecostomus sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"8EB4F228B8155D4BBFDD22E43949A93E.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Fig. 4 I"},{"description":"Diagnosis. Neoplecostomus sp. A differs from Neoplecostomus sp. B by the maxillary barbels poorly developed; premaxillary teeth and dentary with separate cusps and large concavity between them; lateral and central cusps with similar size; no developed papillae between branches of dentary; plates between dorsal and adipose fin meeting on the back of the dorsum."},{"description":"Distribution. Upper rio Santo Antonio, rio Doce basin."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333346483":"Animalia","333346488":"Chordata","333346523":"Siluriformes","333346537":"Loricariidae"}},{"key":183907171,"datasetKey":"13b1e5f2-46c1-454c-9429-255ddcc39dd7","parentKey":333346604,"parent":"Microporellidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Bryozoa","order":"Cheilostomatida","family":"Microporellidae","genus":"Microporella sp.A","kingdomKey":333346600,"phylumKey":333346601,"classKey":333346602,"orderKey":333346603,"familyKey":333346604,"genusKey":183907171,"scientificName":"Microporella sp. A","canonicalName":"Microporella sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"5360DFB11A10559198EB6F5D4542B501.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar. Autozooids irregularly polygonal, rounded, 435 - 676 (510 + / - 80, N = 7) x 255 - 427 µm (342 + / - 68, N = 7) (mean L / W = 1.49), distinct, with interzooidal boundaries marked by a narrow, raised, gymnocystal rim (Fig. 9 A). Frontal shield nearly flat to slightly convex, densely and coarsely granular and irregularly pseudoporous; granules 5 - 25 µm in diameter; 20 - 30 pseudopores, circular (5 - 12 μm in diameter), sparse in the proximal two-thirds of the zooid; 4 - 6 marginal areolae, usually visible at zooidal corners, circular to elliptical (10 - 40 µm long). Orifice transversely D-shaped, 90 - 107 (94 + / - 5, N = 10) x 118 - 143 (132 + / - 9, N = 10) µm (mean OL / OW = 0.71; mean ZL / OL = 5.43); hinge-line straight, smooth to slightly crenulated; in each corner a short, blunt, triangular condyle directed distally (Fig. 9 B). Oral spine bases four or five, 10 - 18 µm in diameter, evenly spaced, the proximalmost pair at about one-third of orifice length (Fig. 9 B). Ascopore field a narrow, elliptical area of smooth gymnocystal calcification (33 - 44 x 39 - 55 μm), placed 22 - 30 μm below the orifice, slightly depressed relative to the adjacent frontal shield; ascopore opening divided by thin radial septa, usually with a distinct tongue extending proximally from the distal edge (Fig. 9 B). Avicularium single, sometimes absent (two out of 14 zooids without avicularium in the fragment available), 93 - 123 (107 + / - 12, N = 9) x 70 - 87 (79 + / - 6, N = 9) μm (mean AvL / AvW = 1.36), located distolaterally, on either side; crossbar complete; rostrum short, triangular, not channelled, directed distolaterally, sometimes slightly raised distally (Fig. 9 A, B). Mandible, ovicells and ancestrula not observed. Subsequent intramural budding observed in avicularia."},{"description":"Fig. 9"},{"description":"Distribution and ecology. Presently known only from the Palinuro Peninsula, along the Tyrrhenian coast of Campania (southern Italy). A dead colony was collected from the biogenic muddy sediment covering the floor of a completely dark sector of the Scaletta submarine cave, at 46 m depth where the colony presumably lived."},{"description":"Examined material. Italy • 1 dead colony fragment consisting of ca. 14 zooids (some incomplete), none fertile; Tyrrhenian Sea, Palinuro Cape, Scaletta submarine cave; sediment sample; 40 ° 1 ' 35 \" N, 15 ° 16 ' 7 \" E; 46 m; 14 Sep. 2009; R. Leonardi leg.; scuba diving; PMC Rosso Collection I. H. B. 88 a."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333346600":"Animalia","333346601":"Bryozoa","333346602":"Gymnolaemata","333346603":"Cheilostomatida","333346604":"Microporellidae"},"class":"Gymnolaemata"},{"key":182408869,"datasetKey":"04bd8732-61ef-4c14-a6f8-f18af3fb1fb8","parentKey":333357948,"parent":"Ephemerellidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Ephemeroptera","family":"Ephemerellidae","genus":"Cincticostella sp.A","kingdomKey":333357944,"phylumKey":333357945,"classKey":333357946,"orderKey":333357947,"familyKey":333357948,"genusKey":182408869,"scientificName":"Cincticostella sp. A","canonicalName":"Cincticostella sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"848326E2530B559890E43FC63E4AE4D7.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Diagnosis. Immature larva: (i) genae moderately developed, rounded; (ii) anteromedian emargination of labrum shallow (labrum height in emargination / maximum labrum height ratio - 0.85); (iii) maxillary palp well-developed; (iv) segment III of maxillary palp, thin, elongated, rounded apically; (v) group of 13 - 16 setae different-sized, stout, hair-like situated on surface of galea-lacinia near base; (vi) prothoracic anterolateral projections small; (vii) mesothoracic anterolateral projections well-developed, subparallel to lateral aspect of body, not notched; (viii) surface of thorax covered with scattered short, thin, hair-like setae and few scale sockets and very short rounded scales with feathered margins in some of them; few waved and hooked setae cover mainly wing pads; (ix) dorsal surface of fore femur with sparse, transverse row of mainly long, stout setae with slightly convergent margins and bifurcated apices; (x) tarsal claw with one large denticle and several subapical setae; (xi) pairs of pointed projections present on abdominal terga II-IX; those on terga V-VIII strongest; those on tergum IX moderately developed, rounded apically."},{"description":"Distribution. Nepal."},{"description":"Material examined. Nepal: 2 larvae (one on slide 634), Gandaki Zone, Kaski District, stream at the Tolka-Lambruk Road, 28.365000 ° N, 83.831667 ° E, h ~ 2000 m a. s. l., 27. i. 2014, Chertoprud M. V., Marinskiy V. V. leg. - IN Nepa 1 Cinsp [NMNH NASU]."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333357944":"Animalia","333357945":"Arthropoda","333357946":"Insecta","333357947":"Ephemeroptera","333357948":"Ephemerellidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":314504297,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","parentKey":299631222,"parent":"Plexauridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Cnidaria","order":"Malacalcyonacea","family":"Plexauridae","genus":"Placogorgia species","kingdomKey":296374190,"phylumKey":299583181,"classKey":299618280,"orderKey":299618582,"familyKey":299631222,"genusKey":314504297,"scientificName":"Placogorgia species A","canonicalName":"Placogorgia species","authorship":"species A","nameType":"BLACKLISTED","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"CBQ2G","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"296374190":"Animalia","299583181":"Cnidaria","299618280":"Octocorallia","299618582":"Malacalcyonacea","299631222":"Plexauridae"},"class":"Octocorallia"},{"key":191994027,"datasetKey":"295e858f-8b12-4c61-be06-08ce86fc810e","parentKey":333323605,"parent":"Strabomantidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Anura","family":"Strabomantidae","genus":"Pristimantis sp.A","kingdomKey":333323594,"phylumKey":333323595,"classKey":333323596,"orderKey":333323597,"familyKey":333323605,"genusKey":191994027,"scientificName":"Pristimantis sp. A","canonicalName":"Pristimantis sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"BE1325D7649555DC84650BB06AB2A89A.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Figure 26"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333323594":"Animalia","333323595":"Chordata","333323596":"Amphibia","333323597":"Anura","333323605":"Strabomantidae"},"class":"Amphibia"},{"key":102466294,"nameKey":477611779,"datasetKey":"fab88965-e69d-4491-a04d-e3198b626e52","parentKey":102466293,"parent":"unclassified Retroviridae","kingdom":"Pararnavirae","phylum":"Artverviricota","order":"Ortervirales","family":"Retroviridae","genus":"Intracisternal A-particles","kingdomKey":167102266,"phylumKey":167102267,"classKey":167102268,"orderKey":156764738,"familyKey":102462454,"genusKey":102466294,"scientificName":"Intracisternal A-particles","authorship":"","nameType":"VIRUS","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":10,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"11749","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"167102266":"Pararnavirae","167102267":"Artverviricota","167102268":"Revtraviricetes","156764738":"Ortervirales","102462454":"Retroviridae","102466293":"unclassified Retroviridae"},"class":"Revtraviricetes"},{"key":198975888,"datasetKey":"cdc242c4-a2b0-4ca9-bcf2-271a213d67b1","parentKey":333253138,"parent":"Limidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Pectinida","family":"Limidae","genus":"Plagiostoma sp.A","kingdomKey":333253107,"phylumKey":333253108,"classKey":333253109,"orderKey":333253135,"familyKey":333253138,"genusKey":198975888,"scientificName":"Plagiostoma ? sp. A","canonicalName":"Plagiostoma sp.A","authorship":"? sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"133B379B3E965B54A41F492BAADA4076.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Description and remarks. The very poorly preserved specimen cannot be identified with certainty. The surface of the apparently rounded triangular-ovate specimen is covered with numerous faint, rounded, radial riblets."},{"description":"Plate 4, fig. 7 a, b"},{"description":"Material. A strongly crushed single valve with remains of shell from the lower member at Langza (SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIX 35)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333253107":"Animalia","333253108":"Mollusca","333253109":"Bivalvia","333253135":"Pectinida","333253138":"Limidae"},"class":"Bivalvia"},{"key":127890045,"datasetKey":"e5559874-3693-49c2-9e3c-ce9ac23b054a","parentKey":333826481,"parent":"Entomobryidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Entomobryomorpha","family":"Entomobryidae","genus":"Coecobrya sp.A","kingdomKey":333826473,"phylumKey":333826474,"classKey":333826475,"orderKey":333826476,"familyKey":333826481,"genusKey":127890045,"scientificName":"Coecobrya sp. A","canonicalName":"Coecobrya sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"E8EB53B3610B2559C1156D1919FB562E.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Material examined. Ecuador, Galapagos, Santa Cruz Island: 1 juvenile ♂? on slide, Cueva Gallardo, leaf litter near entrance, 8. iii. 2014 (S. Taylor and J. Jacoby), GLP- 047, INHS Acc. 567,421."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333826473":"Animalia","333826474":"Arthropoda","333826475":"Collembola","333826476":"Entomobryomorpha","333826481":"Entomobryidae"},"class":"Collembola"},{"key":11574931,"nameKey":75129865,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"a97f36e5-ded1-49cc-bdec-ac6170fc7b9c","nubKey":11574931,"parentKey":10878041,"parent":"Micrarchaeaceae","kingdom":"Archaea","phylum":"Micrarchaeota","order":"Micrarchaeales","family":"Micrarchaeaceae","genus":"A-MIC-10","kingdomKey":2,"phylumKey":10781292,"classKey":10734162,"orderKey":10702512,"familyKey":10878041,"genusKey":11574931,"scientificName":"A-MIC-10","authorship":"","nameType":"NO_NAME","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":1,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:11574931","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"2":"Archaea","10781292":"Micrarchaeota","10734162":"Micrarchaeia","10702512":"Micrarchaeales","10878041":"Micrarchaeaceae"},"class":"Micrarchaeia"},{"key":330974387,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","parentKey":296455323,"parent":"Pseudophyllodromiinae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","family":"Pseudophyllodromiidae","genus":"Calhypnorna sp.A","kingdomKey":296374190,"phylumKey":296374886,"classKey":296434567,"familyKey":292023931,"genusKey":330974387,"scientificName":"Calhypnorna sp. A","canonicalName":"Calhypnorna sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"3F7D","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"296374190":"Animalia","296374886":"Arthropoda","296434567":"Insecta","292023931":"Pseudophyllodromiidae","296455323":"Pseudophyllodromiinae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":182224056,"datasetKey":"32e97a1f-e04c-4b8e-b808-287e70627ee4","parentKey":333360864,"parent":"Tenthredinidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Hymenoptera","family":"Tenthredinidae","genus":"Waldheimia sp.A","kingdomKey":333360855,"phylumKey":333360856,"classKey":333360857,"orderKey":333360858,"familyKey":333360864,"genusKey":182224056,"scientificName":"Waldheimia sp. A","canonicalName":"Waldheimia sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"2138314E829F042FB0C0F2912601BCED.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Material. Mindo, Hacienda San Vicente, 00 ° 02 ' S, 078 ° 46 ' W, 1420 m, 23.11.2016, on leaf along pasture, P 4227. A (1 ♂), 1470 m, 23.11.2016, on fern along forest path, P 4227. B (1 ♂), leg. J. - L. Boeve, 1480 m, 23.11.2016, P 4231. A (1 ♂), leg. D. F. Dominguez, J. - L. Boeve, 1420 m, 23.11.2016, by sweeping along pasture, P 4232. A (1 ♂), leg. A. Pauly, J. - L. Boeve; Pacto, 00 ° 09 ' N, 078 ° 46 ' W, 1105, 24.11.2016, flying or on leaf, P 4233. A, P 4233. B, P 4233. C, P 4233. D, P 4233. E, P 4233. F (6 ♂), leg. J. - L. Boeve, P 4233. G, P 4233. H (2 ♂), leg. A. Pauly, J. - L. Boeve; Nanegal, Reserva Biologica Maquipucana, 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 38 ' W, 1260 m, 25.11.2016, flying above low plants, P 4235. A, P 4237. B (2 ♂), leg. J. - L. Boeve; Mindo, Hacienda San Vicente, 00 ° 03 ' S, 078 ° 46 ' W, 1375, 26.11.2016, flying above and on low plants along pasture, P 4239. B, P 4239. C (2 ♂), 1415 m, 26.11.2016, flying along pasture, P 4239. D (1 ♂), leg. J. - L. Boeve."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333360855":"Animalia","333360856":"Arthropoda","333360857":"Insecta","333360858":"Hymenoptera","333360864":"Tenthredinidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":158525321,"datasetKey":"37b2a078-3f92-4ec2-b892-d3e0a567f7d8","parentKey":333488451,"parent":"Acanthogorgiidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Cnidaria","order":"Alcyonacea","family":"Acanthogorgiidae","genus":"Acanthogorgia species","kingdomKey":333488446,"phylumKey":333488447,"classKey":333488448,"orderKey":333488449,"familyKey":333488451,"genusKey":158525321,"scientificName":"Acanthogorgia species A","canonicalName":"Acanthogorgia species","authorship":"species A","nameType":"BLACKLISTED","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"C2CFA9B83F11C6880C2B823D2474A970.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Description. Colonies (two) generally in one plane; one measures 7.0 cm x 5.5 cm (length to width); second (Figure 13) measures 9.0 cm x 4.5 cm, at widest, halfway up colony. Thin, delicate-looking branches (round to slightly square in shape); branching more or less dichotomous; closely monopodial. No flattening at branch origins. Base 2.0 mm wide, main branch 1.0 mm wide; branchlets vary between 0.5 - 0.75 mm wide and tips of branchlets very thin, thread-like; all branches quite stiff. Coenenchyme very thin (very little still present in these specimens); axis predominantly exposed, yellow-gold to rusty-brown. Of the few polyps present on a few branches, most located near branch tips (Figure 14 A); coenenchyme and polyps creamy-white. Polyps primarily sit lateral to branch, at distance of ~ 1.0 mm or less from each other; closer to branch tip sitting literally side by side; some few branches indicate that polyps can be found on all sides. There are marked, longitudinal grooves / ridges at distal ends of polyps; there is barely apparent a very short little spiny crown at their very tip (Figure 14 B). The ridges, eight in number, are each formed by a parallel collection of two or three bent spindle-type sclerites. Polyp surface densely covered with sclerites; no calyx apparent. Polyp height 3.0 mm, 2.0 mm from base to area of longitudinal grooves with another 1.0 mm of height when area of grooves / ridges included. All approximately 1.0 mm wide, distal end slightly wider, somewhat obvious, ~ 1.5 mm wide. No expanded tentacles readily visible (contracted over mouth); all heavily covered or encased by sclerites. Sclerites (Figures 15, A particularly) predominantly bent spindles; all tuberculated across entire surface, averaging 0.5 mm long by 0.08 mm wide. The largest (~ 0.7 mm x ~ 0.1 mm), decidedly bent spindles; these form the eight ridges mentioned above; others appear to lie in longitudinal direction up to and beyond upper edge of polyp, barely showing as short points of a crown. Bent spindles, somewhat smaller, almost tend to the formation of the en chevron, double-row pattern at the proximal end of ridges and down on to lower end of polyp. Also, less bent ones, seemingly very narrow spindles (0.6 mm x 0.05 mm); few appear slightly club-shaped (average 0.4 mm x 0.06 mm), primarily from lower polyp wall and coenenchyme. Sclerites with boomerang shape scarce or not present. From initial light microscopy examination, apparent that many of these spindles can be broken; many odd-shaped bits seen in arrays, with some of the spindles having oddly truncated ends, where some aspect of the sclerites likely had broken off. All forms quite densely arrayed on specimen's surface, giving polyp and branch coenenchyme a distinct white to glassy appearance; all sclerites colorless. Inner coenenchyme radiates not found."},{"description":"Material examined. 1 lot (see Appendix 1: List of material examined)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333488446":"Animalia","333488447":"Cnidaria","333488448":"Anthozoa","333488449":"Alcyonacea","333488451":"Acanthogorgiidae"},"class":"Anthozoa"},{"key":158407455,"datasetKey":"d128e9f8-454c-478d-8e95-c214a66fd63a","parentKey":333489101,"parent":"Empidoidea","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Diptera","family":"Empidoidea","genus":"Stuckenbergomyia species","kingdomKey":333489097,"phylumKey":333489098,"classKey":333489099,"orderKey":333489100,"familyKey":333489101,"genusKey":158407455,"scientificName":"Stuckenbergomyia species A","canonicalName":"Stuckenbergomyia species","authorship":"species A","nameType":"BLACKLISTED","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"DB4C01B8813F80A3AE6EF364060061AC.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Description. Head: Dichoptic without enlarged facets. Frons parallel-sided with dense grey pruinescence; brownish stripe medially; ocellar triangle blacking. Antenna with scape and pedicel paler than dark brown postpedicel; postpedicel length less than 4 x basal width; stylus cylindrical, shorter than basal width of postpedicel; apical mechanoreceptor one-third length of stylus. Thorax: Dense grey pruinescence. Scutum with pair of narrow dark brown vittae between acrostichals and dorsocentral rows (viewed anteriorly) (Fig. 21); broader brown stripe extending along supra-alar region; anterior margin of postpronotal lobe shiny, lacking pruinescence; prescutellar depression with light brown stripe medially. Chaetotaxy whitish; acrostichals multi-serial anteriorly, biserial on prescutellar depression; dorsocentral setae multi-serial and short anteriorly, longer and 4 - serial at prescutellar depression; postpronotal setae numerous and long; numerous presutural and postsutural supra-alar setae; 3 - 4 notopleural setae; 1 postalar seta; 7 pairs of scutellar setae, slightly longer than length of scutellum. Proepisternum with several pale setae. Legs: Brown, apex of femora, base of tibiae and proximal half of tarsomere 1 yellowish; apical tarsomeres increasingly darker (Fig. 20). Wing (2.6 - 3 mm): Broad, anal lobe nearly right-angled; alula well-developed. Costal margin at humeral crossvein expanded, costal cell broad; costa gradually reduced beyond M 1; spur vein arising from cell bm. Halter knob pale. Abdomen: Brown with thin grey pruinescence; setae pale. Female terminalia (undissected): Cercus short, truncate; hypoproct paler than cercus."},{"description":"Diagnosis. This species is characterised by a narrow pair of vittae between acrostichals and dorsocentrals and broader brown vittae along supra-alars; broad wings and 7 pairs of whitish scutellar setae."},{"description":"Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: 2 ♀, [Northern Cape], Farm Glenlyon, Camel Koppie, MT, 781 m elev., 31.41324 ° S 19.15802 ° E [31 ° 24 ' 47.664 \" S 19 ° 9 ' 28.872 \" E], 3 - 24. x. 2005, J. Schmidt, leg. (CNC) (Fig. 22)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333489097":"Animalia","333489098":"Arthropoda","333489099":"Insecta","333489100":"Diptera","333489101":"Empidoidea"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":128696888,"datasetKey":"e2f4b6e8-d909-4231-867a-08808dfc66ca","parentKey":333819117,"parent":"Hydrophilidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Coleoptera","family":"Hydrophilidae","genus":"Tobochares sp.A","kingdomKey":333819113,"phylumKey":333819114,"classKey":333819115,"orderKey":333819116,"familyKey":333819117,"genusKey":128696888,"scientificName":"Tobochares sp. A","canonicalName":"Tobochares sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"052959C9FB4D39D1C553F393CFF2BFD0.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Material examined (1). VENEZUELA: Amazonas: Tobogan de la Selva, leg. M. Balke (1 female, SEMC; DNA voucher SLE 526)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333819113":"Animalia","333819114":"Arthropoda","333819115":"Insecta","333819116":"Coleoptera","333819117":"Hydrophilidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":104894601,"nameKey":832044,"datasetKey":"fab88965-e69d-4491-a04d-e3198b626e52","parentKey":104894599,"parent":"unclassified Apicotermitinae","kingdom":"Metazoa","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Blattodea","family":"Termitidae","genus":"Apicotermitinae gen","kingdomKey":103832354,"phylumKey":104183026,"classKey":104295797,"orderKey":104890745,"familyKey":104894224,"genusKey":104894601,"scientificName":"Apicotermitinae gen. A","canonicalName":"Apicotermitinae gen","authorship":"A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":1,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"378162","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"103832354":"Metazoa","104183026":"Arthropoda","104295797":"Insecta","104890745":"Blattodea","104894224":"Termitidae","104894599":"unclassified Apicotermitinae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":178582111,"datasetKey":"6b6b2923-0a10-4708-b170-5b7c611aceef","parentKey":178582066,"parent":"unclassified Apicotermitinae","kingdom":"Metazoa","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Blattodea","family":"Termitidae","genus":"Apicotermitinae gen","kingdomKey":177651702,"phylumKey":177842949,"classKey":177843086,"orderKey":178579804,"familyKey":178580507,"genusKey":178582111,"scientificName":"Apicotermitinae gen. A","canonicalName":"Apicotermitinae gen","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"378162","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"177651702":"Metazoa","177842949":"Arthropoda","177843086":"Insecta","178579804":"Blattodea","178580507":"Termitidae","178582066":"unclassified Apicotermitinae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":209451469,"datasetKey":"1c7b187d-d663-4606-85f7-6724c274d3c5","parentKey":332075731,"parent":"Gerridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Hemiptera","family":"Gerridae","genus":"Eotrechus sp.A","kingdomKey":332075727,"phylumKey":332075728,"classKey":332075729,"orderKey":332075730,"familyKey":332075731,"genusKey":209451469,"scientificName":"Eotrechus sp. A","canonicalName":"Eotrechus sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"EF40BE5E35475411964EB9981B6E9792.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Figs 23, 25"},{"description":"Diagnosis. Size: macropterous female: length 10.70, width 2.90. Male unknown. Female: Dorsal side of head largely black, ventral side with median black stripe. Dorsal side of pronotum with three yellow stripes (Fig. 23 A). Venter of thorax and abdomen chiefly black. Penultimate segment of rostrum (Fig. 23 B) distinctly curved and basally swollen. Pronotum in posterior half on each side of midline with large, shiny area; pronotal lobe without median carina. Fore femur slender, length ca. 6.6 x width at base, without row of setae on flexor side. Claws long. Mesosternum ca. 3.5 x length of metasternum, posterior margin of metasternum without fringe of black setae. Hind femur slightly shorter than middle femur. Sternum VII medially as long as sterna V and VI combined; hind margin straight; connexival corner with small, acute tip. Tergum VIII with distinct pair of processes bearing tufts of long, bristle-like setae on posterolateral corners (Fig. 23 C). Gonocoxae and proctiger slightly protruded, pointing caudad."},{"description":"Material examined. India • 1 ♀ (macropterous); Meghalaya State (10), E Khasi Hills, 11 km SW Cherrapunjee, Laitkynsew, seepage, wet rocks with algae / blue algae / moss, ca. 1.5 - 2 km via road from \" Cherapunjee Holiday Resort \" in direction Cherapunjee, exposed; 25 ° 13 ' N, 91 ° 39 ' E; 810 m a. s. l.; 21 - 24 Apr. 2008; Fikacek, Podskalska & Sipek leg.; NMPC."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"332075727":"Animalia","332075728":"Arthropoda","332075729":"Insecta","332075730":"Hemiptera","332075731":"Gerridae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":179893577,"datasetKey":"6b6b2923-0a10-4708-b170-5b7c611aceef","parentKey":179893553,"parent":"unclassified Retroviridae","kingdom":"Pararnavirae","phylum":"Artverviricota","order":"Ortervirales","family":"Retroviridae","genus":"Intracisternal A-particles","kingdomKey":179885742,"phylumKey":179885744,"classKey":179885747,"orderKey":179886067,"familyKey":179886657,"genusKey":179893577,"scientificName":"Intracisternal A-particles","nameType":"VIRUS","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"11749","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"179885742":"Pararnavirae","179885744":"Artverviricota","179885747":"Revtraviricetes","179886067":"Ortervirales","179886657":"Retroviridae","179893553":"unclassified Retroviridae"},"class":"Revtraviricetes"},{"key":314481398,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","parentKey":298067617,"parent":"Diptera","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Diptera","genus":"Stuckenbergomyia species","kingdomKey":296374190,"phylumKey":296374886,"classKey":296434567,"orderKey":298067617,"genusKey":314481398,"scientificName":"Stuckenbergomyia species A","canonicalName":"Stuckenbergomyia species","authorship":"species A","nameType":"BLACKLISTED","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"7PKV","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"296374190":"Animalia","296374886":"Arthropoda","296434567":"Insecta","298067617":"Diptera"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":158525349,"datasetKey":"c81249cc-265d-41cd-809d-74da9f8324d6","parentKey":333488425,"parent":"Plexauridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Cnidaria","order":"Alcyonacea","family":"Plexauridae","genus":"Placogorgia species","kingdomKey":333488421,"phylumKey":333488422,"classKey":333488423,"orderKey":333488424,"familyKey":333488425,"genusKey":158525349,"scientificName":"Placogorgia species A","canonicalName":"Placogorgia species","authorship":"species A","nameType":"BLACKLISTED","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"A6649330026E13EB755195917D18A8A4.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Biology. May be considered a subtidal to deep-sea genus; this based on collection data for known species."},{"description":"Description. Colony (Figures 49, 50 A) generally branched in one plane; rarely, few reticulate; colony height (base to tip of upper-most branch) approximately 20 - 21 cm.; long, generally dichotomous branches and branchlets, moderately thick, cylindrical; branch diameter thickness averages 5.0 mm (including calyces); meandering sinuously, branches bent upward, parallel with main stem (not always obvious); tips of branches and branchlets swollen, to rounded 8.0 - mm diameter (Figure 50 B). Main stem bifurcates (sometimes), some distance (+ / - 10 cm) from base; branches then again bifurcate at ~ 1.0 -> 5.0 cm from first division. Further branching asymmetrical. Not all branches subdivide; of those that do, distance from previous subdivision varies. Polyps distributed over entire surface, sparsely placed at base, becoming progressively most crowded at branch tips. Color of freshly collected specimens, via video and still image (Figure 49), pale pinkish tan with conspicuous, fluffy, cotton candy-pink polyps; in preserved (dry) specimens, color dull tan-brown (Figure 50 A, B); axis color slightly darker brown. Calyces moderately low, ~ 1.0 mm tall, 2.0 mm across, 2.5 mm apart; blunt / rounded, conical, armed with sclerites of various shape. Coenenchyme (relatively thin) contains long, blunt-ending spindles, often bent; largest bent spindles 0.3 - 0.6 mm L, 0.05 - 0.1 mm H (average 0.5 mm L x 0.08 mm H), often with strong external spines (Figure 52 D). Distinctive sclerites often like thorn-scales or thorn-stars; small, spinulate or laciniate ones predominantly calycular (Figures 52 E-G). Anthocodial sclerites difficult to extract; sclerites of collaret also blunt-ended, bent spindles, at base of polyp, tending to circular arrangement. A few as large, heavy, tapered spindles, sometimes with several heavy, rough spines projecting from one side; some few (the calycular sclerites) as branched torches (Figure 52 B); also, crutch-types (Figures 51 A, 52 C); some few as crosses and irregular ones, most as unilateral spiny shapes (Figure 51 B, C). Color of sclerites cream to very light tan, at least in specimens that are long dry."},{"description":"Distribution. For genus (based on material found / examined at NMNH and other institutions, such as CAS) from Point Conception (California Bight) to Gulf of California (eastern North Pacific Ocean); western Pacific from Hawaii south to Philippines and Indonesia. NMNH also has specimens in this genus collected from off the coast of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean; these look very different from the one described here."},{"description":"Material examined. ~ 5 lots (see Appendix 1: List of material examined). While labeled Placogorgia material was examined at NMNH, nothing resembled in any way the specimens in the SBMNH collection."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333488421":"Animalia","333488422":"Cnidaria","333488423":"Anthozoa","333488424":"Alcyonacea","333488425":"Plexauridae"},"class":"Anthozoa"},{"key":152057888,"datasetKey":"ef38c1b2-bc69-4e07-952e-3be4b548f817","parentKey":333822525,"parent":"Ectobiidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Blattodea","family":"Ectobiidae","genus":"Calhypnorna sp.A","kingdomKey":333822513,"phylumKey":333822514,"classKey":333822515,"orderKey":333822516,"familyKey":333822525,"genusKey":152057888,"scientificName":"Calhypnorna sp. A","canonicalName":"Calhypnorna sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"040FD72A86AC5E23B20192FB3F8EC0FE.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Description. The specimen is a juvenile that is likely in its penultimate instar. Overall, the body shape is elongated for a typical cockroach, and even for a typical Pseudophyllodromiinae. A large portion of the head is visible from a dorsal perspective, and reaches anteriorly past the pronotum significantly. The black coloration on the pronotum is the same width as the width of the head where it meets with the pronotal margin (Figure 15 B). Antennae are hirsute to nearly plumose. The antennae are slightly clubbed basally with the widest point occurring at first segment of the flagellum. There are two major color regions of the antennae: a dark basal region and a light distal region. The dark basal region begins as slightly lighter than the remainder but becomes a dark black color by the end of the dark region. The 25 th segment of the antennae is the final dark segment. The 26 th antennal segment begins the light region of the antennae. The 26 th or 27 th and subsequent segments are nearly white, becoming more brownish orange after the 7 th white segment (33 total). The total number of antennal segments on the specimen is 38 (left) and 44 (right). The head is very large in relation to the remainder of the body, triangular, and wider than typical for a Pseudophyllodromiinae (Figure 15 A). Inter-ocular space is sharply angled creating a carina that begins where the compound eye meets the antennae. The antennal pits are closer together than the eyes. Eyes are prominent and appear to bulge the head laterally. Facial grooves spanning from the posterior portion of the eye towards the mouthparts are prominent. Coloration on head is brown-orange overall with a slightly lighter, less brown, patch above and below the carina. Ocellar spots are either absent or not readily visible. The pronotum is colored with a dark black region taking up the major two fifths of the medial area. The black area is opaque and reaches forward to the anterior margin but just stops short of completion in the posterior eighth of the segment. The black region is nearly rectangular, slightly rounded anteriorly and widened posteriorly (Figure 15 B). Bordering the black region laterally and posteriorly are translucent regions colored brown-orange similar to the remainder of the body. Meta- and meso-thoracic segments are both strongly lobed, presumably due to the developing wings within. Color is orange-brown overall with small amounts of black on the tips of the posterior pair of wing pads. Legs are light in color with a slight orange tinge overall. Dark regions are present on the medial side of the base of the fore-coxae. The ventro-anterior margin of the fore-femur have five (right) or eight (left) large piliform spines basally followed by 27 (right) and 20 (left) shorter piliform spines, which are then each followed by one larger piliform spine and finally one large distal spine that is not piliform. Arolia are large and extend beyond the tips of the pretarsal claws on all legs. Claws are symmetrical and unspecialized. Both the venter and dorsum of the abdomen is the same orange-brown color as the remainder of the body, but with a slightly redder tinge. Soft black color borders the abdomen laterally and posteriorly. The dorsal abdomen is mostly glabrous. Hairs that are present are most dense laterally and on segments five and six. Ventral abdomen is glabrous as well, with fewer hairs than on the dorsal side and no regions with any dense pubescence. Supra-anal plate is unspecialized and broadly subtrapezoidal or triangular. Subgenital plate is broadly subtrapezoidal with the posterior margin being broader than that of the subgenital plate. The posterior margin of the subgenital plate is not perfectly uniform and conforms around two large styli. Styli are equal in length to the entire subgenital plate. Their width is equal to half of the length of the visible portion of the styli."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333822513":"Animalia","333822514":"Arthropoda","333822515":"Insecta","333822516":"Blattodea","333822525":"Ectobiidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":257098185,"nameKey":318726906,"datasetKey":"c8227bb4-4143-443f-8cb2-51f9576aff14","genus":"Ditylenchoides","genusKey":257098185,"scientificName":"Ditylenchoides Subbotin, S. A., & Ryss, A. Y. 2024.","canonicalName":"Ditylenchoides","authorship":"S.A.Subbotin & A.Y.Ryss, 2024","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"9635a3aa-dd0c-4e98-83d1-0265bbe12130","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":285597098,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":7729344,"parentKey":299629601,"parent":"Fungi","kingdom":"Fungi","genus":"Sclerotites","kingdomKey":299629601,"genusKey":285597098,"scientificName":"Sclerotites A. Massalongo in A. Massalongo & Scarabelli, 1859","canonicalName":"Sclerotites","authorship":"A. Massalongo in A. Massalongo & Scarabelli, 1859","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"ST7SM","extinct":true,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"299629601":"Fungi"}},{"key":11356411,"nameKey":58550181,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"ca0fbe5d-f1d6-4290-b22d-2eae88d76ec5","nubKey":11356411,"parentKey":2998,"parent":"Leuctridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Plecoptera","family":"Leuctridae","genus":"Rhopalopsole","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":54,"classKey":216,"orderKey":787,"familyKey":2998,"genusKey":11356411,"scientificName":"Rhopalopsole Vn & A","canonicalName":"Rhopalopsole","authorship":"Vn & A","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"DOUBTFUL","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:11356411","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Material examined. Vietnam: Cao Bang, Ba Be National Park, jct road to Lake Ba Be and trail to ethnic village, 19 May 1995, ROM 956101, D. C. Currie, K. Ciruna, J. Whiting, 1 ♀ (ROM)."},{"description":"Diagnosis. The subgenital plate of this female does not closely match that of any of the known species, however, the projection from sternum 7 is generally similar to that of R. gladifera (Zwick 1977, Sivec et al. 2008), a species known from Bhutan."},{"description":"Male. Unknown. Female. Pigment pattern obscured by teneral specimen condition. Forewing length 6.0 mm. Sternum 7 prolonged as a narrow, apically rounded, tongue-shaped projection; lateral margins of projection sclerotized, median field and apex membranous (Fig. 12). Sternum 8 with a broad, transverse sclerite near posterior margin, and a membranous, hairy basolateral area (Fig. 12). Larva. Unknown."},{"description":"(Fig. 12)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","54":"Arthropoda","216":"Insecta","787":"Plecoptera","2998":"Leuctridae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":10368762,"nameKey":29953548,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"4cec8fef-f129-4966-89b7-4f8439aba058","nubKey":10368762,"parentKey":5343,"parent":"Tortricidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Lepidoptera","family":"Tortricidae","genus":"Genus","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":54,"classKey":216,"orderKey":797,"familyKey":5343,"genusKey":10368762,"scientificName":"Genus ANIC A","canonicalName":"Genus","authorship":"A.Anic","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"DOUBTFUL","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:10368762","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"Genus Dolichocarpa"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","54":"Arthropoda","216":"Insecta","797":"Lepidoptera","5343":"Tortricidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":11231494,"nameKey":58549620,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"e3dca285-34d8-4962-bfda-994d705a4a53","nubKey":11231494,"parentKey":2997,"parent":"Nemouridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Plecoptera","family":"Nemouridae","genus":"Amphinemura","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":54,"classKey":216,"orderKey":787,"familyKey":2997,"genusKey":11231494,"scientificName":"Amphinemura Vn & A","canonicalName":"Amphinemura","authorship":"Vn & A","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"DOUBTFUL","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:11231494","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Material examined. Vietnam: Lao Cai, ca. 12 km along road from Sapa to Lai Chau, 1950 m, 22 ° 20 ’ 58 ” N, 103 ° 46 ’ 15 ” E, 1 - 12 May 1999, ROM 992012, B. Hubley, 2 ♀ (ROM)."},{"description":"Remarks. No males with dark spots near the antennal bases were found among our samples. The pale area on the inner basal margin of the subgenital plate lobe appears to be distinctive, at least for the Vietnamese species we have seen."},{"description":"Adult habitus. General color brown. Head brown with dark areas at base of antennae. Pronotum pale brown over most of disk, paler along median suture. Wings pale brown, veins dark brown. Femora brown, tibiae dark proximally at knee and pale elsewhere. Female. Forewing length 7.5 mm. Subgenital plate lobes meet near midline; posterior margins form a broadly U-shaped notch; inner basal margins poorly sclerotized (Fig. 29). Sternum 9 entirely sclerotized; anteromedian margin slightly projecting. Median area of sternum 7 projects over base of subgenital plate."},{"description":"(Fig. 29)"},{"description":"Material examined. Vietnam: Lao Cai, ca. 12 km along road from Sapa to Lai Chau, 1950 m, 22 ° 20 ’ 58 ” N, 103 ° 46 ’ 15 ” E, 1 - 12 May 1999, ROM 992012, B. Hubley, 3 ♀ (ROM). Adult habitus. General color brown. Head brown with pale transverse line behind ocelli. Pronotum dark except along lateral margins. Wings brown, veins dark brown. Legs brown. Female. Forewing length 7.5 - 8.0 mm. Subgenital plate lobes divergent (Fig. 28). Sternum 9 with a large anteromesal hump. Sternum 7 projects over base of subgenital plate."},{"description":"Remarks The distinctive pronotal color pattern of these specimens has not been found among Vietnamese male specimens. The strongly divergent subgenital plate lobes distinguishes this species from other Vietnamese females."},{"description":"(Fig. 28)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","54":"Arthropoda","216":"Insecta","787":"Plecoptera","2997":"Nemouridae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":100021052,"datasetKey":"3f8a1297-3259-4700-91fc-acc4170b27ce","nubKey":8616804,"parentKey":100021051,"parent":"Physarieae","order":"Brassicales","family":"Brassicaceae","genus":"Physaria","classKey":100000038,"orderKey":100019507,"familyKey":100019508,"genusKey":100021052,"scientificName":"Physaria (Nuttall ex Torrey & A. Gray) A. Gray","canonicalName":"Physaria","authorship":"(Nuttall ex Torrey & A. Gray) A. Gray","accordingTo":"FNA Editorial Committee. 2010. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae. Oxford University Press, New York.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"1332","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"herb"}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"bladderpod","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"twinpod","language":"eng"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"100000038":"Equisetopsida","100019507":"Brassicales","100019508":"Brassicaceae","100021051":"Physarieae"},"class":"Equisetopsida"},{"key":296437954,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":7956572,"parentKey":296437915,"parent":"Proisotominae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Entomobryomorpha","family":"Isotomidae","genus":"Strenzketoma","kingdomKey":296374190,"phylumKey":296374886,"classKey":296403171,"orderKey":296422820,"familyKey":296437914,"genusKey":296437954,"scientificName":"Strenzketoma Potapov, M, Babenko, A & Fjellberg, A, 2006","canonicalName":"Strenzketoma","authorship":"Potapov, M, Babenko, A & Fjellberg, A, 2006","publishedIn":"Potapov, M., A. Babeno & A. Fjellberg, 2006, Taxonomy of the Proisotoma complex. Redefinition o","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"7P5C","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"296374190":"Animalia","296374886":"Arthropoda","296403171":"Collembola","296422820":"Entomobryomorpha","296437914":"Isotomidae","296437915":"Proisotominae"},"class":"Collembola"},{"key":285366714,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":4890864,"parentKey":296007042,"parent":"Cycadales","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Cycadales","genus":"Vladiloxylon","kingdomKey":293994071,"phylumKey":294954977,"classKey":296007012,"orderKey":296007042,"genusKey":285366714,"scientificName":"Vladiloxylon A. Lutz, A. Crisafulli & R. Herbst, 2003","canonicalName":"Vladiloxylon","authorship":"A. Lutz, A. Crisafulli & R. Herbst, 2003","publishedIn":"Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, n. s. 5: -. [31-38]","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"TVL6B","extinct":true,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"293994071":"Plantae","294954977":"Tracheophyta","296007012":"Cycadopsida","296007042":"Cycadales"},"class":"Cycadopsida"},{"key":235038023,"datasetKey":"d7a23684-9222-422b-868a-6c8712a4fd05","nubKey":9206453,"parentKey":334179127,"parent":"Elapidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Squamata","family":"Elapidae","genus":"Hydrophis","kingdomKey":334179073,"phylumKey":334179074,"classKey":334179082,"orderKey":334179083,"familyKey":334179127,"genusKey":235038023,"scientificName":"Hydrophis (A. H. A. Dumeril 1853) Latreille 1801","canonicalName":"Hydrophis","authorship":"(A. H. A. Dumeril 1853) Latreille 1801","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"03B38B5C8437FF84FFDCFF77FCFDFCBC.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"CONSERVATION STATUS [IUCN]. — Least Concern [2016] ver. 3.1."},{"description":"REMARKS. — We have tentatively assigned this species to Hydrophis consistent with the treatments of Hydrophis and related nominal genera by Sanders et al. (2013: 583) and Pyron et al. (2013)."},{"description":"PHILIPPINE DISTRIBUTION. — Philippines (unknown, but it has been reported from the coast of the Malaysian Peninsula and Vietnam in the South China Sea). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION (OTHER THAN PHILIPPINES). — Gulf of Siam, including coastal Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, South China Sea north to Taiwan, and east to New Guinea, New Caledonia, and Australia."},{"description":"TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE SPECIMEN (S). — New Holland (but questioned by Smith, 1926: 103). Holotype: MNHN 7177."},{"description":"Spiny-headed Sea Snake or Horned Sea Snake"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334179073":"Animalia","334179074":"Chordata","334179082":"Repitilia","334179083":"Squamata","334179127":"Elapidae"},"class":"Repitilia"},{"key":246545218,"nameKey":29953548,"datasetKey":"0b1735ff-6a66-454b-8686-cae1cbc732a2","nubKey":10368762,"parentKey":205798756,"parent":"Tortricidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Lepidoptera","family":"Tortricidae","genus":"Genus","kingdomKey":160779655,"phylumKey":160779866,"classKey":160783170,"orderKey":160786551,"familyKey":205798756,"genusKey":246545218,"scientificName":"Genus ANIC A","canonicalName":"Genus","authorship":"A.Anic","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"DOUBTFUL","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"10368762","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"Genus Dolichocarpa"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"160779655":"Animalia","160779866":"Arthropoda","160783170":"Insecta","160786551":"Lepidoptera","205798756":"Tortricidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":285598356,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":7441707,"parentKey":299629601,"parent":"Fungi","kingdom":"Fungi","genus":"Polystigmites","kingdomKey":299629601,"genusKey":285598356,"scientificName":"Polystigmites A. Massalongo in A. Massalongo & Scarabelli, 1859","canonicalName":"Polystigmites","authorship":"A. Massalongo in A. Massalongo & Scarabelli, 1859","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"RSTJV","extinct":true,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"299629601":"Fungi"}},{"key":288592152,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":10545105,"parentKey":5302577,"parent":"Lamprophiidae","acceptedKey":304166170,"accepted":"Boaedon A.M.C.Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A.Duméril, 1854","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Squamata","family":"Lamprophiidae","genus":"Boaedon","kingdomKey":296374190,"phylumKey":299312263,"classKey":307423189,"orderKey":302164994,"familyKey":304166156,"genusKey":304166170,"scientificName":"Boodon A. M. C. Duméril, Bibron & A. H. A. Duméril, 1854","canonicalName":"Boodon","authorship":"A. M. C. Duméril, Bibron & A. H. A. Duméril, 1854","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"SYNONYM","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"LSXSP","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":true,"higherClassificationMap":{"296374190":"Animalia","299312263":"Chordata","307423189":"Reptilia","302164994":"Squamata","304166156":"Lamprophiidae","304166170":"Boaedon","5302577":"Lamprophiidae"},"class":"Reptilia"},{"key":273931628,"datasetKey":"e007cc4a-8704-449d-8829-bb209d26d6c8","nubKey":3236397,"parentKey":2870201,"parent":"Pleurochloridaceae","acceptedKey":273931626,"accepted":"Radiosphaerella P.C. Silva, 1979","kingdom":"Chromista","phylum":"Ochrophyta","order":"Mischococcales","family":"Pleurochloridaceae","genus":"Radiosphaerella","kingdomKey":273849417,"phylumKey":273925919,"classKey":273931416,"orderKey":273931589,"familyKey":273931596,"genusKey":273931626,"scientificName":"Radiosphaera (A. Pascher) A. Pascher, 1937-1938","canonicalName":"Radiosphaera","authorship":"(A. Pascher) A. Pascher, 1937-1938","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"SYNONYM","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"7PXBR","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":true,"higherClassificationMap":{"273849417":"Chromista","273925919":"Ochrophyta","273931416":"Xanthophyceae","273931589":"Mischococcales","273931596":"Pleurochloridaceae","273931626":"Radiosphaerella","2870201":"Pleurochloridaceae"},"class":"Xanthophyceae"},{"key":300081148,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":3236397,"parentKey":2894454,"parent":"Pleurochloridaceae","acceptedKey":300081147,"accepted":"Radiosphaerella P.C. Silva, 1979","kingdom":"Chromista","phylum":"Ochrophyta","order":"Mischococcales","family":"Pleurochloridaceae","genus":"Radiosphaerella","kingdomKey":299967116,"phylumKey":304181940,"classKey":300081048,"orderKey":304182139,"familyKey":300081134,"genusKey":300081147,"scientificName":"Radiosphaera (A. Pascher) A. Pascher, 1937-1938","canonicalName":"Radiosphaera","authorship":"(A. Pascher) A. Pascher, 1937-1938","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"SYNONYM","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"7PXBR","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":true,"higherClassificationMap":{"299967116":"Chromista","304181940":"Ochrophyta","300081048":"Xanthophyceae","304182139":"Mischococcales","300081134":"Pleurochloridaceae","300081147":"Radiosphaerella","2894454":"Pleurochloridaceae"},"class":"Xanthophyceae"},{"key":165643314,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","parentKey":144097758,"parent":"Cirsium","genus":"Cirsium","species":"Cirsium acaule","genusKey":144097758,"speciesKey":165643314,"scientificName":"Cirsium acaule (L.) A.A.Weber ex Wigg., 1780","canonicalName":"Cirsium acaule","authorship":"(L.) 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They flower from June to September."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"144097758":"Cirsium"}},{"key":253004065,"datasetKey":"aacd816d-662c-49d2-ad1a-97e66e2a2908","parentKey":1517,"parent":"Eupatorieae","acceptedKey":114692460,"accepted":"Brickellia Elliott","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Asterales","family":"Asteraceae","genus":"Brickellia","kingdomKey":331939890,"phylumKey":331940123,"classKey":331940164,"orderKey":331940817,"familyKey":114691070,"genusKey":114692460,"scientificName":"Kuhnia A. DC.","canonicalName":"Kuhnia","authorship":"A. 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While in Dothiorella and some Diplodia species, namely those with aseptate brown conidia, the conidia become pigmented while still attached to the conidiogeneous cells, this has not yet been observed in Sardiniella. Moreover, the conidial wall is thicker in Diplodia than in Sardiniella (Linaldeddu et al. 2016). So far, Sardiniella species have been reported as pathogens and saprobes of woody hosts. While S. urbana was isolated from diseased ornamental Celtis australis trees on the island of Sardinia, Italy (Linaldeddu et al. 2016), the remaining species have been isolated from decaying plant material (Hyde et al. 2017, Chen et al. 2021, Dissanayake et al. 2021). Currently Sardiniella includes four species based on both morphological and phylogenetic analyses, viz. S. urbana (Linaldeddu et al. 2016), S. celtidis (Hyde et al. 2017), S. guizhouensis (Chen et al. 2021) and S. elliptica (Dissanayake et al. 2021). Sardiniella urbana Linaldeddu, A. Alves & A. J. L. Phillips, Mycosphere 7: 900 (2016), MycoBank MB 817512 (Figure 16)"},{"description":"Type: ITALY, Sassari, isolated from a branch canker of Celtis australis (Cannabaceae), 9 Sep 2013, Benedetto T. Linaldeddu (holotype LISE 96308, culture ex-type CBS 141580). Sexual morph not reported. See Linaldeddu et al. (2016) for illustrations and descriptions of asexual morph. Isolate CDP 1658. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata on palm leaflets in culture pycnidial, globose to subglobose, non-stromatic, uniloculate, black, solitary, occasionally aggregated in small groups of 2 – 3, superficial, or immersed in the host becoming erumpent when mature, covered with mycelial hairs, thick-walled. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells lining the pycnidial cavity, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled, simple, discrete, determinate, cylindrical to broadly lageniform, straight or slightly curved, aseptate, rarely 1 - septate, enteroblastic, proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, or proliferating percurrently giving rise to 1 – 2 indistinct annelations, 5.69 – 13.72 × 2.71 – 5 μm, 95 % confidence limits = 8.12 – 9.39 × 3.69 – 4.11 μm (mean ± SD = 8.76 ± 1.77 × 3.90 ± 0.60 μm, n = 30). Conidia ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, few broadly obovoid or slightly reniform, rounded ends, few with subobtuse base, slightly narrower in the middle, thick-walled, hyaline and aseptate, becoming pale brown to brown and 1 - septate, rarely 2 - septate, with age, eguttulate, 23.71 – 29.42 × 9.36 – 11.01 μm, 95 % confidence limits = 25.67 – 26.63 × 9.84 – 10.15 μm (mean ± SD = 26.15 ± 1.34 × 9.99 ± 0.44 μm), mean ± SD conidium length / width ratio = 2.62 ± 0.21 (n = 30). Culture characteristics: Colonies on 1 / 2 PDA, reaching 73 mm diam. after 7 d at 20 ℃ in darkness. Surface flat, with sparse aerial mycelium, with entire, slightly undulate margin, circular shape, whitish to pale, opaque. Reverse pale to yellowish. Turning entirely dark grey to black after about 2 w. No diffusible pigment. Material examined: PORTUGAL, Lisbon, Parque das Nações, on foliar lesions of leaflets of Phoenix reclinata (Arecaceae), 8 May 2021, Diana S. Pereira (specimen HDP 093, new host and geographical record), living culture CDP 1658 (ITS sequence OQ 996239, tef 1 sequence OR 233682). Hosts: Celtis australis (Cannabaceae) (Linaldeddu et al. 2016) and Phoenix reclinata (Arecaceae) (present study). Distribution: Italy (Linaldeddu et al. 2016) and Portugal (present study). Notes: Based on the phylogenetic analyses of the combined ITS- tef 1 dataset, strain CDP 1658 clustered with the ex-type strain and other strains of Sardiniella urbana with maximum ML-BS / PP values (Figure 6). Sequence comparisons with the ex-type of S. urbana (CBS 141580) for ITS and tef 1 showed 100 % and 98.81 %, respectively, sequence similarity and differences are represented by few base pair changes in tef 1 partial sequence. Morphologically, CDP 1658 isolated in this study is similar to the holotype of S. urbana from a branch canker of Celtis australis in Italy (Linaldeddu et al. 2016). Both produce globose pycnidial conidiomata with ellipsoid, thick-walled, hyaline and aseptate conidia, that become brown and 1 – 2 - septate with age. Nonetheless, conidia of CDP 1658 are somewhat longer, but narrower than those of the ex-type of S. urbana (CBS 141580) (mean = 26.15 × 9.99 μm versus 23.5 × 12 μm, respectively) (Linaldeddu et al. 2016) (Figure 16). Thus, based on these morpho-molecular analyses, strain CDP 1658 was identified as S. urbana. Sardiniella urbana has only been reported from Celtis australis (Cannabaceae) in Italy (Linaldeddu et al. 2016). In the present study, S. urbana is reported on Phoenix reclinata (Arecaceae) in Portugal, representing a new host and geographical record (Table 5). The isolate of S. urbana studied was recorded from foliar lesions of P. reclinata, but pathogenicity has not been tested."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"332936060":"Fungi","332936061":"Ascomycota","332936062":"Dothideomycetes","332936063":"Botryosphaeriales","332936064":"Botryosphaeriaceae"},"class":"Dothideomycetes"},{"key":319257106,"datasetKey":"10b50b1c-15a5-4774-8633-e68d74c3dcfd","nubKey":2225826,"parentKey":333284085,"parent":"Gecarcinidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Decapoda","family":"Gecarcinidae","genus":"Discoplax","kingdomKey":333284081,"phylumKey":333284082,"classKey":333284083,"orderKey":333284084,"familyKey":333284085,"genusKey":319257106,"scientificName":"Discoplax A. Milne Edwards, 1867 A. Milne Edwards 1867","canonicalName":"Discoplax","authorship":"A. Milne Edwards, 1867 A. Milne Edwards 1867","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"03871F323B41FE0723F01C252E078745.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"BIOLOGY The genus Discoplax is exclusively Indo-Pacific and all species are found in caves. Discoplax longipes was regarded as ‘ very rare’ by A. Milne Edwards (1867) in New Caledonia, with the holotype simply labelled as from “ New Caledonia ”, without any other indication. The presence of D. longipes on the main island of New Caledonia is uncertain. It seems likely that the original specimen on which A. Milne Edwards based his description was actually collected in the nearby Loyalty Islands, where D. longipes is not uncommon (Figs 1 B; 6 A; 7 A) (Ng & Guinot 2001: fig. 5; see also Ng & Shih 2015: figs 1, 2). In the Loyalty islands, the caves from which the crabs were collected are completely isolated, without a real communication with the sea (B. Séret, pers. comm.): eggs are laid and incubated in the caves where they live, and the females with ripe eggs migrate to the sea, probably by passing through crevices. According to Ng & Shih (2015), the specimens collected from Fiji and Cook Islands reported by Türkay (1974 a) and McLay & Ryan (1990), as well as those from Makatea, Tuamotu and French Polynesia (Poupin 1996; Poupin & Juncker 2010), are probably D. longipes. Hypothesis to be verified. Discoplax gracilipes was previously known only from the Central Philippines, in and around the island of Panglao (a relatively low limestone island with numerous anchialine sinkholes and caves) and in neighbouring islands, Balicasag Island in Bohol, Siquijor (Takeda 2000, as D. aff. longipes) and in the anchialine environments in Siquijor (Bucol & Alcala 2013: fig. 4). Discoplax gracilipes has also been found in Bat Cave, on the eastern side of Samal Islands just south of Davao: in a limestone body, with the entrance at about 100 m away from the sea, the Bat cave appears to connect to the sea because dim light is visible from the water at the innermost part of the cave (Husana et al. 2010). Discoplax gracilipes was recently collected from an anchialine pool in a cave on Hateruma Island, southern Ryukyu Archipelago, southwestern Japan (Kobayashi & Naruse 2023: fig. 1), which extends the northern limit of the species distributional range by about 1400 km. D. gracilipes is characterised by the second and third ambulatory legs markedly elongated, at least 4 - 5 times carapace length, and, as such, it is best adapted to cave life than D. longipes. D. michalis Ng & Shih, 2015 (Ng & Shih 2015: figs 4, 5, 6 E, F, 7 G, H, 9, 10 E, F, K, L, 14 E-H, 15 C-H, 16 C, D) is a pseudocryptic species only known from limestone caves in Guam. The morphometrics for the three Discoplax species are presented by Kobayashi & Naruse (2023: table 2). See below, The Case of the genus Discoplax A. Milne Edwards, 1867."},{"description":"DIAGNOSIS Carapace (Fig. 1 B) Carapace more or less rounded, not inflated (Guinot et al. 2018: fig. 4 D, E; N. K. Ng et al. 2019: fig. 2 B and 2 C, Discoplax longipes, D. gracilipes, respectively; Kobayashi & Naruse 2023: fig. 1 A, D. gracilipes), with the maximum recorded size being 61.7 - 71.9 mm for D. longipes. Dorsal surface with regions distinctly marked, covered with granules. Fronto-orbital border more than half width of carapace. Front relatively wide, not much deflexed. Anterolateral margin well delimited, with a marked cleft (in the diagnosis of Gecarcinidae sensu lato by Davie et al. 2015 c: 1117, “ anterolateral margins unarmed ” must be corrected). Subhepatic and subbranchial areas heavily striated (Ng & Shih 2015: fig. 7 A-D and G, H, D. longipes and D. michalis, respectively; Guinot et al. 2018: fig. 6 A, D. longipes); posterolateral regions with pronounced striae (Ng & Shih 2015: figs 1 - 3, 6 A-C, D. longipes; 4 A, B, 5, 6 D-F, D. michalis). Cephalic structures (Fig. 2 A) Orbits developed but not completely filled by eyestalks, not closed laterally. Suborbital area conspicuously granulated (Ng & Guinot 2001: figs 5 B and 9 C, D. longipes, D. gracilipes, respectively; Ng & Shih 2015: figs 4 C, 7 G, H and 7 A, B, D. michalis, D. longipes, respectively); with suborbital stridulatory crest, see below. Stridulatory apparatus (Fig. 2 A) Suborbital crest long, forming stridulatory pars stridens consisting of very small, tightly packed granules (Ng & Guinot 2001: figs 5 B and 9 C, Discoplax longipes, D. gracilipes, respectively; Ng & Shih 2015: fig. 7 A, B and 7 G, H, D. longipes, D. michalis, respectively; Guinot et al. 2018: fig. 6 A, D. longipes; Kobayashi & Naruse 2023: fig. 3 A, B, D. gracilipes). Plectrum consisting of thickened ridge located on inner margin of P 1 merus (Guinot et al. 2018: fig. 11 A, D. longipes), present in both sexes. Proepistome (Fig. 2 A) Proepistome small, narrow, subquadrate, low, recessed. Buccal frame, epistome, mxp 3 and pterygostome (Fig. 2 A) Buccal frame elongate-subquadrate, circumscribed laterally, with wide, thick, straight anterior margin joining anterior border of epistome as two concave edges joining medially. Mxp 3 relatively long, leaving wide rhomboidal gap between them; merus with emargination on anterior border; palp normal, with three mobile articles externally visible. Exopod exposed, with concealed flagellum (Ng & Shih 2015: figs 1 C, G, 7 A, B and 4 D, 7 G, H, Discoplax longipes, D. michalis, respectively). Pterygostomial area setose (Kobayashi & Naruse 2023: fig. 1 B). Chelipeds Male chelipeds sometimes only slightly subequal; heterochely very weak (Ng & Shih 2015: figs 1 A, B, E and 3 C, 4 A, B, 5, Discoplax longipes, D. michalis, respectively; Kobayashi & Naruse 2023: figs 2, 3 B, D. gracilipes). Ambulatory legs P 2, P 3 elongated and slender, especially in D. gracilipes (Kobayashi & Naruse 2023: fig. 1), covered with distinct granules and / or striae, appearing very rugose; dorsal margin of merus granular; only lateral margins of propodus and dactylus equipped with short stiff spines or setae (Ng & Shih 2015: fig. 10 A, B, G and 10 E, F, K, L, Discoplax longipes, D. michalis, respectively). Sterno-pleonal cavity and male pleon (Figs 6 A; 7 A) Sterno-pleonal cavity deep, wide. Male pleon very wide (resembling a female pleon), long, reaching almost suture 2 / 3. Somite 6 very short, particularly broad and rounded, with convex margins; telson short, rounded; ridge on sternite 4 faint, surrounding telson only (Ng & Shih 2015: figs 1 D, G, 8 A-F and 4 D, 9, D. longipes, D. michalis, respectively; Guinot et al. 2018: fig. 5 B, D. longipes). Female pleon (Fig. 8 D) Relatively narrow, without strong sexual dimorphic. See below, Female pleon and pleopods and The case of the genus Discoplax A. Milne Edwards, 1867. Thoracic sternum, locking pleonal structures and setal tufts (Figs 6 A; 7 A) Thoracic sternum wide, especially at level of sternite 4 (Ng & Shih 2015: figs 1 D, G, 8 A-E and 4 D, 9, Discoplax longipes, D. michalis, respectively; Guinot et al. 2018: fig. 5 A, B, D. longipes); sternites 1 - 3 forming low plate; sternite 1 triangular, separated from sternite 2 by thick ridge anteriorly lined with granules (suture 1 / 2); sternite 2 very short, flattened, separated from sternite 3 by thin, straight, complete sulcus (suture 2 / 3); no suture 3 / 4, without lateral traces; sternite 4 short and wide, with weakly concave lateral margins, thus only weakly restricted between the P 1; faint rim delineating margin of sterno-pleonal cavity at level of telson; episternites 4 - 6 narrow, longitudinally directed; posterior sternites on same plane as preceding sternites; suture 7 / 8 rather short (Guinot et al. 2018: fig. 5 B, C, D. longipes); sternite 8 short but developed medially, the posterior emargination being far from reaching sternite 7; no visible portion of sternite 8 when pleon is folded. Median line on sternites 8 and 7, and reappearing on sternite 6 in front of thick and wide median bridge at level of suture 6 / 7 (Guinot et al. 2018: fig. 5 B, C, D. longipes). Press buttons on sternite 5 acute, close to suture 4 / 5, observed in D. longipes (Guinot et al. 2018: fig. 5 B) and D. gracilipes (character not mentioned in the description of D. michalis), however barely visible due to dense setal cover (a trace in a female D. longipes 32.6 × 37.0 mm) (Köhnk et al. 2017: fig. 19 a); socket on pleonal somite 6 not easily noticeable, except for small cuticular border (Köhnk et al. 2017: fig. 19 b), thus pleonal locking perhaps no longer functional, at least over certain size. Pleon bordered by thick fringe of setae along its margins; absence or strong reduction of hydrophilic setal tufts in other locations. Male gonopore and penis (Fig. 7 A) Male gonopore close to P 5 coxo-sternal condyle but penis emerging in middle of sternite 8 thus far from thoracic sternal suture 7 / 8; penis proximally narrow, then more expanded (Guinot et al. 2018: fig. 5 C, D. longipes). G 1 and G 2 G 1 proportionally short, stout, almost straight, tip reaching sternal suture 4 / 5 (Ng & Shih 2015: figs 11, 14 A-D, 15 A, B, 16 A, B and 14 E-H, 15 C, D, 16 C, D, D. longipes, D. michalis, respectively; Kobayashi & Naruse 2023: figs 4 A-D and E, F and G, H, D, D. gracilipes, D. longipes, D. michalis, respectively). G 2 short, spatulate, with pointed tip (see Ng & Shih 2015: fig. 11 A, D. longipes; Kobayashi & Naruse 2023: 181). Vulvae Vulvae small, operculum moderately salient."},{"description":"TYPE SPECIES. — Discoplax longipes A. 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Medusa: apical peduncle slight or absent, four simple radial canals, no centripetal canals, folded gonads on radial canals, marginal tentacles all of one kind, evenly distributed, with adhesive organs, statocysts if present, enclosed in the mesoglea."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333793150":"Animalia","333793151":"Cnidaria","333793152":"Hydrozoa","333793153":"Limnomedusae","333793154":"Olindiidae"},"class":"Hydrozoa"},{"key":162463579,"datasetKey":"2d9cc532-dbf4-46f5-b134-4d8fa2f93663","nubKey":2301875,"parentKey":334072103,"parent":"Scaliolidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","family":"Scaliolidae","genus":"Finella","kingdomKey":334072064,"phylumKey":334072065,"classKey":334072066,"familyKey":334072103,"genusKey":162463579,"scientificName":"Finella A. Adams 1860","canonicalName":"Finella","authorship":"A. Adams 1860","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"6531624615515272FC5DFC07FC16FB91.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"TYPE SPECIES. — Finella pupoides A. Adams, 1860, by monotypy. Recent, Indo-Pacific."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334072064":"Animalia","334072065":"Mollusca","334072066":"Gastropoda","334072103":"Scaliolidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":125951250,"datasetKey":"3d9b97e9-2f2c-458e-883b-488a628a3fa5","nubKey":4801555,"parentKey":125951148,"parent":"Ecnomidae","kingdom":"Animalia","family":"Ecnomidae","genus":"Daternomina","kingdomKey":334108572,"familyKey":125951148,"genusKey":125951250,"scientificName":"Daternomina A Neboiss 2002","canonicalName":"Daternomina","authorship":"A Neboiss 2002","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"HT-383609","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334108572":"Animalia","125951148":"Ecnomidae"}},{"key":125956594,"datasetKey":"3d9b97e9-2f2c-458e-883b-488a628a3fa5","nubKey":1434788,"parentKey":125955864,"parent":"Hydrobiosinae","kingdom":"Animalia","family":"Hydrobiosidae","genus":"Ipsebiosis","kingdomKey":334108572,"familyKey":125955861,"genusKey":125956594,"scientificName":"Ipsebiosis A Neboiss 1977","canonicalName":"Ipsebiosis","authorship":"A Neboiss 1977","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"HT-383564","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334108572":"Animalia","125955861":"Hydrobiosidae","125955864":"Hydrobiosinae"}},{"key":127902768,"datasetKey":"3f35086e-d4fa-4b71-a4b5-c8fa289af31f","nubKey":6005983,"parentKey":333821522,"parent":"Polyporaceae","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Basidiomycota","order":"Polyporales","family":"Polyporaceae","genus":"Riopa","kingdomKey":333821518,"phylumKey":333821519,"classKey":333821520,"orderKey":333821521,"familyKey":333821522,"genusKey":127902768,"scientificName":"Riopa D. A. Reid","canonicalName":"Riopa","authorship":"D. A. Reid","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"4E3E09674C88918117774AC8081A88B6.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Description. White, resupinate polypores with shallow pores, 2 - 5 per mm. Hyphal structure monomitic, clamps absent. Hyphae thin- to slightly thick-walled, similar throughout the basidiocarp, hyphae not swollen, wider (3 - 5 µm in diameter) in subiculum, a bit narrower in trama (2.8 - 3.5 µm). Hymenial branching corymb-like. Thin-walled, poorly differentiated hymenial cystidia and conidia in one species. Spores curved cylindrical, sausage-like, thin-walled, mid-sized (4.5 - 6.5 x 2 - 3 µm)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333821518":"Fungi","333821519":"Basidiomycota","333821520":"Agaricomycetes","333821521":"Polyporales","333821522":"Polyporaceae"},"class":"Agaricomycetes"},{"key":123514725,"datasetKey":"b564d5a8-68b0-422c-9148-0fd6d17977cd","nubKey":3245229,"parentKey":334086218,"parent":"Philinidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Cephalaspidea","family":"Philinidae","genus":"Laona","kingdomKey":334086214,"phylumKey":334086215,"classKey":334086216,"orderKey":334086217,"familyKey":334086218,"genusKey":123514725,"scientificName":"Laona A. Adams 1865","canonicalName":"Laona","authorship":"A. Adams 1865","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"F67B87E8303FFFEF6B8EFC0BFEE46AE8.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Diagnosis. Shell rounded to quadrangular; smooth or with chain-like or net-like sculpture; parietal wall protruding into posterior half of aperture; gizzard non-muscularized, lacking plates. Radula with a 2 – 6.1.0.1.2 – 6 formula."},{"description":"Remarks. Philine scutulum Lovén, 1846, the type species of Ossiania Monterosato 1884, was synonymized with Philine quadrata by Ohnheiser & Malaquias (2013), which was transferred to Laona by Oskars et al., (2015), therefore Ossiania is here placed in the synonymy of Laona. According to Oskars et al. (2015) Laonidae is genetically distinct from Philinidae and includes animals lacking gizzard plates, typically with net-like sculpture (but also smooth or with chain-like sculpture) and pigmented bands on the shell, not seen in other philinoids. The northeastern Pacific species Philine californica Willett, 1944 matches the morphological characteristics of other Laonidae and although it has not been sequenced, it is here transferred to this group."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334086214":"Animalia","334086215":"Mollusca","334086216":"Gastropoda","334086217":"Cephalaspidea","334086218":"Philinidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":258245590,"datasetKey":"a144cb92-a35f-4be1-a70b-12a59f5be52d","parentKey":334148702,"parent":"Hexacrinitidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Echinodermata","family":"Hexacrinitidae","genus":"Hystricrinus","kingdomKey":334148665,"phylumKey":334148700,"classKey":334148701,"familyKey":334148702,"genusKey":258245590,"scientificName":"Hystricrinus Carpenteri. A 1885","canonicalName":"Hystricrinus","authorship":"Carpenteri. A 1885","publishedIn":"Gunther, Albert C. L. G., Dallas, William S., Carruthers, William, Francis, William (1885): The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology. In: Reptiles and Batrachians from Brazil. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO.; KENT AND CO.,; WHITT AKER AND CO.: BAILLIERE, PARIS: MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH: HODGES, FOSTER, AND CO., DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN: TAYLOR AND FRANCIS: 1-96, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14926803","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"584D535BFF8AFFB175823A07FE2CFDD1.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":["NEW_GENUS"],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Body cup-shaped, widest at the summit of the first radials, then slightly contracting by the curving inwards of the interbrachial plates. The vault is flat or slightly convex. rL'he height of the calyx, measuring to the distal margin of the interbrachial plates, varies from 18 to 23 miilim. in different specimens, and is slightly less than their width, which varies between 20 and 25 miilim. Basals. — The base of the calyx has the form of an open shallow cup, tiie marginof which is hexagonal in figure, with indistinct angles. The lower exterior portion where it connects with the stem is circular, about 5 miilim. in diameter, with a slightly projecting collar, the edges of which are finely grooved (Pl. VI. fig. 2). Within this is a slight depression and at the bottom of it a small circular aperture communicating with the interior of the calyx. The base is formed by three equal plates of a pentagonal form. The basal plates vary from - 3 to - 6 millim. in thickness near their upper margins, whilst near their bases they are from 1 to 2 millim. in thickness. The base itself varies from 5 to 7 - 5 millim. in height, and is thus about one third the entire height of the calyx; it is from 14 to 21 miilim. in width. The upper margins connecting the basals with the radials are not exactly straight, but rudely crenulate, the edges slightly overlapping the radial margins. Radials. — The first or true radials are relatively large flattened plates, spade-shaped or trapezoidal in form, varying from 10 to 12 millim. in height, 8 to 11 millim. in width at their bases, and between 10 and 14 millim. at their summit margins. They are about - 75 millim. in thickness, but in the central upper portion increase to 2 millim. The basal and the two lateral margins are straight, whilst the distal is in some cases straight and in others is slightly elevated towards the centre, where there is a shallow semicircular excavation with radial ridges and grooves for the reception of tlie second radial. The sutural surfaces of the first radials, by which they connect with each other and the basals, are covered with very delicate transverse ridges and grooves (Pl. VI. fig. 5), whilst those of their distal margins, which connect with the interbrachial plates, run in a longitudinal direction (Pl. VI. fig. 4). The second and third so-called radials are short thick plates or joints, whose united length varies from 2 - 5 to 3 - 25 millim., and they are about 3 ' 5 millim. in width. The lower and shorter of the two has an oblong or trapezoidal outline, and varies in different specimens from ’ 8 to 1 ' 25 millim. in height, whilst the third or * radial is a small pentagonal joint 1 - 7 to 2 millim. in height. There are one or two spines on the dorsal surfaces of each of these upper radials. Laterally the upper radials are united by sutures to the interbrachial plates. Arms and Pinnules. — The two sloping upper facets of the axillary radial each support a single arm. The first four joints of each arm are subequal, with four unequal sides, and approximately semielliptical in transverse section. They are disposed in a single vertical series, and their united length is 3 - 2 millim. The sutural facets of these joints are strongly grooved radially. The inner lateral faces of the first two joints of each arm are bevelled and grooved and suturally connected with the corresponding arm-joints springing from the adjoining axillary facet. The next two joints in each arm diverge from those of the corresponding arm; but they are nevertheless united together by an elongate tongue-shaped interaxillary plate. Above the fourth joint in each arm the joints become wedge-shaped and form a double alternate vertical series. The inner edges of these joints are dove tailed into each other, so that the sutures form a zigzag line on the dorsal surface of the arm. The separate joints are about - 7 millim. in height and 3 - 2 millim. from the dorsal to the ventral edge. The two lowest arm-joints above the axillary radial are suturally united to the interbracbial plates, and thus bound up with the calyx; the joints above these appear to have been free, with the exception of the third and fourth, which are connected together by the interaxillary plate. There are from two to three spine-bearing tubercles on each of the arm-joints. The pinnules consist of elongate compressed joints, horse shoe-shaped in transverse section. The longest joint measures - 3 millim. and the terminal about 1 - 8 millim. They are about - 5 millim. from the dorsal to the ventral edge. In one or two cases the canals on the ventral surface can be distin guished. There are apparently six, if not more, joints in each pinnule; the facets between the joints are smooth and even. The outer surface of the joints is also smooth and free from tubercles. I am unable to deteimint with accuracy the lowest joint of the arms which is furnished with pinnules, but they appear to commence on the fourth or fifth above the axillary radial. In none of my specimens are there more than eight arm-joints preserved. Anal Plate. — This is nearly oblong in form, very slightly wider above than below; it differs from the first radials, between two of which it is inserted, in not increasing in width to the same extent above and in the absence of the central notch and tumidity (Pl. VI. fig. 1, A). Its upper margin is nearly straight and in a line witli that of the first radials. The plate varies from 8 - 5 to 10 millim. in width, and from 10 to 12 millim. in height. Anal Interbrachials (Pl. VI. fig. 1, 1 b. A). — The area covered by these plates is nearly half as large again as that in the other interbracbial spaces. In the best-preserved specimens it is 15 millim. in width at the base and at least 7 - 5 millim. in height. There are three vertical zones of plates exposed; the space above these is concealed from view. In the lowest zone six plates are present; the two connected with the upper radials on each side are trapezoidal in form, whilst the intermediate four plates are subequal, pentagonal, with straight bases and sides and angular summits. These plates are each about 2 - 5 millim. in width and from 3 to 4 millim. in height. Seven plates are present in the second series; these are polygonal, with the lower angles accurately fitting into the angles of the lower series. The upper series is also of seven plates, of a similar character to the series below them. The entire series of plates are suturally attached together and also to the distal margins of the first radials and anal plate below, and laterally to the upper radials and the two lowest arm-joints on each side, so that they form a compact slightly incurving shield over the area. These plates are not so abundantly provided with spines as the anal and radial plates, and they are usually much smoother. There are from one to five spine-bearing tubercles irregularly disposed on each plate. The anal aperture is concealed; it is probably slightly above the third zone of plates. Interbrachials. — The space covered by these plates is from 8 - 75 to 10 - 5 millim. in width in different specimens; it also varies somewhat even in the same example; the plates reach from 6 to 9 o millim. above the distal margin of the first radials. The plates of the lower of the three zones are always three in number; they are all larger than the plates of the higher zones, and the middle of the three is very prominent. This is usually, but not invariably, situated centrally above the distal margins of the first radials; its base is generally straight, but in the rare cases in which there is an entering angle at the union of the first radials the base of this plate is angular and accurately fits into the space. Strictly, therefore, this middle plate of the lower zone is an interradial plate. This plate is from 3 to 4 millim. in width and about 4 in height. The lateral plates of the lower zone are relatively wider and shorter than the central plate; their outer margins arc suturally attached to the sides of the second and axillary radials, even sometimes reaching to the lowest armplate. The middle zone consists of three or four polygonal plates, varying from 2 to 3 millim. in width and height, which dovetail into the open angles of the lower series, and their own summit-angles are similarly filled by the top series, usually of four plates. In one specimen there are one or two partially detached plates above the third zone; but I cannot tell whether such were generally present. These interbrachial plates, like those of the anal area, have comparatively smooth surfaces; in some no tubercles can be detected, probably from obliteration, whilst in others there are from one to three spine-bearing tubercles. The plates are about - 5 millim. in thickness, and their sutural surfaces are furnished with longitudinal minute ridges, of which there are from four to five. In none of the specimens is the contact of the distal margins of these plates with the plates of the vault actually shown; but the vault-plates are in such close proximity (Pl. VI. fig. 10) that there can be no doubt of their original union with them. Vault. — In none of my specimens is the vault complete; but portions of it are in situ, and there are also numerous detached plates in the interior of an individual whose roof has collapsed. It was composed of a solid massive layer of numerous small polygonal but relatively thick plates, very intimately united together, so that the partitions between them czufnot in ııııııkfiııstıııııccs bc detected ”. Tiıcircnııtııut « surfaces in some cases show minute longitudinal ridges and grooves of a similar character to those of the interbrachial plates, but liner; in other cases the contact-surfaces appear to be quite smooth. The plates throughout the vault are about - 9 millim. in thickness, and thus nearly double as thick as the interbrachial plates. Those of the peripheral area (Pl. VI. fig. 10) are not more than 1 millim. in width; their upper surfaces are now relatively smooth, but on each there are from one to four spine-bearing tubercles of two different sizes. The plates of the central portion of the vault are thickly covered with minute blunted fixed spines oxtubercles, with some articulated spines as well, and also short sinuous ridges (Pl. VI. figs. 11, 12). I am unable to ascertain definitely the form and number of the places in this central portion; some were clearly larger than those of the peripheral area, and there is a detached united mass, evidently belonging to the central area, which may be of only two or three large plates; but no divisions are perceptible in it. Tubercles and Spines. — The tubercles are minute truncated cones which project slightly from the surface of the plates. Their narrow summits are perforated by a minute circular aperture or pit, from - 1 to - 15 millim. in width; their sides gradually enlarge towards the base, which varies from - 3 to - 5 millim. in width, and merges into the general surface of the plate without any distinctive collar or depression. In the best-preserved examples there is no prominent rounded knob at the summit of the tubercle. They appear to be very liable to be worn down to the surface of the plate, so that in many instances they look like so many minute rings, and their real characters would scarcely be recognized in this condition. The spines are elongate, cylindrical in section, with a slightly prominent ring or collar at their basal extremity (Pl. VI. fig. 8). The base is perforated with a minute cir cular pit. Just above the basal collar is a slight contraction or neck, beyond which the spine gradually increases in thick ness to near its middle and then tapers to an obtuse or, in some cases, a sharp point. In some examples the spine is thickest near the base, the collar is not perceptible, and it tapers regularly to its distal end. The surface of the spines, when examined under the microscope, is seen to be orna mented with minute longitudinal parallel ridges, which do not appear to be continuously even with its surface, but at intervals project outward at a small angle; these ridges are about - 025 millim. apart. The spines vary from 1 - 5 to 4 millim. in length, and from - 25 to - 35 millim. in thickness. Those on the basals and first radials are tolerably uniform in size, and average 2 - 5 millim. in length, whilst those of the vault-plates are only 1 - 5 millim. in length, but nearly as thick as those of the calyx (Pl. VI. fig. 9). The spines on the arms appear to be very slender. The excavated basal faces of the spines are approximately of the same dimensions as the summits of the tubercles, and could therefore but very slightly have overlapped or clasped these latter, and they would consequently be mainly held in position by the ligament passing between the cavity in the tubercle and that in the spine. There is no apparent regular distribution of the tubercles and spines on the plates of the calyx. In some few cases there are rows of tubercles which seem to be parallel with the margins of the first radials; but, as a rule, the tubercles are irregularly scattered over the plates, sometimes being in close proximity or only about - 2 millim. apart, whilst not unfrequently there is an interval of 1 millim. between two of them. They are most thickly grouped on the upper tumid portion of the first radial, just below the excavated surface on which the second radial rests. There are as many as seventy-three spine-bearing tubercles on the surface of a large first-radial plate, and from fifty to sixty on smaller plates. A large basal plate has sixty-five tubercles, whilst an unusually small plate possesses only twenty-seven. The tubercles and spines of the radial and basal plates are approximately equal in size, but there are two distinct sizes of tubercles on the smaller vault-plates. The interspaces on the plates between the tubercles appears to be smooth. It is a curious circumstance that in several instances in which the spines remain on the calyx-plate they do not lie irregularly crossed over each other, but in one nearly parallel direction, as if their attaching ligaments had simultaneously given way, and some gentle uniform influence had acted on the spines, so that they all fell in the same direction (Pl. VI. figs. 6, 7). Stem. — Attached to the bases of two of my specimens (Pl. VI. figs. 1, 6) there are five or six of the upper joints of the stem, which show its characters and enable the nume rous detached fragments, which are abundant in the same beds with the crinoids themselves, to be identified. I have col lected thirty of these fragments, but the longest docs not ex ceed 21 millim. The stem is cylindrical, with a moderately large cylindrical central canal (Pl. VI. figs. 13, 14). It varies from 3 miilim. in diameter in a very small form, to 6 - 3 millim. in a large one; in the majority of specimens it is from 4 - 5 to 5 miilim. in thickness, including the exterior flange. The inner canal of the stem is from 1 - 5 to 2 - 8 miilim. in width (Pl. VI. fig. 15). The constituent joints or rings are of two kinds, with inter mediate forms. In the larger joints the peripheral margin expands into a flange with thin edges, and the joints arc nearly as thick again as the smaller intermediate joints, in which the projecting flange is either entirely absent or but very slightly developed. The larger are between - 4 and - 7 miilim. in thickness, and the smaller from - 2 to - 5 millim. In some portions of the stem there are three of the smaller rings be tween each of the larger, which are then about 1 - 5 millim. apart, and the central of the smaller rings exhibits an inci pient flange, whilst in others the larger are only about 1 millim. apart, with a single intervening narrow ring. The facets of the rings are even and furnished with numerous, fine, equal, radiating grooves and ridges, which extend from the exterior margin to the inner edge (Pl. VI. fig. 15). The number of these varies partly with the size of the ring. In a small ring, 3 millim. in diameter, there were sixty-four ridges, and an equal number were present in a ring 4 - 25 millim. in width. The face of the ring in another detached stem, 3 - 75 millim. in width, had seventy-five ridges, while there were only seventy-seven with a thickness of 5 millim. As a rule, these minute ridges are simple, but rarely there is a slight bifurcation or notch in them near the outer margin. There is no special delimitation of the inner margin of the stem-joints round the central canal. At irregular intervals on the stem, whorls of cirri are developed (Pl. VI. figs. 13, 14). The distance between the whorls varies from 5 to 14 millim., but with only the short detached fragments which I possess it is not easy to deter mine satisfactorily if there were regular intervals between the whorls. The whorls are unequal in size; and whilst in some the cirri, or their bases, are large and apparently full-grown, in others the cirrus-bases are very small and apparently imperfect. In several instances there is a distance of about 14 millim. be tween the whorls or nodes of perfectly developed cirri, and between each of these, though not centrally, there is a node of imperfectly developed cirri (Pl. VI. fig. 13). It would thus appear that in this genus whorls of cirri are developed on some of the intercalated joints between the larger nodes, which indicates a different mode of growth from that which prevails in the recent Pentacrinidae According to Dr. P. Herbert Carpenter * the youngest nodes are always at the top of the stem in this family, and all the joints subsequently intercalated between them are internodal. As a rule there are five cirri in each whorl, but in some cases only four are developed; the space, however, in which the fifth should appear is vacant and marked by a slight cicatrix. Though normally the cirri of the same whorl are at the same horizontal level, yet instances occur in which one or more of the cirri are situated on joints higher or lower on the stem than those bearing the others. Similar abnormalities have been shown by Dr. P. H. Carpenter to be present in the recent Pentacrinidae. Thus in Pentacrinus decorus, Wyv. Thomp. f, and in Metacrinus cingulatus, H. Carp. f, the ab sence of a single cirrus is not at all unfrequent; and further, in Pentacrinus alternicirrus, H. Carp. §, the cirri of a whorl are distributed on two nodal joints, and in a much more regular manner than appears to be the case in Hystricrinus. The whorls in this genus are not, as is usually the case in the Pentacrinidae, developed nearly entirely on the lateral surface of a single, in some respects specially modified, stem joint; but the individual cirrus appears to commence its growth on one of the smaller joints or rings (which must have been penetrated by the cirrus-canal), and then extends above and below it, so as to cover over the space between two or three of the larger rings and the intervening smaller ones. In the whorls of the larger cirri the stem-joints are nearly entirely concealed by the cirrus-sockets, but they can be clearly distinguished beneath the smaller cirri. This extension of the cirrus-sockets over more than a single stem joint occurs also in other Palmocrinoids, and is well shown in Poteriocrinus rostratus, Austin *; it is also the case in some of the recent Pentacrinidae, as, for example, in Metacrinus nobilis, H. Carp. f, in which both the joint above and that below the nodal joint share in the formation of the cirrus-socket. The nodal portion of the stem is somewhat expanded, but the increased thickness is rather owing to the cirri than to an enlargement of the stem itself. The sockets of the cirri are slightly sunk below the surface of tiie stem. Only the lowest four or five joints of tiie cirri are preserved in any of the specimens; they have a slightly oblique direction in rela tion to the stem, but I cannot say whether upwards or down wards. The faces of the joints are circular; they vary in diameter from 1 to 1 - 5 millim. in the smaller cirri, and about 2 - 5 millim. in the larger, and the joints are about - 4 millim. in thickness. The cirrus-joints are united to each other by radiating unequal ridges and grooves, which are proportionally larger and less numerous than those uniting the joints of the stem (Pl. VI. fig. 16). There are from twelve to fourteen ridges, which extend nearly to the centre of the face, most of which bifurcate about halfway to the margin leaving a deep groove between, and there are also short ridges between the larger. There is a minute central canal in the cirri about - 15 millim. in width, uhich is bordered by a slightly elevated collar. The cirri in the same whorl are not horizontally equidis tant from each other, and, at first sight, their disposition appears to be altogether irregular; but closer consideration shows, in many instances, an appearance of a bilateral ar rangement. Thus frequently there are two cirri in a whorl in close proximity, whilst a considerable space separates the remaining three from this pair and from each other. Now, if a line is drawn between this pair through the stem, it bisects the base of the cirrus on the opposite side; and this cirrus, which I regard as the anterior one (Pl. VI. fig. 14), has the remaining two of the live at about equal distances on either side of it. As this disposition can be traced in several in stances, it can hardly be of an accidental character. In each of the horizontal interspaces between the cirri of the larger whorls, with the exception of that between the paired cirri, there are usually two laterally compressed blunted spines, one above the other (Pl. VI. fig. 14). These spines are really portions of the thin flanges of the larger rings of the stem, and they indicate the position of the larger rings, which have been covered over by the cirrus-bases. The points of difference between this form and H. ithacensis, as described by Prof. Williams, clearly indicate that it is a distinct species. The calyx is nearly twice the size, and whilst the tubercles on the corresponding plates are nearly thrice as numerous, the spines themselves, particularly those of the vault plates, are not more than one third the length of those of H. ithacensis. The interbracbial plates are also more numerous, and there are no indications of smooth rows of plates in the vault, as is stated to be the case in this latter species. Hitherto no cirri have been discovered in connexion with the stem of H. ithacensis, but it is probable such will be found to be present in this species as well. Prof. Williams compares H. ithacensis with specimens of an undescribed form in the Museum of Cornell University, of which, he states, Prof. Hall has privately distributed the photograph with a name attached. As no description of these specimens has ever been published, and as 1 have not the opportunity, like Prof. Williams, of examining them, I cannot institute any comparison between them and H. Carpenteri. An interesting feature in connexion with this species is the fact that out of eleven examples which have been discovered there are three in which a gastropod shell of the genus Platyceras, Conrad, is attached to the vault of the crinoid, which it nearly entirely covers. Though the shells have been somewhat displaced by the compression of the crinoids, there is clear evidence that the sinuosities of their margins, when in their original positions, very closely fitted to the surface of the crinoid vault. It is also noticeable that, in all three instances, these shells have a similar very definite position in relation to the anal aperture of the crinoid, so far as it can be deter mined by the situation of the anal plate; and they arc so placed that the front margin of the gastropod shell would just project over this aperture. There can be no doubt that the gastropod derived its support from the materials rejected by the crinoid, whilst, at the same time, the position it had taken up does not appear to have in any way injured the crinoid; at all events, the specimens to which the shells are attached are larger and more perfect than the others. The Platyceras - shells belong to two species: one, with the surface smooth, merely showing sinuous lines of growth, is closely related to Platyceras erectum, Hall *; whilst the other species was provided with spines, and appears to be the small variety of P. dumosum, Conrad * which is of frequent occur rence in the same beds as this crinoid. In conclusion, I desire to express my grateful sense of the kind assistance which Dr. P. Herbert Carpenter most willingly afforded me in tracing out the relations of this crinoid, and my thanks are also due to Dr. Henry Woodward, F. R. S., for permitting me to examine the fossil crinoids in the British Natural-History M useum."},{"description":"Distribution. 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Rothschild 1895 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. thikae Matschie 1910 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. tjaederi Lönnberg 1907 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. tschadensis Schwarz 1913 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. unctuosus Laurillard 1842 Species Kobus kob (Erxleben 1777) Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. kob Erxleben 1777 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. adolfi Lydekker and Blaine 1914 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. bahrkeetae Schwarz 1913 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. leucotis Lichtenstein and Peters 1853 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. pousarguesi Neumann 1905 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. riparia Schwarz 1914 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. thomasi P. L. Sclater 1896 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. ubangiensis Schwarz 1913 Species Kobus leche Gray 1850 Subspecies Kobus leche subsp. leche Gray 1850 Subspecies Kobus leche subsp. kafuensis Haltenorth 1963 Subspecies Kobus leche subsp. robertsi W. Rothschild 1907 Subspecies Kobus leche subsp. smithemani Lydekker 1900 Species Kobus megaceros Fitzinger 1855 Species Kobus vardonii Livingstone 1857 Subspecies Kobus vardonii subsp. vardonii Livingstone 1857 Subspecies Kobus vardonii subsp. senganus P. L. Sclater and Thomas 1897"},{"description":"Discussion: Includes Adenota and Onotragus; see Ansell (1972: 40). Species groups are K. kob or Adenota group (includes also K. vardonii, forming a superspecies), K. leche or Hydrotragus group (includes also K. megaceros), and K. ellipsiprymnus or nominate Kobus group (Ansell, 1972). The most parsimonious tree based on morphological characters is (K. vardonii) (( K. kob) (( K. leche, K. megaceros) (K. ellipsprymnus ))) with kob group paraphyletic (Vrba et al., 1994). Phylogeny inferred from mtDNA is (K. leche, K. megaceros) (( K. kob, K. vardonii) (K. ellipsprymnus )) (Birungi and Arctander, 2001), with species groups monophyletic."},{"description":"Type Species: Antilope ellipsiprymnus Ogilby 1833"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334186954":"Animalia","334186955":"Chordata","334186956":"Mammalia","334186957":"Artiodactyla","334186982":"Bovidae"},"class":"Mammalia"},{"key":235040540,"datasetKey":"c67efb5d-a1aa-431a-b0e2-5352ba10f138","nubKey":5190006,"parentKey":334178966,"parent":"Aglajidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Cephalaspidea","family":"Aglajidae","genus":"Chelidonura","kingdomKey":334178962,"phylumKey":334178963,"classKey":334178964,"orderKey":334178965,"familyKey":334178966,"genusKey":235040540,"scientificName":"Chelidonura A. Adams 1850","canonicalName":"Chelidonura","authorship":"A. 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Smith 1831","canonicalName":"Petromus","authorship":"A. Smith 1831","publishedIn":"A. Smith (1831): Petromus. S. Afr. Quart. J. 1 (5)","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"03BC87A9461DFF812207FA5C53D8FA0C.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Petromus A. Smith, 1831 . S. Afr. Quart. J., l (5): 10. ISIS NUMBER: 5301410031001000000."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"332995506":"Animalia","332995507":"Chordata","332995508":"Mammalia","332995509":"Rodentia","332995543":"Petromyidae"},"class":"Mammalia"},{"key":209755913,"datasetKey":"61a5f178-b5fb-4484-b6d8-9b129739e59d","nubKey":3171136,"parentKey":202019442,"parent":"Plantaginaceae","kingdom":"Viridiplantae","phylum":"Anthophyta","order":"Lamiales","family":"Plantaginaceae","genus":"Maurandella","kingdomKey":201949480,"phylumKey":201977684,"classKey":202009318,"orderKey":202017683,"familyKey":202019442,"genusKey":209755913,"scientificName":"Maurandella (A. 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Macandrewella Scott A., 1909. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=346643 on 2020-02-04","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"205664","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"167920784":"Animalia","167927708":"Arthropoda","167992965":"Copepoda","167996210":"Calanoida","167996594":"Scolecitrichidae"},"class":"Copepoda"},{"key":296431920,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":8929548,"parentKey":296430924,"parent":"Protaphorurini","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Poduromorpha","family":"Onychiuridae","genus":"Megaphorura","kingdomKey":296374190,"phylumKey":296374886,"classKey":296403171,"orderKey":301877153,"familyKey":296430242,"genusKey":296431920,"scientificName":"Megaphorura Fjellberg, A, 1998","canonicalName":"Megaphorura","authorship":"Fjellberg, A, 1998","publishedIn":"Fjellberg, A., 1998, The Collembola of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Part I","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"5MY5","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"296374190":"Animalia","296374886":"Arthropoda","296403171":"Collembola","301877153":"Poduromorpha","296430242":"Onychiuridae","296430924":"Protaphorurini"},"class":"Collembola"},{"key":194314551,"datasetKey":"043aaccd-6ce1-43e4-ac21-9154f1710125","nubKey":4117546,"parentKey":333277519,"parent":"Poaceae","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Poales","family":"Poaceae","genus":"Parahyparrhenia","kingdomKey":333277515,"phylumKey":333277516,"classKey":333277517,"orderKey":333277518,"familyKey":333277519,"genusKey":194314551,"scientificName":"Parahyparrhenia A. Camus 1950","canonicalName":"Parahyparrhenia","authorship":"A. Camus 1950","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"D95E650D5F69A908FF75D00D2CF1F8F6.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Key to the species of Parahyparrhenia in the world 1. Upper glume of the sessile spikelet aristate; lower glume grooved, not convex on the back ............................................................2 1. Upper glume of the sessile spikelet ex-aristate; lower glume grooved or convex on the back..........................................................5 2. Homogamous spikelet present at the base of raceme; lower glume of sessile spikelet bidentate or entire .......................................3 2. Homogamous spikelet absent at the base of raceme; lower glume of sessile spikelet bimucronate.................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... P. siamensis (endemic to Thailand) 3. Upper glume of the sessile spikelet bi-lobed, arista from sinus; lower floret entirely absent; lower glume of pedicelled spikelet longitudinally grooved; callus of pedicelled spikelet stipe-like, ca. 2 mm long ......................... P. laegaardii (endemic to Thailand) 3. Upper glume of the sessile spikelet acute to aristate, not bi-lobed; lower floret epaleate, barren; lower glume of pedicelled spikelet never grooved; callus of pedicelled spikelet never stipe-like, ca. 1.3 mm long.................................................................................4 4. Annual or ephemeral; awn of a fertile lemma robust, 35–100 mm long (an extremely variable taxon) ............................................. ............................................................................................................................................................... P. annua (endemic to Africa) 4. Perennial; awn of a fertile lemma not robust, 27–30 mm long ......................................................... P. perennis (endemic to Africa) 5. Lower glume of sessile spikelet with a longitudinal groove, apex entire or bi-dentate .....................................................................6 5. Lower glume of sessile spikelet dorsally convex not grooved, apex tridentate .......................... P. tridentata (endemic to Thailand) 6. Annual, up to 30 cm high; basal sheaths not bulged, glabrous; leaf blade short, granulate, 2.5–6.0 × 0.1–0.15 cm; ligule lacerated membranous; anthers 0.5–0.8 mm long ..................................................................... P. khannae (narrow endemic to Central India) 6. Perennial, up to 65 cm high; basal sheaths bulged, dorsally strongly villous or bearded with appressed or spreading white hairs; leaf blades long, smooth not granulate, 5.0–45 × 0.1–0.4 cm; ligule biseriately ciliate; anthers 2.8–3.0 mm long ............................ ......................................................................................... P. bellariensis (narrow endemic to Gandikota Fort Hill, Andhra Pradesh)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333277515":"Plantae","333277516":"Tracheophyta","333277517":"Liliopsida","333277518":"Poales","333277519":"Poaceae"},"class":"Liliopsida"},{"key":209296217,"datasetKey":"180b8c6d-242a-4fff-a1a3-e88d2e1e51ed","nubKey":7292195,"parentKey":332975074,"parent":"Brassicaceae","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Brassicales","family":"Brassicaceae","genus":"Ptilotrichum","kingdomKey":332975070,"phylumKey":332975071,"classKey":332975072,"orderKey":332975073,"familyKey":332975074,"genusKey":209296217,"scientificName":"Ptilotrichum C. A. Mey.","canonicalName":"Ptilotrichum","authorship":"C. A. 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The generic type of Ptilotrichum was transferred to Stevenia by KRANSOBOROV & GERMAN (2007)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"332975070":"Plantae","332975071":"Tracheophyta","332975072":"Magnoliopsida","332975073":"Brassicales","332975074":"Brassicaceae"},"class":"Magnoliopsida"},{"key":125956742,"datasetKey":"3d9b97e9-2f2c-458e-883b-488a628a3fa5","nubKey":1434738,"parentKey":125955864,"parent":"Hydrobiosinae","kingdom":"Animalia","family":"Hydrobiosidae","genus":"Ethochorema","kingdomKey":334108572,"familyKey":125955861,"genusKey":125956742,"scientificName":"Ethochorema A Neboiss 1977","canonicalName":"Ethochorema","authorship":"A Neboiss 1977","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"HT-383559","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334108572":"Animalia","125955861":"Hydrobiosidae","125955864":"Hydrobiosinae"}},{"key":125955995,"datasetKey":"3d9b97e9-2f2c-458e-883b-488a628a3fa5","nubKey":4801889,"parentKey":125955977,"parent":"Helicophidae","kingdom":"Animalia","family":"Helicophidae","genus":"Heloccabus","kingdomKey":334108572,"familyKey":125955977,"genusKey":125955995,"scientificName":"Heloccabus A Neboiss 2002","canonicalName":"Heloccabus","authorship":"A Neboiss 2002","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"HT-383605","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334108572":"Animalia","125955977":"Helicophidae"}},{"key":162755726,"datasetKey":"0938172b-2086-439c-a1dd-c21cb0109ed5","nubKey":4903426,"parentKey":162755609,"parent":"Oscillatoriaceae","kingdom":"Bacteria","phylum":"Cyanobacteriota","order":"Oscillatoriales","family":"Oscillatoriaceae","genus":"Palaeospirulina","kingdomKey":162743292,"phylumKey":265190738,"classKey":162754025,"orderKey":162755323,"familyKey":162755609,"genusKey":162755726,"scientificName":"Palaeospirulina A.-S.Edhorn, 1973","canonicalName":"Palaeospirulina","authorship":"A.-S. Edhorn, 1973","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"urn:lsid:irmng.org:taxname:1101210","extinct":true,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"162743292":"Bacteria","265190738":"Cyanobacteriota","162754025":"Cyanophyceae","162755323":"Oscillatoriales","162755609":"Oscillatoriaceae"},"class":"Cyanophyceae"},{"key":162802066,"datasetKey":"0938172b-2086-439c-a1dd-c21cb0109ed5","nubKey":4891840,"parentKey":162802054,"parent":"Araucariaceae","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Araucariales","family":"Araucariaceae","genus":"Doliostrobus","kingdomKey":162761641,"phylumKey":162800610,"classKey":162801466,"orderKey":195512616,"familyKey":162802054,"genusKey":162802066,"scientificName":"Doliostrobus A.-F.Marion, 1888","canonicalName":"Doliostrobus","authorship":"A.-F. Marion, 1888","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"urn:lsid:irmng.org:taxname:1079008","extinct":true,"habitats":["TERRESTRIAL"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"162761641":"Plantae","162800610":"Tracheophyta","162801466":"Pinopsida","195512616":"Araucariales","162802054":"Araucariaceae"},"class":"Pinopsida"},{"key":100361633,"nameKey":7607850,"datasetKey":"ded724e7-3fde-49c5-bfa3-03b4045c4c5f","nubKey":8014513,"parentKey":100360044,"parent":"Microseridinae","basionymKey":100361636,"basionym":"Microseris subg. Nothocalais A. Gray","genus":"Nothocalais","genusKey":100361633,"scientificName":"Nothocalais (A. Gray) Greene","canonicalName":"Nothocalais","authorship":"(A.Gray) Greene","publishedIn":"Greene 1886: – Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2","accordingTo":"Cichorieae Portal editors 2006+","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":4,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"6a3ef408-4dd0-4b42-a261-3da0e98097eb","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Diploid, x = 9."},{"description":"Perennials, 3-45 cm; taprooted, with caudices often multicipital (taproots thick, fleshy, with blackish periderm, lateral rootlets often borne in clusters on knoblike projections). Stems 15+, erect, scapiform, naked (rarely with 1-3 bracteate nodes near base in N. troximoides and N. nigrescens), glabrous or white-villous, especially near heads. Leaves basal; petiolate (bases attenuate or not); blades linear to oblanceolate, margins usually entire (often pinnately lobed in N. alpestris), sometimes undulate; (usually white-ciliolate in N. cuspidata and N. troximoides; faces glabrous or lightly villous). Heads borne singly (erect, liguliferous). Peduncles not inflated distally, not bracteate. Calyculi 0. Involucres broadly to narrowly ovoid, campanulate at flowering, 5-20 mm diam. Phyllaries 8-50 in 2-5 series, (often longitudinally striped or finely dotted with red or purple) lanceolate to ovate, equal or unequal (outer shorter), herbaceous (thin), midnerves inconspicuous, apices acute to acuminate, faces glabrous or white-villous. Receptacles flat, pitted, glabrous, epaleate. Florets 13-100; corollas yellow, often reddish abaxially (much surpassing phyllaries in flowering, tubes hairy). Cypselae brown or gray, narrowly columnar to fusiform, usually narrowed distally, not beaked, ribs ca. 10, glabrous or distally scabrous; pappi fragile, of 10-80, distinct, lustrous, white, ± equal, smooth to barbellulate bristles or aristate scales. \\r\\rfrom Chambers (2006)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"100360044":"Microseridinae"}},{"key":304910747,"datasetKey":"0423f34e-ce15-453f-81e6-eb6fce49b311","nubKey":2438177,"parentKey":334124590,"parent":"Nesomyidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Rodentia","family":"Nesomyidae","genus":"Dendromus","kingdomKey":334124576,"phylumKey":334124578,"classKey":334124580,"orderKey":334124582,"familyKey":334124590,"genusKey":304910747,"scientificName":"Dendromus A. Smith 1829","canonicalName":"Dendromus","authorship":"A. Smith 1829","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"03D087E99F4147080E3EFC77FEC382C6.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"REMARKS The species from Mount Nimba D. lachaisei Denys & Aniskine, 2012 was recorded both during the dry and wet season from Serengbara (600 m), Gouan (1 200 m) and in Mare d’hivernage (1 600 m). Karyotype and the morphological variability were described by Denys & Aniskine (2012) and the chromosome formula is 2 N = 30, aFN = 56. The molecular analysis confirmed the phylogenetic affinities of the Mount Nimba specimens with other West African forms of clade 3, and its close affinities with D. kumasi Bohmann, 1939 from Ghana and its position within the subgenus Dendromus A. Smith, 1829 (Voelker et al. 2021). A total of 15 specimens were recovered in 2008 and 10 specimens collected by Heim de Balsac & Lamotte (1958) from Nion crest and Ziela previously attributed to D. cf. melanotis A. Smith, 1834 have been included under this species name. Only one specimen was recorded by Misonne & Verschuren (1976) on the liberian side at Grassfield."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334124576":"Animalia","334124578":"Chordata","334124580":"Mammalia","334124582":"Rodentia","334124590":"Nesomyidae"},"class":"Mammalia"},{"key":313082555,"datasetKey":"0b37450f-066d-4a26-bf34-0bb2d62f2b74","nubKey":4298273,"parentKey":333291291,"parent":"Crabronidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Hymenoptera","family":"Crabronidae","genus":"Belomicrus","kingdomKey":333291286,"phylumKey":333291287,"classKey":333291288,"orderKey":333291289,"familyKey":333291291,"genusKey":313082555,"scientificName":"Belomicrus A. Costa 1871","canonicalName":"Belomicrus","authorship":"A. Costa 1871","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"038487D0FFFEFFCDFF66F9C3FD06D58E.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Genus Belomicrus A. Costa, 1871 454. Belomicrus antennalis Kohl, 1899 455. Belomicrus borealis Forsius, 1923 456. Belomicrus corniger Kazenas, 1995 457. Belomicrus multifasciatus Tsuneki, 1972 458. Belomicrus odontophorus (Kohl, 1892) 459. Belomicrus parvulus (Radoszkowski, 1877) 460. Belomicrus schulthessii Kohl, 1924 461. Belomicrus tricolor Kazenas, 1991 462. Belomicrus ussuriensis Antropov, 1993"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333291286":"Animalia","333291287":"Arthropoda","333291288":"Insecta","333291289":"Hymenoptera","333291291":"Crabronidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":313082614,"datasetKey":"0b37450f-066d-4a26-bf34-0bb2d62f2b74","nubKey":4298378,"parentKey":333291291,"parent":"Crabronidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Hymenoptera","family":"Crabronidae","genus":"Brachystegus","kingdomKey":333291286,"phylumKey":333291287,"classKey":333291288,"orderKey":333291289,"familyKey":333291291,"genusKey":313082614,"scientificName":"Brachystegus A. Costa 1859","canonicalName":"Brachystegus","authorship":"A. 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Wolf","canonicalName":"Cymadothea","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"http://services.snsb.info/DTNtaxonlists/rest/v0.1/names/DiversityTaxonNames_Fungi/100851705/","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"132749574":"Fungi","119257951":"Ascomycota","119265553":"Capnodiales","119265564":"Mycosphaerellaceae"}},{"key":116802694,"datasetKey":"d027759f-84bc-4dfc-a5ea-b17a50793451","nubKey":7277602,"parentKey":116802693,"parent":"Ranunculaceae","phylum":"Spermatophyta","order":"Ranunculales","family":"Ranunculaceae","genus":"Callianthemum","phylumKey":116778237,"classKey":116780681,"orderKey":116802642,"familyKey":116802693,"genusKey":116802694,"scientificName":"Callianthemum C. A. Mey.","canonicalName":"Callianthemum","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"http://services.snsb.info/DTNtaxonlists/rest/v0.1/names/DiversityTaxonNames_Plants/67569/","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"116778237":"Spermatophyta","116780681":"Magnoliopsida","116802642":"Ranunculales","116802693":"Ranunculaceae"},"class":"Magnoliopsida"},{"key":100115434,"datasetKey":"2cd4e3d1-b905-451c-b7a4-c3a6c10419cd","nubKey":7340041,"parentKey":334008637,"parent":"Chenopodiaceae","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Caryophyllales","family":"Chenopodiaceae","genus":"Neobassia","kingdomKey":334008633,"phylumKey":334008634,"classKey":334008635,"orderKey":334008636,"familyKey":334008637,"genusKey":100115434,"scientificName":"Neobassia A. J. Scott","canonicalName":"Neobassia","authorship":"A. J. Scott","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"120D3849F0C1086331EEC67E9658FC07.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Shrubs. Flowers solitary in the leaf axils, bisexual or pistillate; perianth 5 - lobed, connate to just below the apex; fruiting perianth hardened, accrescent with 5 short, tepaline lobes or needle-like spines; stamens 5; stigmas 2. Pericarp membranous; seeds vertical; embryo subannular; radicle superior; perisperm abundant. Two spp., Australia."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334008633":"Plantae","334008634":"Tracheophyta","334008635":"Magnoliopsida","334008636":"Caryophyllales","334008637":"Chenopodiaceae"},"class":"Magnoliopsida"},{"key":243547737,"datasetKey":"5dd0e92b-7f9a-419b-b1cb-91a5be1fff9d","nubKey":2305597,"parentKey":334164222,"parent":"Columbellidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Neogastropoda","family":"Columbellidae","genus":"Zafra","kingdomKey":334164218,"phylumKey":334164219,"classKey":334164220,"orderKey":334164221,"familyKey":334164222,"genusKey":243547737,"scientificName":"Zafra A. Adams 1860","canonicalName":"Zafra","authorship":"A. Adams 1860","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"A40A87B30F79FFE5F7BFFBE2D8AFFAFC.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Diagnosis. Shell small, fusiform, about 3 teleoconch whorls. Sculpture of axial ribs, no spiral sculpture apart from basal cords. Aperture narrow to rather wide. Inside of outer lip denticulate."},{"description":"Type species: Zafra mitriformis A. Adams, 1860"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334164218":"Animalia","334164219":"Mollusca","334164220":"Gastropoda","334164221":"Neogastropoda","334164222":"Columbellidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":304177643,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","parentKey":304177616,"parent":"Mucoraceae","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Mucoromycota","order":"Mucorales","family":"Mucoraceae","genus":"Mooraboolomyces","kingdomKey":299629601,"phylumKey":299861685,"classKey":299861797,"orderKey":299861802,"familyKey":304177616,"genusKey":304177643,"scientificName":"Mooraboolomyces C. P. Hull, A. S. Urquhart & A. Idnurm","canonicalName":"Mooraboolomyces","authorship":"C. P. Hull, A. S. Urquhart & A. Idnurm","publishedIn":"Hull, Caitlin P.;Urquhart, Andrew S.;Idnurm, Alexander. (2024). Mooraboolomyces wintlei gen. & sp. nov. from Victoria, Australia. Phytotaxa, 644(1), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.644.1.5","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"CCJM7","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"299629601":"Fungi","299861685":"Mucoromycota","299861797":"Mucoromycetes","299861802":"Mucorales","304177616":"Mucoraceae"},"class":"Mucoromycetes"},{"key":300080950,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":7671977,"parentKey":300080636,"parent":"Chordariaceae","kingdom":"Chromista","phylum":"Ochrophyta","order":"Chordariales","family":"Chordariaceae","genus":"Giraudia","kingdomKey":299967116,"phylumKey":304181940,"classKey":304182083,"orderKey":300080596,"familyKey":300080636,"genusKey":300080950,"scientificName":"Giraudia A. Derbès & A. Solier in L. Castagne, 1851","canonicalName":"Giraudia","authorship":"A. Derbès & A. Solier in L. Castagne, 1851","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"7P3NQ","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"299967116":"Chromista","304181940":"Ochrophyta","304182083":"Phaeophyceae","300080596":"Chordariales","300080636":"Chordariaceae"},"class":"Phaeophyceae"},{"key":209499299,"datasetKey":"82ddef57-2a25-4cce-b92c-cbc85f507f07","nubKey":12302102,"parentKey":332969931,"parent":"Rhoicospheniaceae","kingdom":"Chromista","phylum":"Ochrophyta","order":"Cymbellales","family":"Rhoicospheniaceae","genus":"Rhoicosphenula","kingdomKey":332969927,"phylumKey":332969928,"classKey":332969929,"orderKey":332969930,"familyKey":332969931,"genusKey":209499299,"scientificName":"Rhoicosphenula Lange-Bert., Kociolek, A. A. Saber & Cantonati 2021","canonicalName":"Rhoicosphenula","authorship":"Lange-Bert., Kociolek, A. A. Saber & Cantonati 2021","publishedIn":"Saber, Abdullah A., Angeli, Nicola, Lange-Bertalot, Horst, Kociolek, John P., Spitale, Daniel, Charles, Donald F., Cantonati, Marco (2021): Rise of subgen. Rhoicosphenula Lange-Bert. to the genus level, and description of a new Gomphosphenia s. s. species from Puerto Rico. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (13): 217-229, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2021v42a13, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2021v42a13","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"FA5FD005FFFBDB1FFEE86583FAE0FA24.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":["NEW_GENUS"],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"(Figs 2, 3)"},{"description":"Cells solitary, not forming colonies or aggregates, growing as epiphytes on small mucilaginous stalks. Frustules almost rectangular in girdle view, sometimes appearing slightly broadly wedge-shaped (Fig. 2 G-I). Pseudosepta present on both poles of the valves. Raphe branches straight, with large, well-separated proximal ends (Fig. 2 A-F), and with T-shaped distal fissures (Fig. 3 A). Internal fissures extend onto the central nodule, with short and very faintly bent proximal ends (Fig. 3 C, H). Foramina of the areolae simple, more or less slit-shaped, forming two systems, one on the valve face and one on the mantle, respectively, separated by a hyaline mantle margin (Fig. 3 A, B). Areolae are covered internally by flat hymenes (similar to those of Brachysira), developing from the sternum to the mantle without any visible interruption (Fig. 3 F, G). The cingulum composed of six unilaterally open bands (Fig. 3 B), including the valvocopula and first copula (each with a septum at one of the poles), as well as the four further copulae (Fig. 3 C, D)."},{"description":"REGISTRATION. — http: // phycobank. org / 102718 New combinations within Rhoicosphenula stat. nov.:"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"332969927":"Chromista","332969928":"Ochrophyta","332969929":"Bacillariophyceae","332969930":"Cymbellales","332969931":"Rhoicospheniaceae"},"class":"Bacillariophyceae"},{"key":162968455,"datasetKey":"0938172b-2086-439c-a1dd-c21cb0109ed5","parentKey":128650,"parent":"Dimeroceratidae","acceptedKey":332796995,"accepted":"Incertae sedis","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Goniatitida","family":"Dimeroceratidae","genus":"Incertae sedis","kingdomKey":162851632,"phylumKey":162959294,"classKey":162965338,"orderKey":162967484,"familyKey":162968443,"genusKey":332796995,"scientificName":"a-Gomi-dimeroceras","authorship":"Sobolew, 1914","publishedIn":"Palaeont. Z., 1 (2)","nameType":"NO_NAME","taxonomicStatus":"SYNONYM","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"urn:lsid:irmng.org:taxname:1231407","extinct":true,"habitats":["MARINE"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":true,"higherClassificationMap":{"162851632":"Animalia","162959294":"Mollusca","162965338":"Cephalopoda","162967484":"Goniatitida","162968443":"Dimeroceratidae","332796995":"Incertae sedis","128650":"Dimeroceratidae"},"class":"Cephalopoda"},{"key":181713733,"nameKey":7205035,"datasetKey":"c8227bb4-4143-443f-8cb2-51f9576aff14","nubKey":4610490,"basionymKey":128459349,"basionym":"Mumiola A. Adams, 1863","genus":"Mumiola","genusKey":181713733,"scientificName":"Mumiola A. Adams, 1863","canonicalName":"Mumiola","authorship":"A.Adams, 1863","accordingTo":"Poppe, Guido, Sheila Tagaro & Peter Stahlschmidt. 2015. New Shelled Molluscan Species from the Central Philippines I. Visaya 4(3): 15-59.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":1,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"01dfd609-d596-4aae-ab79-cc2902964a91","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":2114259,"nameKey":1619024,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":2114259,"parentKey":4961,"parent":"Megacalanidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Calanoida","family":"Megacalanidae","genus":"Bradycalanus","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":54,"classKey":11545536,"orderKey":679,"familyKey":4961,"genusKey":2114259,"scientificName":"Bradycalanus Scott A., 1909","canonicalName":"Bradycalanus","authorship":"Scott A., 1909","publishedIn":"Res. Siboga-Exp., 29a, (livr. 44)","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":4,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:2114259","extinct":false,"habitats":["MARINE"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Key to Bradycalanus, females and males 1 Head rounded; posterior Pd5 corners triangular in lateral view; Mx1 coxal endite with 5 setae.........................2 - Head crested; posterior Pd5 corners with posteroventral attenuated extension in lateral view; Mx1 coxal endite with 2 setae (male unknown)............................................................. Bradycalanus abyssicolus n. sp. 2 Female A1 short extending no more than 3 segments beyond caudal rami; P1 Re1 and 2 with outer border spines extending to base of following spine (male unknown).................................................... Bradycalanus gigas - Female A1 long extending about 6–7 segments beyond caudal rami; P1 Re1 and 2 with outer border spines short extending well short of base of following spine......................................................................3 3 Female total length <13 mm; male right P5 Re3 inner border spine inserted opposite outer border spine, inner border with notch.............................................................................. Bradycalanus typicus - Female total length> 14 mm; male right P5 Re3 inner border spine inserted distal to level of outer border spine insertion, inner border without notch................................................................. Bradycalanus enormis"},{"description":"Type species. Bradycalanus typicus A. Scott, 1909. Type locality. 0 o 17.6 ’ S, 129 o 14.5 ’ E."},{"description":"Remarks. Four species have been included in this genus: Bradycalanus typicus A. Scott, 1909; Br. gigas Sewell, 1947; Br. pseudotypicus Björnberg, 1968; and Br. pseudotypicus enormis Björnberg, 1968."},{"description":"Differential diagnosis. As for Megacalanidae plus following character states: Anterior head rounded or crested. Rostral filaments slender and tapering to point. Female antennule ancestral segment XXIII with aesthetasc. Dorsal surface of antennular ancestral segments I – V each with small hair sensillum without maculae cribrosae. Right male antennule ancestral segments XXI – XXIII fused, segments XIX, XX and XXI with gripping elements. Antennal exopod ancestral segments I – III each bearing relatively well-developed seta each longer than its segment, or shorter than its segment (Br. abyssicolus n. sp.), seta on segment IV extending short of distal border of exopod. Mandibular gnathobase with ventral tooth set at oblique angle to main plane of gnathobase therefore appearing broader than other teeth, remaining tooth row more or less in line (not set anterior and posterior as in Bathycalanus); endopod segment 1 with 4 setae, endopod segment 2 with 9 large setae and 2 vestigial setae. Maxillule praecoxal arthrite with 4 posterior surface setae, coxal endite with 4 + 1 small or 2 setae (Br. abyssicolus); basal endites 1 and 2 with 2, 4 setae, respectively; endopod segments 1 – 3 usually with 2, 1 + 1 vestigial, 5 + 1 small posterior surface setae, respectively. Maxilla relatively enlarged compared with other megacalanids; longest setae extend as far as mid labrum and only setae of praecoxal endites 1 and 2 and coxal endite 1 with auxiliary setules; proximal inner seta of endopod segment 2 vestigial, convex border of distal inner seta of endopod segment 2 naked. Maxilliped not enlarged compared with other megacalanids, longest setae extend to rostrum, endopod segments 3 – 5 with variable numbers of setae poorly developed. Leg 1 basis without hooked process, exopod segments 1 and 2 each bearing distolateral articulated spine, segment 3 with 2 outer border spines. Maculae cribrosae absent. Male leg 5 specialised seta on left leg tapering evenl y, bordered by very long setules."},{"description":"Description. Female. Anterior margin of head in dorsal view rounded or crested, rostrum extending into two long, ventroposteriorly-directed, tapering points that appear to be direct extensions of cuticle. Pedigerous somites 1 – 5 separate, posterior border of somite 5 rounded or extended into small, sharp or obtuse projections in lateral view. Urosome of four free somites. Genital double-somite symmetrical in dorsal view, lateral borders slightly convex, approximately as long as wide and widest at variable locations anterior to posterior; in lateral view distinct ventral genital bulge anteriorly placed or with posterior ridge (Br. abyssicolus n. sp.). Caudal rami with seta I absent, setae II and III lateral, setae IV – VI terminal (seta V longest), seta VII inserted at inner distal corner on small projection. Antennule extending as far as posterior border of caudal rami or several segments beyond; ancestral segments II – IV and X – XI fused, segments XXVII and XXVIII separate. Most setae modified; one plumose or naked seta on segment I and naked seta on segment XXVIII. Segments I – V each with dorsal surface hair sensillum, without maculae cribrosae. Setation of segments as follows (based on Br. abyssicolus because specimens of other species not in good condition): I — 1 ms, 1 a, 2 ss (or 1 ss and 1 plumose setae); II to XXI — 2 ms + 1 a; XXII to XXIII — 1 ms + 1 a; XXIV — 1 ms + 1 a anteriorly, 1 ms posteriorly; XXV — 1 ms + 1 a anteriorly, 1 large ms posteriorly; XXVI to XXVII — 1 ms + 1; XXVIII — 3 ms, 1 a, 1 ss, no maculae cribrosae present. Antenna with separate coxa and basis; coxa with 1 inner plumose seta with very long setules along both sides and inner tuft of setules, basis with 2 inner setae each with 2 rows of short setules. Exopod slightly longer than endopod; endopod 2 - segmented although line of fusion between ancestral segments II and III visible on posterior surface; segment 1 with 2 inner naked setae and short longitudinal row of outer setules, terminal segment with 9 + 7 setae; exopod ancestral segment I separate from ancestral segment II, usually with 1 inner disal seta longer than its segment (in Br. abyssicolus n. sp. shorter than its segment). Segment IV seta extends short of distal border of exopod. Segments II – IV fused on posterior surface although line of demarcation visible on anterior surface; segments V – VIII separate, each with long plumose seta; segments IX – X fused, segment X bearing 3 terminal setae. Mandible coxal gnathobase heavily sclerotised, without macula cribrosa, very broad terminally with six large, complex teeth; largest ventral tooth oriented obliquely to plane of gnathobase thus appearing very wide at base; teeth 2 – 5 at right angles to main plane of gnathobase, dorsal-most teeth not complex: 2 small and 1 large tooth adjacent to non-articulated lash-like element bordered by 2 tooth rows; basis with 4 inner setae; endopod 2 - segmented, segment 1 bearing large inner lobe and 4 distal inner setae (distalmost seta small), segment 2 with 11 terminal setae, 2 of them on one surface, vestigial; exopod 5 - segmented with 1, 1, 1, 1, 2 setae. Maxillule praecoxal arthrite with full complement of 15 setae, 4 of these on posterior and 2 on anterior surface; coxal endite with 5 or 2 setae, epipodite with 7 long and 2 proximal short setae; basal endites 1 and 2 with 2 and 4 setae, respectively, exite with 1 seta; basis and endopod segment 1 fused or separate; endopod with ancestral segments I and II fused, with 2, 1 + 1 vestigial, and 5 + 1 small seta, respectively; exopod with 11 setae, without macula cribrosa. Maxilla enlarged relative to other megacalanids, longest setae extend as far as mid labrum. Praecoxal endite 1 with 6 setae plus 1 small triangular spine, praecoxal endite 2 with 3 setae; coxal epipodite with 1 vestigial seta; coxal endites 1 and 2 with 3 setae each; basal endite longest with 4 setae; endopod segment 1 with lobe bearing 3 vestigial + 1 large seta, endopod segments 2 – 4 with 3 (inner proximal seta vestigial, distal seta naked), 1, 2 setae, respectively, most of them strong and curved along whole length. One seta on inner surface of praecoxal endite 1 and coxal endites 1 and 2 shorter and more densely lined with long spinules; longest setae of praecoxal endite 2 and coxal endites 1 and 2 with closely spaced short setules as well as long sparse auxiliary setules. Basal endite and endopod setae strong and spine-like with distal two thirds of concave border lined with closely spaced setules; inner distal long seta of endopod segment 2 with fine spinules on distal proximal-facing (concave) border and naked distally-facing (convex) border. Maxilliped directed ventrally so that setae on syncoxa and basis directed into animal’s midline; syncoxa with 1, 2, 4, 3 short + l long setae, respectively (on endite 4, long seta toothed and extending as far as third basal seta); basis with 3 setae and with or without long row of very small spinules; endopod segment 1 bearing 2 setae, longer seta plumose along both borders, shorter seta with smooth basal part and tapering distal part bordered by 2 rows of spinules, separate from or partially incorporated into basis; endopod segments 2 – 6 with 4, 1 + 3 small, 1 + 2 small, 1 + 2 small + 1 outer, 2 + 2 small setae, respectively, 3 of 4 setae on endopod segment 2 with long setules along one border, distal-most seta longest, bordered by short spinules along distal two thirds of one border. Legs 1 – 5 biramous, each ramus 3 - segmented with following setal formula (Roman numerals indicate spines, Arabic numerals indicate setae; outer border setation listed first): Leg 1 (Coxa 0 - 1. Basis 1 - 1. Exopod I- 1; I- 1; II, 1,4. Endopod 0 - 1; 0 - 2; 1,2,3); Leg 2 (Coxa 0 - 1. Basis I- 0. Exopod I- 1; I- 1; III, 1,5. Endopod 0 - 1; 0 - 2; 2,2,4); Leg 3 (Coxa 0 - 1. Basis I- 0. Exopod I- 1; I- 1; III, 1,5. Endopod 0 - 1; 0 - 2; 2,2,4); Leg 4 (Coxa 0 - 1. Basis 1 - 0. Exopod I- 1; I- 1; III, 1,5. Endopod 0 - 1; 0 - 2; 2,2,3); Leg 5 ♀ (Coxa 0 - 0. Basis 1 - 0. Exopod I- 0; I- 1; II, 1,4. Endopod 0 - 1; 0 - 1; 2,2,2); Leg 1 inner seta on coxa arising from inner posterior surface; basis without macula cribrosa, with inner distal S-shaped seta arising on anterior surface and curving across distal border of endopod segment 1, outer seta vestigial; distolateral corner of endopod segment 1 rounded; distolateral exopod spines of various lengths and exopod segments of varying length: width proportions. Legs 2 – 4 coxal seta on inner margin; pore openings located on anterior surface at base of outer edge spines of exopod segments 1 – 3, and endopod segment 1 outer distal corners with small rounded or pointed protrusions. Leg 5 with outer distal corner of endopod segment 1 rounded; pore openings on anterior surface at base of outer border spines. On legs 2 – 5 outer borders of endopod segments 1 – 2 and proximal outer border of segment 3 lined with fine setules, apart from leg 5 endopod segment 1; proximal inner border of endopod segments 2 and 3 lined with fine setules. Fine setules line outer border of exopod segment 2 and proximal outer border of exopod segment 3 of legs 2 – 5; fine setules line inner borders of exopod segments 1 and 2 and proximal inner border of segment 3 of legs 2 – 5, except for naked inner border of exopod segment 1 of leg 5. Male. Anterior margin of head similar to that of female. Rostrum extending ventroposteriorly into two long, tapering points appearing to be direct extensions of cuticle. Urosome of five free somites, genital somite short. Caudal rami seta I absent, setae II and III lateral, setae IV – VI terminal (seta V longest), seta VII inserted at inner distal corner onto small projection; setules decorating inner border. Antennules asymmetrical, geniculate on right. Aesthetascs larger than in female with stiffened posterior border. Left antennule with ancestral segments II – IV, IX – XI fused, segments XXVII and XXVIII separate, with aethetascs doubled on segments I, III, V, VII, IX, XI – XIV. Most setae of modified (ms) type, or aesthetascs (a); and few naked simple setae (ss). Setation of segments as follows: I — 1 ms, 2 a, 2 ss; II – IV — 6 ms, 4 a; V — 2 ms, 2 a; VI — 2 ms, 1 a; VII — 2 ms, 2 a; VIII — 2 ms, 1 a; IX – XI — 6 ms, 5 a; XII to XIV — 2 ms; 2 a; XV to XXI — 2 ms, 1 a; XXII to XXIII — 1 ms, 1 a; XXIV to XXV — 2 ms, 1 a; XXVI — 1 + 1 ms; XXVII — 1 + 1 ms; XXVIII — 3 ms, 1 a, 1 ss. Right antennule geniculate between segments XX and XXI, with ancestral segments II – IV, IX – XI, XXI – XXIII fused; XXVII and XXVIII separate. Setation of segments as follows: I — 2 ss, 2 a; II – IV — 6 ms, 4 a; V — 2 ms, 2 a; VI — 2 ms, 1 a; VII — 2 ms, 2 a; VIII — 2 ms, 1 a; IX – XI — 6 ms (presence of clavate seta could not be confirmed because of damage to setae), 5 a; XII to XIII — 2 ms; 2 a; XIV to XVIII — 2 ms, 1 a; XIX — 1 ms, 1 gripping element, 1 a; XX — 1 gripping element, 1 ms, 1 a; XXI – XXIII — 2 gripping elements, 1 a, 1 ms; XXIV to XXV — 2 ms, 1 a; XXVI — 2 ms; XXVII — 2 ms; XXVIII — 3 ms, 1 a, 1 ss. Antenna, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped and legs 1 – 4 similar to those of female, although setae on antenna exopod segments I – IV shorter. Leg 5 with following setal formula (Roman numerals indicate spines, Arabic numerals setae, outer border setation listed to the left in each group separate by ‘; ’): Leg 5 ♂ left (Coxa 0 - 0. Basis 1 - 0. Exopod I- 0; I-I; II, 1,0. Endopod 0 - 0; 0 - 1; 2,2,2); Leg 5 ♂ right (Coxa 0 - 0. Basis 1 - 0. Exopod I- 0; I- 0; II, 1,0. Endopod 0 - 0; 0 - 1; 2,2,2). Leg 5 almost symmetrical apart from specialised seta on inner distal border of left exopod segment 2 and asymmetrically inserted single seta on inner border of exopod segment 3 (these homologous with terminal spine of female). Male left leg 5 exopod segment 2, specialised seta evenly tapering bearing dense longitudinal rows of long setules not extending onto basal part; outer proximal border bearing small tapering lobe. Outer distal corner of endopod segment 1 rounded. Pore openings on anterior surface at base of outer spines. Basis inner distal border with patch of elongate setules."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","54":"Arthropoda","11545536":"Copepoda","679":"Calanoida","4961":"Megacalanidae"},"class":"Copepoda"},{"key":148417303,"nameKey":1838243,"datasetKey":"c8227bb4-4143-443f-8cb2-51f9576aff14","nubKey":2287693,"genus":"Callocardia","genusKey":148417303,"scientificName":"Callocardia A. 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Raceme solitary; pedicel and rhachis internode clavate or bucciniform............................................................................................4 3. Raceme bi-nate, rarely digitate; pedicel and rhachis internode stout (pyriform in Andropogon burmanicus) ..................................6 4. Pedicel bucciniform; pedicelled spikelet much longer than their sessile counterparts; upper glume aristate .................... Diectomis 4. Pedicel clavate or linear-clavate; pedicelled spikelet slightly shorter or equal to their sessile counterparts .....................................5 5. Inflorescence a spiciform-raceme, variously disposed as: simple, compound, paniculate, globose, fastigiated, scanty or linear forms; racemes mostly subtended by a spatheole or an un-specialized sheath; delicate annual to moderately tough grasses ............ ..................................................................................................................................................................................... Schizachyrium 5. Inflorescence not various, composed of only a solitary, spiciform-raceme; raceme not subtended by a spatheole or a sheath; mostly tough grasses ........................................................................................................................................................................... Sehima 6. Aromatic grasses; inflorescence dense, decompound panicle; raceme bi-nate, never digitate, deflexed at maturity, borne on flat, sub-equal raceme bases .................................................................................................................................................. Cymbopogon 6. Non-aromatic grasses; inflorescence not dense, decompound panicle; raceme bi-nate or digitate, not deflexed at all, borne on terete, un-equal raceme bases .................................................................................................................. Andropogon (sensu stricto) 7. Pedicel and rhachis internode with a distinct translucent groove (resinous channel) .................................................... Bothriochloa 7. Pedicel and rhachis internode without a translucent groove, if at all channeled then without a translucent membrane ..................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................ Dichanthium 8. Callus of a pedicelled spikelet long and extended deceptively resembling the pedicel; pedicel very short almost reduced to a stump at the base; pedicelled spikelets over-lapping and subtending sessile spikelets; upper lemma of sessile spikelet entire .................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................ Heteropogon 8. Callus of a pedicelled spikelet short never extended; pedicel always well developed; pedicelled spikelets not subtending sessile spikelets; upper lemma of sessile spikelet bi-lobed ...........................................................................................................................9 9. Sessile spikelets inserted within the cavity of a cupuliform apex of a rhachis internode ........................................... Diheteropogon 9. Sessile spikelets not inserted at the apex of a rhachis internode ......................................................................................................10 10. Lower glume of the sessile spikelet convex or rarely slightly concave on the back or with two or more shallow striations but never a longitudinal groove; upper glume obtuse, acute, mucronate or aristate ........................................................................................11 10. Lower glume of the sessile spikelet with a characteristic longitudinally groove in the middle (see Parahyparrhenia tridentata); upper glume acute to aristate not mucronate....................................................................................................................................13 11. A pair of homogamous spikelets forming an involucre at the base of racemes ................................................................... Exotheca 11. Homogamous spikelets present (rarely absent) but not forming an involucre at the base of racemes.............................................12 12. Callus of pedicelled spikelet stipe-like; upper glume of sessile spikelet aristate (ex-aristate in E. androphila); raceme not deflexed (deflexed in E. archaelymandra)....................................................................................................................................... Elymandra 12. Callus of pedicelled spikelet not stipe-like; upper glume of sessile spikelet ex-aristate; raceme deflexed at maturity (in few not deflexed at all) ................................................................................................................................................................ Hyparrhenia 13. Raceme-bases produced at the tip into a long scarious vestigial appendage; racemes (1–) 2 (–10) awned per pair ........................... .......................................................................................................................................................................................... Hyperthalia 13. Raceme-bases without any distinct appendage (see some forms of Parahyparrhenia annua); racemes 4–14 awned per pair........... ................................................................................................................................................................................. Parahyparrhenia"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333277515":"Plantae","333277516":"Tracheophyta","333277517":"Liliopsida","333277518":"Poales","333277519":"Poaceae"},"class":"Liliopsida"},{"key":180270133,"datasetKey":"dbaa27eb-29e7-4cbb-8eab-3f689cfce116","nubKey":2114350,"parentKey":180270130,"parent":"Euchaetidae","kingdom":"Animalia","order":"Calanoida","family":"Euchaetidae","genus":"Paraeuchaeta","kingdomKey":180120333,"classKey":180264588,"orderKey":180269346,"familyKey":180270130,"genusKey":180270133,"scientificName":"Paraeuchaeta Scott A., 1909","canonicalName":"Paraeuchaeta","authorship":"Scott A., 1909","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"NHMSYS0021051038","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"180120333":"Animalia","180264588":"Maxillopoda","180269346":"Calanoida","180270130":"Euchaetidae"},"class":"Maxillopoda"},{"key":162245723,"datasetKey":"8e18452b-1d9d-462e-bac8-8c86eeb4ddc3","nubKey":1066025,"parentKey":333455165,"parent":"Aphodiidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Coleoptera","family":"Aphodiidae","genus":"Blackburneus","kingdomKey":333455095,"phylumKey":333455097,"classKey":333455099,"orderKey":333455101,"familyKey":333455165,"genusKey":162245723,"scientificName":"Blackburneus A. 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(2001 a: 102), Blackburneus may need to be reduced to include only Neotropical species."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333455095":"Animalia","333455097":"Arthropoda","333455099":"Insecta","333455101":"Coleoptera","333455165":"Aphodiidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":141129058,"datasetKey":"e9fb53be-c235-4070-986a-33faea0919e5","nubKey":2219059,"parentKey":333791061,"parent":"Aoridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Amphipoda","family":"Aoridae","genus":"Microdeutopus","kingdomKey":333791057,"phylumKey":333791058,"classKey":333791059,"orderKey":333791060,"familyKey":333791061,"genusKey":141129058,"scientificName":"Microdeutopus A. Costa 1853","canonicalName":"Microdeutopus","authorship":"A. Costa 1853","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"3A7687E59A06FFA2FF16FA501DBAFEDD.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Excluded species. Microdeutopus thumbellinus Griffiths, 1974 is transferred to Neomegamphopus Shoemaker (see also Myers 1988)."},{"description":"Diagnosis. Head with lateral cephalic lobes only moderately produced, head only moderately recessed at insertion of antenna 2. Αntenna 1 generally longer than antenna 2, primary flagellum usually longer than peduncle, accessory flagellum present, variable. Labrum ventral margin rounded or weakly excavate. Labium with mandibular projection of outer plate acute or rounded. Mandibular palp 3 - articulate, article 3 the longest or at least equal in length to article 2, and narrowest distally. Maxilla l inner plate small, occasionally elongate with reduction of setae to 0 or 1. Maxilla 2 inner plate posterior margin setiferous. Maxilliped inner plate large; coxa 4 not excavate posteriorly. Gnathopod l in male larger than gnathopod 2, carpochelate. Pereopod 3 and pereopod 4 glandular. Uropod 3 rami shorter than or subequal with peduncle. Telson entire, short, dorsoventrally thickened. Coxal gills saclike, on pereon segments 2 – 6; oostegites large, laminar, smallest on pereon segment 6. Included species. M. algicola Della Valle, 1893; M. anomalus (Rathke, 1843); M. armatus Chevreux, 1887; M. bifidus Myers, 1977; M. chelifer (Spence Bate, 1862); M. gryllotalpa Costa, 1853; M. obtusatus Myers, 1973; M. periergos sp. nov.; M. similis Myers, 1977; M. sporadhi Myers, 1969 b; M. stationis Della Valle, 1893 and M. versiculatus (Spence Bate, 1856)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"333791057":"Animalia","333791058":"Arthropoda","333791059":"Malacostraca","333791060":"Amphipoda","333791061":"Aoridae"},"class":"Malacostraca"},{"key":205140313,"datasetKey":"193c859f-cab2-47dd-884d-9d79ff8fd896","nubKey":2441094,"parentKey":334058155,"parent":"Bovidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Artiodactyla","family":"Bovidae","genus":"Kobus","kingdomKey":334058132,"phylumKey":334058133,"classKey":334058134,"orderKey":334058135,"familyKey":334058155,"genusKey":205140313,"scientificName":"Kobus A. Smith 1840","canonicalName":"Kobus","authorship":"A. Smith 1840","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"D512126ADB20FFB02DF1D3A2FA84060E.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"COMMENTS: Includes Adenota and Onotragus; see Ansell (1972: 40)."},{"description":"TYPE SPECIES: Antilope ellipsiprymnus Ogilby, 1833."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334058132":"Animalia","334058133":"Chordata","334058134":"Mammalia","334058135":"Artiodactyla","334058155":"Bovidae"},"class":"Mammalia"},{"key":125966464,"datasetKey":"3d9b97e9-2f2c-458e-883b-488a628a3fa5","nubKey":1437156,"parentKey":125966454,"parent":"Triplectidini","kingdom":"Animalia","family":"Leptoceridae","genus":"Westriplectes","kingdomKey":334108572,"familyKey":125958452,"genusKey":125966464,"scientificName":"Westriplectes A Neboiss 1977","canonicalName":"Westriplectes","authorship":"A Neboiss 1977","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"HT-383202","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334108572":"Animalia","125958452":"Leptoceridae","125966454":"Triplectidini"}},{"key":125963983,"datasetKey":"3d9b97e9-2f2c-458e-883b-488a628a3fa5","nubKey":1437314,"parentKey":125963972,"parent":"Kokiriidae","kingdom":"Animalia","family":"Kokiriidae","genus":"Taskiropsyche","kingdomKey":334108572,"familyKey":125963972,"genusKey":125963983,"scientificName":"Taskiropsyche A Neboiss 1977","canonicalName":"Taskiropsyche","authorship":"A Neboiss 1977","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"HT-383163","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334108572":"Animalia","125963972":"Kokiriidae"}},{"key":283382565,"datasetKey":"f9fcc4d4-6eb6-431d-b292-60526660b566","nubKey":2647035,"parentKey":334130726,"parent":"Zygnemataceae","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Charophyta","order":"Zygnematales","family":"Zygnemataceae","genus":"Zygnema","kingdomKey":334130703,"phylumKey":334130723,"classKey":334130724,"orderKey":334130725,"familyKey":334130726,"genusKey":283382565,"scientificName":"Zygnema C. A. Agardh","canonicalName":"Zygnema","authorship":"C. A. Agardh","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"63578918FFE0FFA5FF2D2564901AFE77.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"(Fig. 4 H) Zygospore approximately elliptical, hyaline, cell wall showing circular recesses across the surface. Long axis ca. 43 – 50 µm (x 48 µm), short axis ca. 30 – 35 µm (x 33 µm). Ecological data: Zygnema is found in small, shallow freshwater mesotrophic lakes that warm rapidly in spring (Van Geel, 1978; Bold et al., 1987). Better development observed at temperatures between 15 ºC – 20 ºC (Van Geel & Van der Hammen, 1978). Cosmopolitan distribution (Bicudo & Menezes, 2006)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334130703":"Plantae","334130723":"Charophyta","334130724":"Conjugatophyceae","334130725":"Zygnematales","334130726":"Zygnemataceae"},"class":"Conjugatophyceae"},{"key":238351298,"datasetKey":"1478317a-e754-4c99-a16d-8379435416c7","nubKey":2432110,"parentKey":334174059,"parent":"Tenrecidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Afrosoricida","family":"Tenrecidae","genus":"Oryzorictes","kingdomKey":334174049,"phylumKey":334174050,"classKey":334174051,"orderKey":334174058,"familyKey":334174059,"genusKey":238351298,"scientificName":"Oryzorictes A. Grandidier 1870","canonicalName":"Oryzorictes","authorship":"A. Grandidier 1870","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"038C87C6FFE0FFE1B186FB1CFC55FBDE.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Two species of Oryzorictes are generally accepted as present in Madagascar, O. hova A. Grandidier, 1870 and O. tetradactylus Milne-Edwards and A. Grandidier, 1882. Three cryptic species, however, have recently been determined within O. hova based on molecular and morphological evidence but as yet remain unnamed (Everson et al. 2018). Both named species occur in the Central Highlands; Oryzorictes hova is widely distributed and ranked as of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List (Stephenson et al. 2016), although the status of cryptic species under this name will require future re-evaluation. Oryzorictes tetradactylus is ranked as Data Deficient as it is known mostly from specimens collected in Central and East Madagascar late in the nineteenth century, including those collected by Major at Antsirabe and the relatively close localities of Fasina (19 ° 45 ’ S, 46 ° 56 ’ E) and Andranobe (19 ° 49 ’ S, 46 ° 59 ’ E) (Jenkins and Carleton 2005). This species has not been recorded at any of the Protected Area sites in the Central Highlands, unlike O. cf. hova which is listed from three such sites: Ambohitantely, Anjozorobe-Angavo and Marolambo (Goodman et al. 2018). There are a few records of this species from Andringitra in 1970, two at high altitudes of 2030 m and 2470 m, respectively; however, no specimens were discovered during the elevational survey of the eastern slopes of Andringitra in 1993 (Goodman et al. 1996 a). The skull of O. hova is more robust than that of O. tetradactylus, averages larger in size (Table 5) and has larger molars."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334174049":"Animalia","334174050":"Chordata","334174051":"Mammalia","334174058":"Afrosoricida","334174059":"Tenrecidae"},"class":"Mammalia"},{"key":125958056,"datasetKey":"3d9b97e9-2f2c-458e-883b-488a628a3fa5","nubKey":1440525,"parentKey":125956417,"parent":"Macronematini","kingdom":"Animalia","family":"Hydropsychidae","genus":"Baliomorpha","kingdomKey":334108572,"familyKey":125950967,"genusKey":125958056,"scientificName":"Baliomorpha A Neboiss 1984","canonicalName":"Baliomorpha","authorship":"A Neboiss 1984","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"HT-383067","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334108572":"Animalia","125950967":"Hydropsychidae","125956417":"Macronematini"}},{"key":125959833,"datasetKey":"3d9b97e9-2f2c-458e-883b-488a628a3fa5","nubKey":1432857,"parentKey":125958314,"parent":"Stactobiinae","kingdom":"Animalia","family":"Hydroptilidae","genus":"Niuginitrichia","kingdomKey":334108572,"familyKey":125951178,"genusKey":125959833,"scientificName":"Niuginitrichia A Wells 1990","canonicalName":"Niuginitrichia","authorship":"A Wells 1990","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"HT-383529","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334108572":"Animalia","125951178":"Hydroptilidae","125958314":"Stactobiinae"}},{"key":125963026,"datasetKey":"3d9b97e9-2f2c-458e-883b-488a628a3fa5","nubKey":1441353,"parentKey":125962967,"parent":"Oeconesidae","kingdom":"Animalia","family":"Oeconesidae","genus":"Tascuna","kingdomKey":334108572,"familyKey":125962967,"genusKey":125963026,"scientificName":"Tascuna A Neboiss 1975","canonicalName":"Tascuna","authorship":"A Neboiss 1975","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"HT-383427","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334108572":"Animalia","125962967":"Oeconesidae"}},{"key":125963992,"datasetKey":"3d9b97e9-2f2c-458e-883b-488a628a3fa5","nubKey":1437320,"parentKey":125963972,"parent":"Kokiriidae","kingdom":"Animalia","family":"Kokiriidae","genus":"Taskiria","kingdomKey":334108572,"familyKey":125963972,"genusKey":125963992,"scientificName":"Taskiria A Neboiss 1977","canonicalName":"Taskiria","authorship":"A Neboiss 1977","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"HT-383162","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334108572":"Animalia","125963972":"Kokiriidae"}},{"key":125964012,"datasetKey":"3d9b97e9-2f2c-458e-883b-488a628a3fa5","nubKey":1437328,"parentKey":125963972,"parent":"Kokiriidae","kingdom":"Animalia","family":"Kokiriidae","genus":"Tanjistomella","kingdomKey":334108572,"familyKey":125963972,"genusKey":125964012,"scientificName":"Tanjistomella A Neboiss 1974","canonicalName":"Tanjistomella","authorship":"A Neboiss 1974","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"HT-383161","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"334108572":"Animalia","125963972":"Kokiriidae"}},{"key":162796213,"datasetKey":"0938172b-2086-439c-a1dd-c21cb0109ed5","nubKey":4901097,"parentKey":162796155,"parent":"Chlamydomonadaceae","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Chlorophyta","order":"Volvocales","family":"Chlamydomonadaceae","genus":"Chlamydomonopsis","kingdomKey":162761641,"phylumKey":162793267,"classKey":162795808,"orderKey":162796444,"familyKey":162796155,"genusKey":162796213,"scientificName":"Chlamydomonopsis A.-S.Edhorn, 1973","canonicalName":"Chlamydomonopsis","authorship":"A.-S. 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