{"offset":0,"limit":1000,"endOfRecords":false,"count":1551005,"results":[{"key":183705744,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":3216993,"genus":"Woronichinia","genusKey":183705744,"scientificName":"Woronichinia A.A.Elenkin","canonicalName":"Woronichinia","authorship":"A.A.Elenkin","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"66389532","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Woronichinia is a genus of cyanobacteria, belonging to the family Coelosphaeriaceae. The genus was described in 1933 by Alexander Elenkin and is named after the Russian microbiologist N. N. Woronichin (1882—1956).see the Russian interwiki, section 'Таксоны, названные в честь Н. Н. Воронихина' The genus is native to Europe and Northern America. Species: Woronichinia botrys (Skuja) Komárek & Hindák, 1988 Woronichinia compacta (Lemmermann) Komárek & Hindák, 1988 Woronichinia delicatula (Skuja) Komárek & Hindák, 1988 Woronichinia elorantae Komárek & Komárková-Legnerová, 1992 Woronichinia fremyi (Komárek) Komárek & Hindák, 1988 Woronichinia fusca (Skuja) Komárek & Hindák, 1988 Woronichinia karelica Komárek & Komárková-Legnerová, 1992 Woronichinia klingiae Komárek & Komárková-Legnerová, 1992 Woronichinia kuseliae M.Watanabe & Komárek, 1994 Woronichinia meiocystis Joosten, 2006 Woronichinia microcystoides (Komárek) Joosten, 2006 Woronichinia naegeliana (Unger) Elenkin, 1933 Woronichinia obtusa Joosten, 2006 Woronichinia problematica Joosten, 2006 Woronichinia radians (Hortobágyi) Komárek & Hindák, 1988 Woronichinia robusta (Skuja) Komárek & Hindák, 1988 Woronichinia tenera (Skuja) Komárek & Hindák, 1988"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":1679383,"nameKey":17483313,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":1679383,"parentKey":3342,"parent":"Chaoboridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Diptera","family":"Chaoboridae","genus":"Chaoborus","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":54,"classKey":216,"orderKey":811,"familyKey":3342,"genusKey":1679383,"scientificName":"Chaoborus A.A.H.Lichtenstein, 1800","canonicalName":"Chaoborus","authorship":"A.A.H.Lichtenstein, 1800","publishedIn":"Lichtenstein, A. A. H. 1800. Beschreibung eines neu entdeckten Wasserinsekts. Archiv für Zoologie und Zootomie 1(1): 168-175.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":79,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:1679383","extinct":false,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":["NOT_EVALUATED"],"descriptions":[{"description":"Larva"},{"description":"Chaoborus flavicans: in part. An et al. 2012: (molecular phylogeny). Chaoborus sp.: Zhang et al. 2019: (molecular phylogeny). This taxon is treated here as a putative undescribed species of the C. flavicans complex. Komyo (1954) redescribed Japanese specimens as C. crystallinus and illustrated the male paramere. According to Komyo, this species lacks tergal bands and the paramere does not fit C. crystallinus, C. flavicans, C. albipes or C. posio sp. n. In recent molecular studies (Dupuis et al. 2008; An et al. 2012; Zhang et al. 2019) a few specimens (four in total, see below) seem to form separate clusters or branches, which probably represent a distinct taxonomic species (Fig. 15). This species may be the Chaoborus illustrated by Komyo, but conclusive evidence is still lacking. Further integrative studies are needed to clarify the status of this taxon which may be endemic to Japan. This taxon formed a unique BIN BOLD: AEA 6459 in BOLD, composed of the specimen MK 281356 analysed by Zhang et al. (2019). The collecting data of the specimen is the following: Japan, Kyushu, Fukuoka-shi, Kashii, 2.10.2013, Shigetaka Nonaka leg. (Zhang et al. 2019 appendix). Sequencing of the specimens studied by Dupuis et al. (2008) and An et al. (2012) did not cover the COI barcoding region and are not comparable in the present context. GenBank accession number DQ 146274 (Dupuis et al. 2008) was collected from Toyama prefecture, N 36.81, E 136.93, in 2004; JQ 277993 and JQ 277994 (An et al. 2012) lack collection data, except “ Japan ”."}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"幽蚊屬","language":"zho"},{"vernacularName":"Mosquitos fantasma","language":"spa"},{"vernacularName":"Коретра","language":"rus"},{"vernacularName":"유리모기속","language":"kor"},{"vernacularName":"フサカ属","language":"jpn"},{"vernacularName":"ケヨソイカ属","language":"jpn"},{"vernacularName":"Corèthres","language":"fra"},{"vernacularName":"koretra","language":"ces"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","54":"Arthropoda","216":"Insecta","811":"Diptera","3342":"Chaoboridae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":165686265,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Imparfinis","genusKey":165686265,"scientificName":"Imparfinis C.H.Eigenmann & A.A.Norris, 1900","canonicalName":"Imparfinis","authorship":"C. H. Eigenmann & A. A. Norris, 1900","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"34607362","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Imparfinis is a genus of three-barbeled catfishes native to South America, with a single species (I. lineatus) in Central America."},{"description":"There are currently 23 recognized species in this genus: Imparfinis borodini Mees & Cala, 1989 Imparfinis cochabambae (Fowler, 1940) Imparfinis guttatus (N. E. Pearson, 1924) Imparfinis hasemani Steindachner, 1915 Imparfinis hollandi Haseman, 1911 Imparfinis lineatus (W. A. Bussing, 1970) Imparfinis longicaudus (Boulenger, 1887) Imparfinis microps C. H. Eigenmann & Fisher, 1916 Imparfinis minutus (Lütken, 1874) Imparfinis mirini Haseman, 1911 Imparfinis mishky Almirón, Casciotta, Bechara, Ruiz Díaz, Bruno, D'Ambrosio, Solimano & Soneiro, 2007 Imparfinis munduruku Imparfinis nemacheir (C. H. Eigenmann & Fisher, 1916) Imparfinis parvus (Boulenger, 1898) Imparfinis pijpersi (Hoedeman, 1961) Imparfinis piperatus C. H. Eigenmann & A. A. Norris, 1900 Imparfinis pristos Mees & Cala, 1989 Imparfinis pseudonemacheir Mees & Cala, 1989 Imparfinis schubarti (A. L. Gomes, 1956) Imparfinis spurrellii (Regan, 1913) Imparfinis stictonotus (Fowler, 1940) Imparfinis timana Ortega-Lara, Milani, DoNascimiento, Villa-Navarro & Maldenado-Ocampo, 2011Ortega-Lara, A., Milani, N., DoNascimiento, C., Villa-Navarro, F. & Maldonado-Ocampo, J.M. (2011): Two new trans-Andean species of Imparfinis Eigenmann & Norris, 1900 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) from Colombia. Neotropical Ichthyology, 9 (4): 777-793. Imparfinis usmai Ortega-Lara, Milani, DoNascimiento, Villa-Navarro & Maldenado-Ocampo, 2011"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":10687193,"nameKey":33180391,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":10687193,"parentKey":3055964,"parent":"Acalypha","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Malpighiales","family":"Euphorbiaceae","genus":"Acalypha","species":"Acalypha almadinensis","kingdomKey":6,"phylumKey":7707728,"classKey":220,"orderKey":1414,"familyKey":4691,"genusKey":3055964,"speciesKey":10687193,"scientificName":"Acalypha almadinensis A.A.C.Sousa","canonicalName":"Acalypha almadinensis","authorship":"A.A.C.Sousa","publishedIn":"Syst. Bot. 44: 346 (2019)","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:10687193","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Voucher specimens BRAZIL – Minas Gerais • Lombardi, J. A. 5765; BHCB • Salino, A. 9033; BHCB, SP. – Bahia • Jardim, J. G. 986; CEPEC, SP."},{"description":"Distribution Brazil."},{"description":"Remarks This species is only known from the three aforementioned collections."},{"description":"Provisional conservation status CR B 2 ab (ii, iii, iv)."},{"description":"Habit Shrub. Native. Habitat Eastern Highlands: Atlantic Forests, alt. 490 ‒ 800 m."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"6":"Plantae","7707728":"Tracheophyta","220":"Magnoliopsida","1414":"Malpighiales","4691":"Euphorbiaceae","3055964":"Acalypha"},"class":"Magnoliopsida"},{"key":10831704,"nameKey":97220792,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":10831704,"parentKey":4817,"parent":"Didymosphaeriaceae","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","order":"Pleosporales","family":"Didymosphaeriaceae","genus":"Neptunomyces","kingdomKey":5,"phylumKey":95,"classKey":183,"orderKey":1047,"familyKey":4817,"genusKey":10831704,"scientificName":"Neptunomyces M.Gonçalves, T.Vicente & A.Alves, 2019","canonicalName":"Neptunomyces","authorship":"M.Gonçalves, T.Vicente & A.Alves, 2019","publishedIn":"Goncalves, Micael F. M., Vicente, Tania F. L., Esteves, Ana C., Alves, Artur (2019): Neptunomyces aureus gen. et sp. nov. (Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales) isolated from algae in Ria de Aveiro, Portugal. MycoKeys 60: 31-44, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.60.37931, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.60.37931","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":2,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:10831704","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Neptunomyces M. Gonçalves, T. Vicente & A. Alves, MycoKeys 60: 37 (2019) Notes. Gonçalves et al. (2019) introduced Neptunomyces, which includes N. aureus, isolated from Ulva sp. in Portugal. Neptunomyces species have aseptate, golden yellow, subcylindrical conidia with rounded apices. Currently, five Neptunomyces species are listed in Index Fungorum (2025): N. aureus, N. jeanbriggsiae, N. juncicola, N. litoralis, and N. soli . In this study, we introduce another Neptunomyces species, N. chinensis, from Phragmites australis in China."},{"description":"Etymology. Referring to Neptune (Latin: Neptūnus) the god of the seas in Roman mythology."},{"description":"Description. Asexual morph: mycelium consisting of septate, smooth hyphae, thick-walled, hyaline and rarely with nucleus. Conidia aseptate, golden yellow, smooth, subcylindrical with rounded apices. Chlamydospores not observed. Sexual morph unknown."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"5":"Fungi","95":"Ascomycota","183":"Dothideomycetes","1047":"Pleosporales","4817":"Didymosphaeriaceae"},"class":"Dothideomycetes"},{"key":165627687,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","parentKey":165627684,"parent":"Beaufortia","genus":"Beaufortia","species":"Beaufortia burbidgeae","genusKey":165627684,"speciesKey":165627687,"scientificName":"Beaufortia burbidgeae A.A.Burb","canonicalName":"Beaufortia burbidgeae","authorship":"A.A.Burb","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"51166338","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Beaufortia burbidgeae, commonly known as column beaufortia, is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a shrub with crowded, needle-shaped leaves and mostly red, or red and green flowers on the ends of the branches from spring to early summer."},{"description":"Beaufortia burbidgeae is classified as \"Priority Three\" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife, meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat."},{"description":"Beaufortia burbidgeae is a shrub which sometimes grows to a height of 2 m or is a spreading shrub 2 m across. The leaves are needle-like, 6-10 mm long and crowded on the woody stems. The flowers are arranged in heads on the ends of the branches and on short side branches. The flowers have 5 sepals, 5 petals and 5 bundles of stamens. The stamen bundles are deep red at their bases and pale green or pink on the ends, 5-18 mm and hairy on the inner surface. There are 3 to 5 stamens in each bundle and the free ends of the stamens are a further 2.5-6 mm long. Flowering occurs from August to May but mostly in spring and early summer and is followed by fruit which are woody capsules, 3-10 mm long and 7-12 mm wide and sometimes clustered."},{"description":"Column beaufortia grows in or near laterite on hills in heath and woodland, occasionally in sand. It occurs between Brookton, Corrigin and Boolanelling Nature Reserve in the Avon Wheatbelt biogeographic region."},{"description":"Beaufortia burbidgeae was first formally described in 2016 by Andrew A. Burbidge and the description was published in Nuytsia. The specific epithet (\"burbidgeae\") honours Nancy Tyson Burbidge, the aunt of the author."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165627684":"Beaufortia"}},{"key":165627686,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","parentKey":165627684,"parent":"Beaufortia","genus":"Beaufortia","species":"Beaufortia raggedensis","genusKey":165627684,"speciesKey":165627686,"scientificName":"Beaufortia raggedensis A.A.Burb.","canonicalName":"Beaufortia raggedensis","authorship":"A.A.Burb.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"51176206","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Beaufortia raggedensis, commonly known as Mount Ragged beaufortia, is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a compact shrub with densely clustered leaves and large heads of deep red flowers in spring and only occurs near Mount Arid in the Cape Arid National Park."},{"description":"Beaufortia raggedensis is classified as \"Priority Two\" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife meaning that it is poorly known and from only one or a few locations."},{"description":"Beaufortia raggedensis is usually a compact shrub, sometimes openly branched, which grows to a height of 1.5 m. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs and are linear in shape, 5-10 mm long, less than 1 mm wide and are often in dense clusters. They often have a covering of fine hairs, giving them a greyish appearance. The flowers are deep red and are arranged in heads on the ends of branches. The flowers have 5 sepals, 5 petals and 5 bundles of stamens. The bundles contain between 5 and 7 stamens and are joined for 5-10 mm with the free stamens branching at different points. Flowering occurs from September to December and is followed by fruits which are woody capsules 15-20 mm long, 10 mm wide and joined together."},{"description":"Beaufortia raggedensis grows in quartzite, only on the slopes and bases of mountains of the Russell Range in the Cape Arid National Park, Mallee biogeographic region."},{"description":"Melaleuca raggedensis was first formally described in 2016 by Andrew A. Burbidge and the description was published in Nuytsia. The specific epithet (\"raggedensis\") refers to the Mount Ragged, near which this species is found."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165627684":"Beaufortia"}},{"key":165675471,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Gonionemus","genusKey":165675471,"scientificName":"Gonionemus A.Agassiz, 1862","canonicalName":"Gonionemus","authorship":"A. Agassiz, 1862","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"2458727","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Gonionemus is a genus of hydrozoans that uses adhesive discs near the middle of each tentacle to attach to eelgrass, sea lettuce, or various types of algae instead of swimming. They are small (bell diameter to 25 mm) and hard to see when hanging onto swaying seaweed. Nevertheless, they are capable of swimming when necessary. The bell is transparent, revealing the four orange to yellowish-tan gonads that lie along most of the length of the four radial canals. The pale yellow manubrium has four short, frilly lips. Up to 80 tentacles line the bell margin, with about an equal number of statocysts. Copepods are a favored prey. This marine hydrozoan is common in warmer waters. The conspicuous stage in the dimorphic lifecycle is the small medusa. The polypoid stage is present as a tiny, solitary polyp which feeds on protozoans and other small plants and animals. The polyp stage closely resembles Hydra. The medusae are active swimmers that propel themselves upward in the water column by rhythmic pulsations of the bell. Upon reaching the surface, the bell relaxes, the tentacles become fully extended, and any small fish or crustaceans encountered as the medusae slowly drift toward the bottom are ensnared. Occasionally, the medusae use their adhesive pads to attach to seaweeds or other objects near the bottom, extend their tentacles, and wait for prey to bump into them. The manubrium hangs down from the center of the subrellum. It bears the cross-shaped mouth and the four short oral lobes which grip the food. Digestion begins in the center of the manubrium, which communicates with the four radial canals and the ring canal. The velum is well-developed and used in swimming. Having a velum is characteristic of the hydrozoan medusae. The gonads are four yellowish structures embedded in the surface of the epidermis beneath the radial canals. The ovaries are more granular in appearance than the testes (sexes are separate). The gametes are shed into the sea, and the zygotes develop into ciliated planular larvae which grow into minute polyps. These polyps can bud off other polyps or medusae. The tentacles of the medusae are hollow and connected to the exumbrellar surface by a tentacular bulb where cnidoblasts are formed."},{"description":"Gonionemus agilis Watson & Govindarajan, 2017 Gonionemus hamatus Kramp, 1965 Gonionemus vertens A. Agassiz, 1862"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":2266751,"nameKey":17096871,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":2266751,"parentKey":3251275,"parent":"Olindiidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Cnidaria","order":"Limnomedusae","family":"Olindiidae","genus":"Gonionemus","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":43,"classKey":205,"orderKey":1435,"familyKey":3251275,"genusKey":2266751,"scientificName":"Gonionemus A.Agassiz, 1862","canonicalName":"Gonionemus","authorship":"A.Agassiz, 1862","publishedIn":"Agassiz, L. (1862). Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Little Brown, Boston, 4: 1–380, pls 1–19. https://www.marinespecies.org/hydrozoa/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=35267","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":7,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:2266751","extinct":false,"habitats":["MARINE"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":["NOT_EVALUATED"],"descriptions":[{"description":"Diagnosis. Hydroid: small, solitary, without hydrorhiza, with conspicuous conical hypostome and a circlet of four to six long tentacles. Medusa buds, frustules, and cysts, formed by asexual budding. Medusa: apical peduncle slight or absent, four simple radial canals, no centripetal canals, folded gonads on radial canals, marginal tentacles all of one kind, evenly distributed, with adhesive organs, statocysts if present, enclosed in the mesoglea."}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"カギノテクラゲ属","language":"jpn"},{"vernacularName":"カギノテクラゲ属","language":"jpn"},{"vernacularName":"Крестовичок","language":"rus"},{"vernacularName":"カギノテクラゲ属","language":"jpn"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","43":"Cnidaria","205":"Hydrozoa","1435":"Limnomedusae","3251275":"Olindiidae"},"class":"Hydrozoa"},{"key":165730976,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Polyorchis","genusKey":165730976,"scientificName":"Polyorchis A.Agassiz, 1862","canonicalName":"Polyorchis","authorship":"A. Agassiz, 1862","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"30740573","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Polyorchis, or bell jellies, is a genus of hydrozoans in the family Corynidae. They are transparent with red coloration in their internal organs and eye spots around the rim of their bell. The red pigmentation helps them camouflage. They are often found in harbors, marinas, and other calm waters close to shore. They feed on plankton and benthic crustaceans and are found near the sea floor. The bells can reach about 2.25 inches (5 cm). P. pencillatus is nicknamed \"red-eyed jellyfish\". At the base of the tentacles are several eyes, called ocelli, which contain light-sensing cells and red pigments.Anna Klompen et al.: Peering Into the Inner Workings of Evolution With Jellyfish Eyes. On: SciTechDaily, April 8, 2022. Source: University of Kansas."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":225696206,"nameKey":175877761,"datasetKey":"373724de-ed79-490d-894d-99c5bdf62dde","parentKey":320484848,"parent":"Simonachne","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Poales","family":"Poaceae","genus":"Simonachne","species":"Simonachne maidenii","kingdomKey":320484843,"phylumKey":320484844,"classKey":320484845,"orderKey":320484846,"familyKey":320484847,"genusKey":320484848,"speciesKey":225696206,"scientificName":"Simonachne maidenii (A. A. Ham.) (A.A.Ham.) E.J.Thomps.","canonicalName":"Simonachne maidenii","authorship":"","publishedIn":"Thompson, E. J. (2022): Simonachne, a new genus for Australia segregated from Ancistrachne s. l. (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) and a new subtribe Cleistochloinae. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (1): 19-62, DOI: 10.1071/SB20024, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb20024","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"B81ED206FFCDFF8BFFF88DA3FB77A110.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Eriochloa maidenii A. A. Ham., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 37: 709 (1912); Ancistrachne maidenii (A. A. Ham.) Vickery, Contrib. N. S. W. Natl. Herb. 3 (2): 83 (1961). Type: New South Wales. Hawkesbury River, 3 May 1912, A. A. Hamilton s. n. (holo: NSW [NSW 52514, JSTOR photo!]; iso: BRI [AQ 540088,!], NSW [NSW 520052, JSTOR photo!]). Fertile branches ascending to 40 cm high, copiously branched with up to ~ 12 nodes. Fertile culm internodes up to 4.5 cm long. Mature fertile leaf sheaths retained, convolute, pilose; outer margin ciliate with ascending tuberculate-based simple trichomes upto 0.5 mm long. Leaf blades upto 4.5 cm long and 7 mm wide; lower margin with tuberculate-based simple trichomes upto 3 mm long. Ligule 0.3 mm long. Contraligule 0.1 mm long. Mid-culm leaf blades 2.5 – 4.5 cm long, 2.5 – 4.0 mm wide, apex tapering, base truncate, margins white; both surfaces sparsely pubescent with simple trichomes upto 0.8 mm long. Terminal inflorescences on axes 1.5 – 5.5 cm long, 8 – 32 - flowered; 0 – several branches, appressed, rachis upto 1 cm long, 1 – 6 - flowered. Spikelets 2.6 – 2.9 mm long, 1.0 – 1.1 mm wide; lateral pedicels 0.4 – 1.0 mm long, ultimate pedicel 0.5 – 2.0 mm long. Lower glume lunar, ~ 0.2 mm long, apex obtuse. Upper glume ovate, 2.6 – 2.9 mm long, apex acute, margins inrolled. Lower lemma ovate, 2.6 – 3.0 mm long; apex acute, margins inrolled. Upper lemma 2.4 – 2.6 mm long; apical cilia 60 – 90 µm long, mucronate to shortly awned. Lodicules ∼ 0.2 mm long. Upper palea 2.4 – 2.6 mm long; apex acute. Anthers 1.5 mm long. Caryopsis ~ 1.7 mm long, ~ 0.8 mm wide, rarely present. Axillary inflorescences usually present below apical 2 or 3 internodes; 3 - or 4 - flowered, lowest 1 or 2 enclosed in leaf sheath. Spikelets 2.8 – 3.2 mm long, 1.2 – 1.3 mm wide. Lower glume vestigial upto 0.1 mm long. Upper glume ovate, 2.8 – 3.2 mm long, chartaceous, villous with woolly hairs upto 0.2 mm long; apex obtuse. Lower lemma ovate, 2.7 – 3.2 mm long; apex revolute. Upper lemma 2.2 – 2.4 mm long; apex revolute, cilia 60 – 90 µm long, mucronate to shortly awned. Upper palea 2.2 – 2.4 mm long; apex revolute. Anthers 0.2 mm long. Caryopsis 1.4 – 1.9 mm long, 0.7 – 0.9 mm wide; surface minutely longitudinally striate; light brown. Fig. 1, 2, Appendix 19. Illustrations D. J. B. Wheeler, S. W. L. Jacobs and B. E. Norton, Grasses of New South Wales 93 (1982); S. W. L. Jacobs and C. A. Wall in G. J. Harden (ed.), Flora of New South Wales 4: 452 - 3 (1993)."},{"description":"Simonachne maidenii shares morphological characters with all of the other taxa in subtribe Cleistochloinae (Table 1). Notable similarities include S. maidenii and Calyptochloa spp. having a contraligule and the stoloniferous growth habit, giving plants a very similar appearance in the field. Breeding system The type of CL manifested by Simonachne maidenii fits the category of dimorphic anthers with amphigamy in the classification of CL by Thompson (2017). Axillary CL in S. maidenii is obligate, whereas in Ancistrachne, CL is facultative with the CL and CH anthers, the same size fitting the type ‘ monomorphic CH and CL anthers’ on the same plant as defined by Thompson (2017). Micromorphology and macromorphology of the lemmas and palea Simonachne maidenii and Ancistrachne s. s. differ in the lower lemmas by S. maidenii having absence of prickles and film of epicuticular wax. Upper lemmas of S. maidenii have minute longitudinal ridges and lack papillae. Upper lemmas of the terminal spikelets of S. maidenii are chartaceous to slightly hardened and loosely clasping the caryopsis, whereas for Ancistrachne s. s. they are hardened, glossy and tightly clasping the caryopsis. Simonachne maidenii, as for other species in Cleistochloinae, lacks a lower palea, whereas species of Ancistrachne, members of Neurachninae s. s. and the species of Panicum have a lower palea. Simonachne maidenii differs from Ancistrachne by the indumentum on the upper glume and lower lemma and differs from other members of Cleistochloinae by having an indistinct germination flap on the upper lemma (Tables 1, 3, Fig. 4; Appendices 8, 10 – 13). Abaxial leaf-blade epidermis Costal−intercostal zonation conspicuous. Papillae absent. Costal long cells rectangular, much narrower than intercostal; anticlinal walls of intercostal long cells Ω-shaped. Anticlinal walls of intercostal long cells moderately undulating, often irregular with short-wave length. Stomata 38 – 43 µm long with low triangular subsidiaries, in 2 rows separated by 5 – 6 files of long cells. Bicellular microhairs 52 – 56 µm long, proximal cell longer than distal, occasional. Silica bodies in single rows, bilobate and polylobate, 16 – 25 µm long, common. Hooks present (Appendices 14, 15). The shape of the anticlinal walls of long cells in the upper lemmas and the abaxial leaf surface in A. maidenii differ from those in A. uncinulata, and, in A. maidenii, the shapes of these walls differ from each other (Table 3). Such differences in the shape of anticlinal walls of long cells have been reported for some other panicoid grasses (Lu et al. 2009; Harun et al. 2020). Transverse section of leaf blade C 3; XyMS +. Mesophyll with radiate chlorenchyma; adaxial pallisade chlorenchyma present. Midrib not prominent; with a double bundle sheath; outer complete ring of parenchyma cells and partial inner ring of thick-walled cells with adaxial arc of clear parenchyma cells. Bulliform cells in discrete regular groups; in simple fans. Sclerenchyma accompanying all vascular bundles as adaxial strands and abaxial girders (Appendix 16). Transverse section of culm Culm examined 0.6 mm in diameter. Outer smallest vascular bundles adjacent to tangential girder sclerenchyma and imbedded in large-celled sclerenchyma. Vascular bundles with a ring of clear parenchyma; three sizes in separate circles, smallest to the periphery. Chlorenchyma in rectangular blocks, 2 or 3 cells deep by up to 10 cells wide; cells with regular size and shape, more or less circular. Inner ground tissue consisting of large thin-walled cells. (Appendix 17). The distribution of the bundle sheath parenchyma of S. maidenii has similarities to the fresh culm sections of Entolasia spp. prepared for this study. Surface of inflorescence culm Pilose with tuberculate-based macrohairs up to 2 mm long, muriculate with hooks and scabridulous with prickles. Stomata frequent, similar to those on the abaxial leaf surface. Bicellar microhairs, ~ 44 μm long, occasional. Silica bodies absent. (Appendix 18)."},{"description":"Distribution Occurs in two disjunct populations on the New South Wales coastline (Fig. 3). Habitat and ecology Under a canopy of trees or shrubs on sandy soils derived from sandstone. Phenology Dates of herbarium collections indicate that S. maidenii flowers throughout the year. Cultivated plants flower mostly in summer. Conservation status Listed as Vulnerable under the Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016, New South Wales. Notes"},{"description":"Additional specimens examined NEW SOUTH WALES. Along an ephemeral creekline close to Old Great North Road, Devines Hill, 29 January 1999, P. Pike s. n. (NSW 427980); Singleton Road, Wiseman Ferry, 23 January 1999, P. Pike s. n. (NSW 427981); Erskine Creek downstream from Jack Evans track in the Blue Mountains National Park, 6 March 1999, R. G. Coveny 17686 & Hind (BRI AQ 681893); 20 m E of Glenreagh – Grafton road, 7 km N of Glenreagh, 6 July 2001, G. Elks s. n. (NSW 488035); ~ 5 km along Stockyard Creek Road from Punchbowl Road, ~ 25 km NW by N of Grafton, 28 November 2005, Edwards 3 (NSW 618071); on left-hand side of track along Marramarra Creek ~ 20 m from Smugglers Ridge and Marramarra Ridge track exits, 17 November 2006, P. Pike s. n. (NSW 772920); Sandstone Drive, S of Bull paddock, Orara River, 3 January 2011, G. Clancy s. n. (NSW 882378); Porto Ridge, SW of Brooklyn, May 2011, R. G. Coveny 19454 (NSW 891751); Stockyard Creek, along Stockyard Creek Rd, ~ 30 km NNW of Grafton, 5 June 2013, E. J. Thompson EJT 936 (BRI AQ 1012262); near Whiporie, along Summerland Way, ~ 55 km N of Grafton, 5 June 2013, E. J. Thompson EJT 939 (BRI AQ 1012263); Coaldale, edge of Coaldale Rd nr. junction with Stockyard Creek Rd, ~ 31 km NNW of Grafton, 22 June 2013, E. J. Thompson EJT 945 & G. P. Guymer (BRI AQ 1012265); along Benowie walking track adjacent to Sams Creek, Berowa, September 2015, E. J. Thompson EJT 1038 & G. P. Guymer (BRI AQ 971047). CULTIVATED. Ashgrove (ex Stockyard Creek Road), April 2017, E. J. Thompson MOR 815 (BRI AQ 1022226)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"320484843":"Plantae","320484844":"Tracheophyta","320484845":"Liliopsida","320484846":"Poales","320484847":"Poaceae","320484848":"Simonachne"},"class":"Liliopsida"},{"key":165627685,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","parentKey":165627684,"parent":"Beaufortia","genus":"Beaufortia","species":"Beaufortia kwongkanicola","genusKey":165627684,"speciesKey":165627685,"scientificName":"Beaufortia kwongkanicola A.A.Burb","canonicalName":"Beaufortia kwongkanicola","authorship":"A.A.Burb","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"51168414","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Beaufortia kwongkanicola, commonly known as Lesueur beaufortia, is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a shrub with crowded leaves and large, deep purple heads of flowers in late winter and spring and is found in the northern kwongkan."},{"description":"Beaufortia kwongkanicola is classified as \"Not Threatened\" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife."},{"description":"Beaufortia kwongkanicola is a shrub which grows to a height and width of 1 m. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, are linear to narrow egg-shaped, 3-8 mm long, 1-2.5 mm wide and are often crowded. The flowers are arranged in heads on the ends of the branches and have 5 sepals, 5 petals and 5 bundles of stamens. The stamen bundles are deep red to purple, 3-8 mm long and densely hairy on the inner surface. There are 5 to 7 stamens in each bundle and the free ends of the stamens separate from the bundle at different points. Flowering occurs from July to November and is followed by fruit which are woody capsules, 10-13.5 mm long and about 8 mm wide and densely clustered."},{"description":"Column beaufortia grows in sandy soils often over laterite and in the Lesueur sandplain region including the Avon Wheatbelt, Geraldton Sandplains and Swan Coastal Plain biogeographic regions."},{"description":"Beaufortia kwongkanicola was first formally described in 2016 by Andrew A. Burbidge and the description was published in Nuytsia. The specific epithet (\"kwongkanicola\") refers to the kwongkan vegetation with which this species is found."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165627684":"Beaufortia"}},{"key":165742523,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","parentKey":165742513,"parent":"Saccharomyces","genus":"Saccharomyces","species":"Saccharomyces paradoxus","genusKey":165742513,"speciesKey":165742523,"scientificName":"Saccharomyces paradoxus A.A.Bachinskaya, 1914","canonicalName":"Saccharomyces paradoxus","authorship":"Bachinskaya, A.A., 1914","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"29631246","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Saccharomyces paradoxus is a wild yeast and the closest known species to the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is used in population genomics and phylogenetic studies to compare its wild characteristics to laboratory yeasts."},{"description":"Saccharomyces paradoxus worldwide distribution. Populations are represented in different colours. Green asterisks indicate recent introductions of the European type. Phylogeny of main Saccharomyces paradoxus populations. Unlike most other Saccharomyces species, there is no evidence that Saccharomyces paradoxus has been domesticated by humans. Accordingly, its biogeography is mostly marked by natural processes like limited migration, glacial refugia and adaptation to climate. At least four genetically and phenotypically distinct populations of Saccharomyces paradoxus have been identified, corresponding to main geographical divisions: Europe (including West Siberia), Far East Asia (Japan, Eastern Siberia), North America (North American East and West coasts, Great Lakes region) and North-East America (Gaspé Peninsula, Saint Lawrence Valley and Appalaches), respectively. Representative strains of these populations exhibit partial post-zygotic isolation. A fifth population is represented by a singleton isolate from Hawaii. Some strains from the European population are found in North America and New Zealand and likely result from recent colonization events. Two isolates from South America, described as Saccharomyces cariocanus, are genetically indistinguishable but exhibit post-zygotic isolation when crossed to strains from the American population, due to chromosomal translocations."},{"description":"Saccharomyces paradoxus is mostly isolated from deciduous trees (oak, maple, birch), and in some rare occasions on insects and fruits. It is often found in sympatry with other Saccharomyces species. Like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it has a worldwide distribution and it is mesophilic, which limits its natural distribution to low latitudes. However, Saccharomyces paradoxus typically grows at lower temperatures than Saccharomyces cerevisiae, resulting in a slight shift in its distribution toward cooler regions, like British islands and Eastern Canada."},{"description":"Saccharomyces paradoxus is naturally homothallic, and is mostly found as diploid in the environment. Reproduction is mostly clonal and 99% of sexual reproduction occurs between spores from the same ascus. This purges recessive deleterious mutations that accumulated during clonal expansion, in a process known as \"genome renewal\". Post-zygotic isolation between strains of Saccharomyces paradoxus is commonly observed and could be either due to genetic divergence between populations or to chromosomal changes within populations. Like in other Saccharomyces species, heterothallism can be restored using standard genetic tools, to obtain stable haploid strains for experimental purposes."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165742513":"Saccharomyces"}},{"key":167760759,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","parentKey":165733396,"parent":"Prostanthera","genus":"Prostanthera","species":"Prostanthera densa","genusKey":165733396,"speciesKey":167760759,"scientificName":"Prostanthera densa A.A.Ham.","canonicalName":"Prostanthera densa","authorship":"A.A.Ham.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"65155330","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Prostanthera densa, commonly known as villous mint-bush, is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae and is endemic to near-coastal areas of New South Wales. It is an erect, often compact shrub with aromatic branches, egg-shaped leaves, and mauve flowers with orange markings inside."},{"description":"This mintbush is listed as \"vulnerable\" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and the New South Wales Government Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016. The main threats to the species include land clearing for urban development, dieback caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, dumping of garden refuse, weed invasion and disturbance by recreational users."},{"description":"Prostanthera densa is an erect, aromatic, often compact shrub that typically grows to a height of and has hairy branches. The leaves are egg-shaped to triangular, usually hairy, long and wide on a petiole long. The flowers are arranged singly in two to ten of the upper leaf axils with bracteoles about long at the base. The sepals are hairy, sometimes tinged with purple, long and form a tube about wide with two lobes, the upper lobe long. The petals are pale mauve to mauve with orange and white markings, long, forming a tube long. The lower central lobe is long, the lower side lobes long and the upper lobes long and fused with a central notch long. There are a few flowers throughout the year, peaking in spring."},{"description":"Villous mint-bush grows in forest and shrubland on the coast and nearby ranges between Nelson Bay and the Beecroft Peninsula."},{"description":"Prostanthera densa was first formally described in 1920 by Arthur Andrew Hamilton in Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales."}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"Villous mint-bush","language":"eng"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165733396":"Prostanthera"}},{"key":165785864,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","species":"Carinodrillia bocatoroensis","speciesKey":165785864,"scientificName":"Carinodrillia bocatoroensis (A.A.Olsson, 1922)","canonicalName":"Carinodrillia bocatoroensis","authorship":"(A.A. Olsson, 1922)","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"57532752","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Carinodrillia bocatoroensis is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies.Fossilworks: Carinodrillia bocatoroensis"},{"description":"The length of the shell attains 23 mm, its diameter 8 mm. (Original description) The shell is of medium size. It is solid and strongly sculptured with ribs and spirals. It contains about 11 whorls, the protoconch is eroded in the type specimen. The fasciole occupies about ⅓of the width of the spire whorl, with a large sutural cord above which the edge of the suture is finely and regularly beaded or granulated. The surface of the fasciole is slightly undulated by the obsolete ends of the ribs, otherwise smooth. The fasciole is nearly smooth, bordered above by a heavy sutural cord. The axial ribs number about 8 on the body whorl, straight and nearly in line across the face of the spire-whorls to the apex, but interrupted and lacking from each fasciole. The spiral sculpture consists of the few raised cords with wider interspaces. There are 3 spirals on the spire-whorls, about 6 on the body whorl, with 9 more on the anterior canal. The interspaces in addition carry fine and submicroscopic spiral lines. The base of the body whorl is somewhat constricted with a short siphonal canal.Olsson, Axel A. \"The Miocene of northern Costa Rica.\" Bulletins of American Paleontology 9.39 (1922)"},{"description":"This extinct species occurs in Pliocene strata of Jamaica; age range: 3.6 to 2.588 Ma; i n Middle and Upper Miocene strata of the Gatun Stage at Bocas del Toro, Costa Rica."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165792129,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","species":"Crassispira capella","speciesKey":165792129,"scientificName":"Crassispira capella A.A.Olsson, 1930","canonicalName":"Crassispira capella","authorship":"A.A. Olsson, 1930","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"58332574","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Crassispira capella is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies.Fossilworks: Crassispira capella Fossils have been found in Eocene strata in Northern Peru; age range: 40.4 to 37.2 Ma."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165513495,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":4368229,"parentKey":321775350,"parent":"Nassariidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","family":"Nassariidae","genus":"Hebra","kingdomKey":165236969,"phylumKey":321769259,"classKey":165471537,"familyKey":321775350,"genusKey":165513495,"scientificName":"Hebra A.Adams, 1853","canonicalName":"Hebra","authorship":"A. Adams, 1853","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"27004676","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Hebra is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Nassariidae, the Nassa mud snails or dog whelks. This genus is unaccepted and is considered a synonym of Nassarius Duméril, 1805 ."},{"description":"Species within the genus Hebra include: † Hebra junghuhni (K. Martin, 1895) † Hebra kondangensis (Oostingh, 1939) Hebra oberwimmeri (Preston, 1907) Species brought into synonymy : Hebra corticata (A. Adams, 1852): synonym of Hebra nigra (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1848) Hebra crenolirata (A. Adams, 1852): synonym of Nassarius crenoliratus (A. Adams, 1852) Hebra curta (Gould, 1850) : synonym of Hebra horrida (Dunker, 1847) Hebra horrida (Dunker, 1847) : synonym of Nassarius horridus (Dunker, 1847) Hebra nigra (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1848) : synonym of Nassarius nigrus (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1848) Hebra subspinosa (Lamarck, 1822) : synonym of Nassarius subspinosus (Lamarck, 1822)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165236969":"Animalia","321769259":"Mollusca","165471537":"Gastropoda","321775350":"Nassariidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":165475697,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":3244718,"parentKey":321771686,"parent":"Vanikoridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","family":"Vanikoridae","genus":"Constantia","kingdomKey":165236969,"phylumKey":321769259,"classKey":165471537,"familyKey":321771686,"genusKey":165475697,"scientificName":"Constantia A.Adams, 1860","canonicalName":"Constantia","authorship":"A. Adams, 1860","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"36849295","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Constantia is a genus of extremely small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Vanikoridae.Bouchet, P. (2012). Constantia A. Adams, 1860. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=525631 on 2012-08-28"},{"description":"Species within the genus Constantia include: Constantia acutocostata Bandel & Kowalke, 1997 Constantia elegans A. Adams, 1860"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165236969":"Animalia","321769259":"Mollusca","165471537":"Gastropoda","321771686":"Vanikoridae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":165612016,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Agatha","genusKey":165612016,"scientificName":"Agatha A.Adams, 1860","canonicalName":"Agatha","authorship":"A. Adams, 1860","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"15432535","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Agatha is a small genus of minute sea snails or marine gastropod mollusks within the subfamily Syrnolinae, which is a part of the family Pyramidellidae.Rosenberg, G. (2012). Agatha A. Adams, 1860. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=599126 on 2012-08-27 They have bilateral symmetry and only have endoderm and ectoderm tissues. The species of this genus are ectoparasites on other invertebrates."},{"description":"Marine"},{"description":"† Agatha alexanderi (Marwick, 1929) Agatha amabilis Nomura, 1936 Agatha australis (Angas, 1871) Agatha brevis Yokoyama, 1922 Agatha filia (Melvill, 1893) Agatha georgiana (Hutton, 1885) Agatha laevis (Angas, 1867) Agatha obesa Peñas & Rolán, 2016 † Agatha otaioensis Laws, 1940 Agatha pacei (Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906) † Agatha pittensis (Marwick, 1928) Agatha placida Nomura, 1936 Agatha vestalis Melvill, 1910 Agatha virgo Weisbord, 1962 Species brought into synonymy : Agatha angasi (Tryon, 1886): synonym of Syrnola angasi (Tryon, 1886) Agatha infrequens Nomura, 1937: synonym of Odostomia infrequens (Nomura, 1937) Agatha lepidula Habe, 1961: synonym of Tibersyrnola lepidula (Habe, 1961) Agatha simplex (Angas, 1871): synonym of Megastomia simplex (Angas, 1871)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165737270,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Putilla","genusKey":165737270,"scientificName":"Putilla A.Adams, 1867","canonicalName":"Putilla","authorship":"A. Adams, 1867","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"36194482","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Putilla is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Seguenziidae."},{"description":"Species within the genus Putilla include: Putilla lacuna (Laseron, 1954) Putilla lucida A. Adams, 1867 † Putilla ponderi (Maxwell, 1992) Putilla porcellana (Tate & May, 1900) † Putilla tantilla (Laws, 1936) Species brought into synonymy : Putilla abyssicola Nordsieck, 1972: synonym of Benthonella tenella (Jeffreys, 1869) Putilla aoteana (Powell, 1937): synonym of Notosetia aoteana Powell, 1937 Putilla cantrainei Nordsieck, 1972: synonym of Obtusella intersecta (S. Wood, 1857) Putilla messanensis (Aradas & Benoit, 1876): synonym of Rissoa messanensis Aradas & Benoit, 1876 Putilla neozelanica (Suter, 1908): synonym of Notosetia neozelanica (Suter, 1898)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":183661452,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Seila","genusKey":183661452,"scientificName":"Seila A.Adams, 1861","canonicalName":"Seila","authorship":"A. Adams, 1861","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"28340724","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Seila is a genus of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Cerithiopsidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Seila A. Adams, 1861. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137771 on 2021-07-04"},{"description":"According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), the following species with valid names are included within the genus Seila: Seila adamsii (H.C. Lea, 1845) Seila africana Bartsch, 1915 Seila albosutura (Tenison-Woods, 1876) Seila alexanderensis Cecalupo & Perugia, 2018 Seila alfredensis Bartsch, 1915 Seila angolensis Rolán & Fernandes, 1990 Seila assimilata (C.B. Adams, 1852) † Seila attenuissima P. Marshall & R. Murdoch, 1920 Seila bandorensis (Melvill, 1893) Seila baudisonensis Cecalupo & Perugia, 2018 Seila capricornia (Laseron, 1956) Seila carinata (E.A. Smith, 1871) Seila carquejai Rolán & Fernandes, 1990 Seila chenui Jay & Drivas, 2002 Seila cincta (Hutton, 1886) Seila cingulifera (Thiele, 1930) † Seila clifdenensis (Laws, 1941) Seila conica Cecalupo & Perugia, 2012 Seila crocea (Angas, 1871) Seila crovatoi Cecalupo & Perugia, 2014 Seila deaurata Rolán & Fernandes, 1990 Seila decorata Cecalupo & Perugia, 2012 Seila dextroversa (Adams & Reeve, 1850 in 1848-50) Seila dilecta Marshall, 1978 Seila elegantissima Marshall, 1978 Seila exquisita Cecalupo & Perugia, 2012 † Seila gagei Maxwell, 1992 Seila gloriosa Cecalupo & Perugia, 2021 Seila hinduorum (Melvill, 1898) Seila incerta Cecalupo & Perugia, 2013 Seila inchoata Rolán & Fernandes, 1990 Seila insignis (May, 1911) Seila iredalei (Laseron, 1956) † Seila kaiparaensis (Laws, 1941) Seila kuiperi Rolán & Pelorce, 2006 Seila laqueata (Gould, 1861) Seila lirata Sowerby III, 1897 Seila mactanensis Cecalupo & Perugia, 2012 Seila maculosa Laseron, 1951 Seila magna Laseron, 1951 Seila maoria Marshall, 1978 Seila marmorata (Tate, 1893) Seila maxima Cecalupo & Perugia, 2014 Seila montereyensis Bartsch, 1907 Seila morishimai (Habe, 1970) Seila nigrofusca Laseron, 1951 Seila parilis Rolán & Fernandes, 1990 † Seila petasa Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 Seila pulmoensis DuShane & Draper, 1975 Seila regia Marshall, 1978 Seila retusa Cecalupo & Perugia, 2014 Seila samoaensis Cecalupo & Perugia, 2019 † Seila sancticlementi Marquet, 2001 Seila sarinoae Cecalupo & Perugia, 2019 Seila sienii Cecalupo & Perugia, 2017 Seila silviae Cecalupo & Perugia, 2012 Seila slacksmithae Cecalupo & Perugia, 2021 Seila smithi Bartsch, 1915 † Seila societatis Cecalupo & Perugia, 2014 Seila stenopyrgisca Darragh, 2017 Seila subalbida Dall, 1927 Seila tenuis (Laseron, 1951) Seila terebelloides (Hutton, 1873) Seila tissieri Cecalupo & Perugia, 2020 Seila trilineata (Philippi, 1836) Seila vanuatuensis Cecalupo & Perugia, 2013 Seila variabilis Cecalupo & Perugia, 2012 Seila versluysi (Schepman, 1909) Seila wadeiensis Cecalupo & Perugia, 2018 Seila wareni Cecalupo & Perugia, 2012 A shell of Seila marmorata The Indo-Pacific Molluscan database also includes the following species with names in current use:OBIS : Seila Seila catenaria (Melvill & Standen, 1896) Seila cingulata (A. Adams, 1861) Seila crassicincta (Yokoyama, 1926) Seila parva (Angas, 1877) Species brought into synonymy : Seila attenuata Hedley, 1900: synonym of Seilarex turritelliformis (Angas, 1877) Seila bulbosa Suter, 1908: synonym of † Seila (Hebeseila) bulbosa Suter, 1908 Seila capitata Thiele, 1925: synonym of Proseila capitata (Thiele, 1925) Seila chathamensis Suter, 1908: synonym of Seila (Lyroseila) cinctum (Hutton, 1885) Seila cochleata Suter, 1908: synonym of Seila chathamensis Suter, 1908 Seila dissimilis Suter, 1908: synonym of Specula styliformis (Suter, 1908) Seila huttoni Suter, 1915: synonym of Seila chathamensis Suter, 1908 Seila reunionensis Jay & Drivas, 2002: synonym of Cerithiella reunionensis (Jay & Drivas, 2002) Seila terebralis (C. B. Adams, 1840): synonym of Seila adamsii (H.C. Lea, 1845)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":190406656,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Laona","genusKey":190406656,"scientificName":"Laona A.Adams, 1865","canonicalName":"Laona","authorship":"A.Adams, 1865","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"69017255","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Laona is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Laonidae. The species of this genus are found in Europe and America. Species: Laona alternans Laona californica Laona chilla Laona condensa Laona confusa Laona grandioculi Laona nanseni Laona pruinosa Laona quadrata Laona thurmanni Laona ventricosa Synonyms : Laona finmarchica (M. Sars, 1859): synonym of Praephiline finmarchica (M. Sars, 1859) Laona flexuosa (M. Sars, 1859): synonym of Laona pruinosa (W. Clark, 1827)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":3244314,"nameKey":17014400,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":3244314,"parentKey":5495,"parent":"Camaenidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Stylommatophora","family":"Camaenidae","genus":"Satsuma","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":52,"classKey":225,"orderKey":1456,"familyKey":5495,"genusKey":3244314,"scientificName":"Satsuma A.Adams, 1868","canonicalName":"Satsuma","authorship":"A.Adams, 1868","publishedIn":"Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4) 1","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":340,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:3244314","extinct":false,"habitats":["TERRESTRIAL"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Type species: Helix japonica Pfeiffer, 1847, by original designation"},{"description":"TYPE SPECIES. — Helix japonica Pfeiffer, 1847, by subsequent designation (Kuroda & Habe 1949: 54)"},{"description":"KEY TO THE DEXTRAL SPECIES OF SATSUMA ADAMS, 1868 IN TAIWAN 1 Shell high conic; shell height> shell width .................................................................................................. 2 — Shell depressed conic; shell height 2 Shell white or yellowish golden; with/without polymorphic bands ................................................................. ................................................................................................ S. albida species complex (see Wu et al. 2008) — Shell brown; with a peripheral band ............................................................... S. sphaeroconus (Pfeiffer, 1866) 3 Shell colour yellow .................................................................................................... S. bacca (Pfeiffer, 1866) — Shell colour light brown to dark brown ....................................................................................................... 4 4 Umbilicus totally covered by reflexed columellar lip .................................................................................... 5 Umbilicus partly open to completely open .................................................................................................. 6 5 Shell large-sized, shell width> 50 mm ................................................................... S. arisana (Kuroda, 1941) Shell medium-sized, shell width <45 mm ................................................................... S. tani (Kuroda, 1941) 6 Shell width> 35 mm ................................................................................................................................... 7 Shell width <35 mm ................................................................................................................................. 10 7 Upper lip clearly sinuous; fold on basal lip present ............................................... S. bairdi (H. Adams, 1866) Upper lip smoothly curved; fold on basal lip absent .................................................................................... 8 8 Spire lower; shell height/shell width <0.7 ............................................................ S. takahasii (Kuroda, 1941) — Spire higher; shell height/shell width> 0.7 .................................................................................................. 9 9 Umbilicus completely open; penial caecum weak ........................ S. longkiauwensis Wu, Lin & Hwang, 2007 — Umbilicus partly open; penial caecum low conical .................................................................. S. nivnu n. sp. 10 Periphery angulate to carinate ................................................................................................................... 11 — Periphery round, at most roundly angulate ................................................................................................ 16 11 Umbilicus not covered by reflexed columellar lip ............................................. Satsuma mellea (Pfeiffer, 1866) — Umbilicus partly covered by reflexed columellar lip ................................................................................... 12 12 Periphery sharply carinate; surface immediately below periphery concave; basal lip flat .................................. ............................................. Satsuma friesiana (Möllendorff, 1884) + syn. Coniglobus carinatus Chang, 1990 — Periphery bluntly carinate; surface immediately below periphery convex; basal lip smoothly curved .......... 13 13 Periphery angulate in front; whorls flat to weakly convex .......................................................................... 14 — Periphery round in front; whorls convex ................................................................................................... 15 14 Whorls flat; base convex; axial striae dense ........................................ S. succincta succincta (H. Adams, 1866) — Whorls convex; base less convex; axial striae loose ............................................... S. paiwanis (Kuroda, 1941) 15 Spire higher; shell height/width ratio = 0.79; peristome very thick; whorls less convex ................................... ........................................................................................................... S. succincta rubrotincta (Kuroda, 1941) — Spire lower; shell height/width ratio = 0.69; peristome not particularly thickened; whorls convex .................. ............................................................................................................ S. succincta amblytropis (Pilsbry, 1901) 16 Umbilicus close ................................................................................................ S. takkiriensis (Kuroda, 1941) — Umbilicus partly covered ............................................................................................................................ 17 17 Basal lip curved ............................................................................................... S. litus (Chang & Tada, 2000) — Basal lip flat ................................................................................................................................................ 18 18 Upper surface roughly and loosely ridged; outer lip sinuate ........................................................................ 19 — Upper surface finely and densely ridged; outer lip smoothly curved ............................................................ 20 19 Basal lip horizontal, straight; surface above periphery malleated ........................... S. nux (Möllendorff, 1888) — Basal lip straightly downwrds; surface above periphery not malleated ................................ S. sunlinksea n. sp. 20 Spire high, shell height/shell width> 0.8 ................................................................................................... 21 — Spire low, shell height/shell width <0.75 ................................................................................................... 22 21 Upper lip smoothly curved; basal lip horizontal with a weak fold; penial pouch absent .................................. .............................................................................................................................. S. sericata (Kuroda, 1941) — Upper lip sinuous; basal lip oblique without a fold; penial pouch present .......................... S. hsuehshan n. sp. 22 Tooth on basal lip apparent; flagellum hooked on tip, tapering ............................ S. chengi Wu & Tsai, 2015 — Tooth on basal lip inapparent; flagellum spirally tapering ........................................................................... 23 23 Distinguished by molecular characters only; shell larger; shell colour paler; penis shorter; distributed around Chipen, southeastern Taiwan .................................................................................... S. mii Wu & Wu, 2017 — Distinguished by molecular characters only; shell smaller; shell colour darker; penis longer; distributed around Antong, eastern Taiwan .................................................................................... S. paradoxa Wu & Tsai, 2016"},{"description":"Type species: Helix japonica Pfeiffer, 1847, by subsequent designation"},{"description":"Type species: Satsuma japonica Pfeiffer, 1847, original designation"}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"薩摩蝸牛屬","language":"zho"},{"vernacularName":"菱蝸牛屬","language":"zho"},{"vernacularName":"班卡拉蝸牛屬","language":"zho"},{"vernacularName":"栗蝸牛屬","language":"zho"},{"vernacularName":"외줄달팽이속","language":"kor"},{"vernacularName":"ニッポンマイマイ属","language":"jpn"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","52":"Mollusca","225":"Gastropoda","1456":"Stylommatophora","5495":"Camaenidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":165785871,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","species":"Carinodrillia felis","speciesKey":165785871,"scientificName":"Carinodrillia felis A.A.Olsson, 1964","canonicalName":"Carinodrillia felis","authorship":"A.A. Olsson, 1964","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"57540069","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Carinodrillia felis is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies."},{"description":"This extinct species occurs in Pliocene strata and Miocene strata of Ecuador; age range: 5.332 to 3.6 Ma"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165783842,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","species":"Buridrillia panarica","speciesKey":165783842,"scientificName":"Buridrillia panarica (A.A.Olsson, 1942)","canonicalName":"Buridrillia panarica","authorship":"(A.A. Olsson, 1942 )","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"57492835","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Buridrillia panarica is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae.Buridrillia panarica, Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base"},{"description":"Fossils of this marine species were found in West Panama and in Pliocene strata of Costa Rica and Ecuador; age range: 3.6 to 2.588 Ma"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165492849,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":4608286,"parentKey":321775958,"parent":"Viviparidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","family":"Viviparidae","genus":"Larina","kingdomKey":165236969,"phylumKey":321769259,"classKey":165471537,"familyKey":321775958,"genusKey":165492849,"scientificName":"Larina A.Adams, 1855","canonicalName":"Larina","authorship":"A. Adams, 1855","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"44661188","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Larina is a genus of large operculate freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Viviparidae.Bouchet, P. (2014). Larina A. Adams, 1855. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=732082 on 2014-12-10"},{"description":"Species within the genus Larina include Larina lirata (Tate, 1885) Larina strangei A. Adams, 1855 Species brought into synonymy : Larina turbinata Gatliff & Gabriel, 1909: synonym of Larinopsis turbinatus (Gatliff & Gabriel, 1909)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165236969":"Animalia","321769259":"Mollusca","165471537":"Gastropoda","321775958":"Viviparidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":165717396,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Oscilla","genusKey":165717396,"scientificName":"Oscilla A.Adams, 1861","canonicalName":"Oscilla","authorship":"A. Adams, 1861","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"15424406","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Oscilla is a genus of very small sea snails, minute marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks. This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Chrysallidinae of the family Pyramidellidae.Rosenberg, G.; Gofas, S. (2011). Oscilla A. Adams, 1861. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138415 on 6 July 2012 These marine gastropods have shells with intorted protoconchs."},{"description":"Little is known about the biology of the members of this genus. As is true of most members of the Pyramidellidae sensu lato, they are likely to be ectoparasites. Oscilla jocosa may possibly be a parasite on Trochus erithreus (Mienis 2003)."},{"description":"The following species are mentioned in WoRMS: Oscilla annulata (A. Adams in H. & A. Adams, 1853) Oscilla appeliusi (Hornung & Mermod, 1925) Oscilla aqabaensis Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020 Oscilla aquilonia Pimenta, Santos & Absalao, 2008 Oscilla axialyrae Peñas & Rolán, 2017 Oscilla beccarii (Hormung & Mermod, 1924) Oscilla bellardii (Hornung & Mermod, 1924) Oscilla bifida Peñas & Rolán, 2017 Oscilla cingulata (A. Adams, 1861) (Type species) (as Monoptygma (Oscilla) cingulata) Oscilla circinata A. Adams, 1867 Dall & Bartsch, Notes on Japanese, Indo-Pacific and American Pyramidellidae; Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol XXX n° 1452; 1906 Oscilla composita Peñas & Rolán, 2017 Oscilla cylindrica de Folin, 1879) Oscilla duplex Laseron, 1959) Oscilla evanida Melvill, 1904 Oscilla faceta Melvill, 1904 Oscilla felix (Dall & Bartsch, 1906) Oscilla ficara (Bartsch, 1915) Oscilla fortefunis Peñas & Rolán, 2017 Oscilla galilae Bogi, Karhan & Yokeş, 2012 Oscilla gemella Peñas & Rolán, 2017 Oscilla infraduplex Peñas & Rolán, 2017 Oscilla istiusmodi Peñas & Rolán, 2017 Oscilla jocosa Melvill, 1904 Oscilla jocosior Saurin, 1959 Oscilla koheii (Nomura, 1937) Oscilla ligata (Angas, 1877) Oscilla marquesensis Peñas & Rolán, 2017 Oscilla mirabilis (Preston, 1905) Oscilla mirifica Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020 Oscilla multifuniculi Peñas & Rolán, 2017 Oscilla multistriata Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020 Oscilla mutuensis (Nomura, 1938) Oscilla niasensis Thiele, 1925 Oscilla notialis Pimenta, Santos & Absalao, 2008 Oscilla obtusa (Gould, 1861 in 1859-61) Oscilla obtusantis (Saurin, 1961) Oscilla ogasaensis (Nomura, 1939) Oscilla ongcopensis (Saurin, 1961) Oscilla parvicoronata Peñas & Rolán, 2017 Oscilla perfelix (Nomura, 1938) Oscilla punicea (W. R. B. Oliver, 1915) Oscilla pupula Thiele, 1925 Oscilla sculptulata Peñas & Rolán, 2017 Oscilla solomonensis Peñas & Rolán, 2017 Oscilla somersi (Verrill & Bush, 1900) Oscilla sulcibasis Peñas & Rolán, 2017 Oscilla tasmanica (Tenison-Woods, 1876) Oscilla tempeii (Nomura, 1937) Oscilla tornata (A. E. Verrill, 1884) Oscilla tricordata (Nomura, 1938) Oscilla uahukaensis Peñas & Rolán, 2017 Oscilla vanuatuensis Peñas & Rolán, 2017 Oscilla virginiae Peñas, Rolán & Sabelli, 2020 Oscilla voorwindei (Laseron, 1959) The following species are also mentioned in OBIS OBIS : Miralda (Oscilla) and Malacolog Malacolog : Oscilla Oscilla biseriata Gabb, 1881 Oscilla stupa (Hori, S. & H. Fukuda, 1999) Species brought into synonymy : Oscilla bosyuensis (Nomura, S., 1937):Gastropods.com: Oscilla bosyuensis; retrieved: 28 January 32012 synonym of Odetta bosyuensis (Nomura, 1937) Oscilla dautzenbergi de Morgan, 1916 † : synonym of Pyrgula dautzenbergi (de Morgan, 1916) † (new combination) Oscilla fallax Thiele, 1925: synonym of Bulimoscilla fallax (Thiele, 1925) Oscilla gumia: synonym of Hinemoa gumia (Hedley, 1909) Oscilla indica Melvill, 1896: synonym of Hinemoa indica (Melvill, 1896) Oscilla insculpta (Carpenter) Keep, 1888: synonym of Iolaea eucosmia Dall & Bartsch, 1909 Oscilla laquearia: synonym of Hinemoa laquearia (Hedley, 1909) Oscilla leviplex: synonym of Hinemoa leviplex Laseron, 1959 Oscilla lirata (A. Adams, 1860): synonym of Odetta lirata (A. Adams, 1860) Oscilla migma: synonym of Hinemoa migma (Hedley, 1909) Oscilla sumatrana Thiele, 1925: synonym of Menesthella sumatrana (Thiele, 1925) The European species have been revised by van Aartsen (1994)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":193659539,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Phanerophthalmus","genusKey":193659539,"scientificName":"Phanerophthalmus A.Adams, 1850","canonicalName":"Phanerophthalmus","authorship":"A. Adams, 1850","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"69674143","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Phanerophthalmus is a genus of medium-sized sea snails or bubble snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod molluscs in the family Haminoeidae, the haminoea bubble snails, part of the clade Cephalaspidea, the headshield slugs and bubble snails.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Phanerophthalmus A. Adams, 1850. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=599465 on 2022-01-04"},{"description":"Phanerophthalmus albocollaris Heller & T. E. Thompson, 1983 Phanerophthalmus albotriangulatus Austin, Gosliner & Malaquias, 2018 Phanerophthalmus anettae Austin, Gosliner & Malaquias, 2018 Phanerophthalmus batangas Austin, Gosliner & Malaquias, 2018 Phanerophthalmus boucheti Austin, Gosliner & Malaquias, 2018 Phanerophthalmus cerverai Austin, Gosliner & Malaquias, 2018 Phanerophthalmus cylindricus (Pease, 1861) Phanerophthalmus engeli (Labbé, 1934) Phanerophthalmus lentigines Austin, Gosliner & Malaquias, 2018 Phanerophthalmus luteus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Phanerophthalmus minikoiensis (E. A. Smith, 1903) Phanerophthalmus olivaceus (Ehrenberg, 1828) Phanerophthalmus paulayi Austin, Gosliner & Malaquias, 2018 Phanerophthalmus perpallidus Risbec, 1928 Phanerophthalmus purpura Austin, Gosliner & Malaquias, 2018 Phanerophthalmus rudmani Austin, Gosliner & Malaquias, 2018 Phanerophthalmus tibiricae Austin, Gosliner & Malaquias, 2018 Synonyms : Phanerophthalmus albotriangulatum Austin, Gosliner & Malaquias, 2018: synonym of Phanerophthalmus albotriangulatus Austin, Gosliner & Malaquias, 2018 (wrong gender agreement of specific epithet) Phanerophthalmus collaris Eales, 1938: synonym of Phanerophthalmus minikoiensis (E. A. Smith, 1903) (uncertain synonym) Phanerophthalmus pauper Bergh, 1905: synonym of Phanerophthalmus luteus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Phanerophthalmus smaragdinus (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830): synonym of Phanerophthalmus olivaceus (Ehrenberg, 1828)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165705842,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Minolia","genusKey":165705842,"scientificName":"Minolia A.Adams, 1860","canonicalName":"Minolia","authorship":"A. Adams, 1860","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"27073524","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Minolia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Solariellidae. A. Adams named the genus from Mino-Sima, the little island near Niphon (Japan). Minolia was in older textbooks regarded as a subgenus of Margarita Leach, 1819 (itself now a synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847)."},{"description":"The thin, delicate, smooth shell is depressed and widely umbilicated. The whorls are rounded or angulated. The spire is depressed. The sculpture is finely decussated. The aperture is circular. The outer lip and columella thin, simple, acute. The umbilicus is simple and contains no spiral, callous internal funicle or rib.Tryon (1889), Manual of Conchology XI, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia"},{"description":"These marine species belong to the Indian Ocean, the western and southwestern Pacific Ocean."},{"description":"Species within the genus Minolia include: Minolia midwayensis Shikama, 1977 Minolia nyssonus (Dall, 1919) Minolia peramabilis Carpenter, 1864 Minolia pompiliodes Melvill, 1891 S. Williams: Minolia pompiliodes Minolia pseudobscura (Yokoyama, 1927):S. Williams: Minolia pseudobscura Minolia punctata A. Adams, 1860 Minolia rotundata (Sowerby III, 1894) S. Williams: Minolia rotundata (taxon inquirendum) Minolia sakya Nomura, 1940 S. Williams: Minolia sakya (taxon inquirendum) Minolia shimajiriensis (MacNeil, 1960) Minolia strigata (Sowerby III, 1894) S. Williams: Minolia strigata Minolia subangulata Kuroda & Habe, 1952 S. Williams: Minolia subangulata Minolia watanabei (Shikama, 1962) Taxa inquirenda : Minolia caifassii Carmagna, 1888: Minolia ceraunia Melvill, 1891 S. Williams: Minolia ceraunia Minolia chinensis Sowerby, 1888 H. Pilsbry, Manual of Conchology XI, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (use in recent literature currently undocumented) Minolia condei Poppe, Tagaro & Dekker, 2006 Minolia edithae Melvill, 1891 S. Williams: Minolia edithae Minolia gilvosplendens Melvill, 1891 S. Williams: Minolia gilvosplendens Minolia malcolmia Melvill, 1891S. Williams Minolia malcolmia Species mentioned in the Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database OBIS: Minolia Minolia eilikrines Melvill, 1891 (incertae sedis) Species brought into synonymy : Subgenus Minolia (Conotrochus) Pilsbry, 1889 represented as Conotrochus Seguenza, 1864 (alternate representation) Minolia adarticulata Barnard, 1963: synonym of Spectamen adarticulatum (Barnard, 1963) Minolia agapeta Melvill & Standen, 1896: synonym of Parminolia apicina (Gould, 1861) Minolia amblia Dall, 1927; synonym of Tegula patagonica (d'Orbigny, 1835) Minolia arata Hedley, 1903: synonym of Minolops arata Hedley, 1903 Minolia articulata (Gould, 1861): synonym of Pseudominolia articulata (Gould, 1861) Minolia bellula Angas, 1869: synonym of Spectamen bellulum (Angas, 1869) Minolia biangulosa (A. Adams, 1854): synonym of Pseudominolia biangulosa (A. Adams, 1854) Minolia bicarinata (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850): synonym of Ilanga bicarinata (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850) Minolia bleeki (Gould, 1861): synonym of Pseudominolia articulata (Gould, 1861) Minolia charmosyne Melvill, 1918: synonym of Pseudominolia musiva (Gould, 1861) Minolia cincta (Cotton & Godfrey, 1938): synonym of Minolops cincta (Cotton & Godfrey, 1938) Minolia cinerea Preston, 1909: synonym of Minolops cinerea (Preston, 1909) Minolia climacota Melvill, 1897: synonym of Pseudominolia climacota (Melvill, 1897) Minolia congener G.B. Sowerby, 1903: synonym of Ilanga laevissima (Martens, 1881) Minolia dulcis E. A. Smith, 1907: synonym of Antimargarita dulcis (E. A. Smith, 1907) Minolia eucoronata G.B. Sowerby III, 1905: synonym of Ethminolia impressa (G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1869) Minolia eudeli Deshayes, 1863: synonym of Ethminolia eudeli (Deshayes, 1863) (superseded combination) Minolia eutyches Melvill, 1918: synonym of Pagodatrochus variabilis (H. Adams, 1873) Minolia gemmulata Kuroda & Habe in Kuroda et al., 1971: synonym of Minolia shimajiriensis (MacNeil, 1960) (junior synonym) Minolia gertruda Iredale, 1936: synonym of Minolops gertruda Iredale, 1936 Minolia glaphyrella Melvill & Standen, 1895: synonym of Ethminolia glaphyrella (Melvill & Standen, 1895) Minolia glaucophaos (Barnard, 1963):S. Williams: Minolia glaucophaos synonym of Falsimargarita glaucophaos (Barnard, 1963) Minolia gradata G.B. Sowerby III, 1895: synonym of Pseudominolia gradata (G. B. Sowerby III, 1895) Minolia henniana Melvill, 1891: synonym of Conotalopia henniana (Melvill, 1891) Minolia hilarula Yokoyama, 1926: synonym of Conotalopia hilarula (Yokoyama, 1926) Minolia holdsworthana (G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1871): synonym of Pseudominolia musiva (Gould, 1861) Minolia holdsworthiana H. Nevill & G. Nevill, 1871: synonym of Isanda holdsworthana (H. Nevill & G. Nevill, 1871) Minolia impressa (G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1869): synonym of Ethminolia impressa (G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1869) Minolia laevissima (Martens, 1881): synonym of Ilanga laevissima (Martens, 1881) Minolia lentiginosa (Adams, A., 1853): synonym of Monilea lentiginosa (A. Adams, 1853) Minolia minima Golikov, in Golikov & Scarlato, 1967: synonym of Conotalopia minima (Golikov, 1967) Minolia nedyma Melvill, 1897: synonym of Pseudominolia nedyma (Melvill, 1897) Minolia ornata G. B. Sowerby III, 1903: synonym of Conotalopia ornata (G. B. Sowerby III, 1903) Minolia ornatissima Schepman, 1908: synonym of Solariella ornatissima (Schepman, 1908) Minolia pantanelli (Caramagna, 1888): synonym of Monilea pantanellii (Caramagna, 1888) Minolia pardalis Herbert, 1987: synonym of Spectamen pardalis Herbert, 1987 Minolia peramabilis Carpenter, 1864: synonym of Solariella peramabilis Carpenter, 1864 Minolia philippensis Watson, 1880: synonym of Solariella philippensis (Watson, 1880) Minolia plicatula Murdoch & Suter, 1906: synonym of Solariella plicatula (Murdoch & Suter, 1906) Minolia pulcherrima Angas, 1869: synonym of Minolops pulcherrima (Angas, 1869) Minolia pulcherrima emendata Iredale, 1924: synonym of Minolops emendata (Iredale, 1924) Minolia sculpta (G.B. Sowerby, 1897): synonym of Ethminolia sculpta (G.B. Sowerby, 1897) Minolia segersi Poppe, Tagaro & Dekker, 2006: synonym of Solariella segersi (Poppe, Tagaro & Dekker, 2006) Minolia sematensis Oyama, 1942: synonym of Conotalopia sematensis (Oyama, 1942) Minolia semireticulata (Suter, 1908):(original combination)S. Williams: Minolia semireticulata synonym of Spectamen semireticulatum (Suter, 1908) Minolia singaporensis (Pilsbry, 1889): synonym of Conotalopia singaporensis (Pilsbry, 1889) Minolia splendens (G. B. Sowerby, 1897): synonym of Pseudominolia splendens (Sowerby III, 1897) Minolia stearnsii Pilsbry, 1895: synonym of Sericominolia stearnsii (Pilsbry, 1895) Minolia subplicata Nevill: synonym of Vaceuchelus clathratus (A. Adams, 1853) Minolia tabakotanii Poppe, Tagaro & Dekker, 2006: synonym of Zetela tabakotanii (Poppe, Tagaro & Dekker, 2006) (original combination) Minolia tasmanica Tenison-Woods, 1876: synonym of Ethminolia vitiliginea (Menke, 1843) Minolia textilis Murdoch & Suter, 1906: synonym of Zetela textilis (Murdoch & Suter, 1906) Minolia thielei Hedley, 1916: synonym of Falsimargarita thielei (Hedley, 1916) Minolia undata (G.B. Sowerby, 1870): synonym of Ilanga undata undata (G.B. Sowerby, 1870) Minolia variabilis H. Adams, 1873: synonym of Pagodatrochus variabilis (H. Adams, 1873) Minolia variegata Odhner, 1919: synonym of Pseudominolia splendens (G.B. Sowerby, 1897)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165521001,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":5193458,"parentKey":321774520,"parent":"Buccinidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Neogastropoda","family":"Buccinidae","genus":"Antarctodomus","kingdomKey":165236969,"phylumKey":321769259,"classKey":165471537,"orderKey":321774216,"familyKey":321774520,"genusKey":165521001,"scientificName":"Antarctodomus A.Adams, 1863","canonicalName":"Antarctodomus","authorship":"A. Adams, 1863","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"26987329","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Antarctodomus is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Buccinidae, the true whelks."},{"description":"Species within the genus Antarctodomus include: Antarctodomus okutanii Numanami, 1996 Antarctodomus thielei (Powell, 1958)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165236969":"Animalia","321769259":"Mollusca","165471537":"Gastropoda","321774216":"Neogastropoda","321774520":"Buccinidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":165707256,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Mormula","genusKey":165707256,"scientificName":"Mormula A.Adams, 1863","canonicalName":"Mormula","authorship":"A. Adams, 1863","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"33685701","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Mormula is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.WoRMS (2010). Mormula A. Adams, 1864. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=203962 on 26 August 2012Nomenclator Zoologicus"},{"description":"The thick shell is turreted and shaped like an awl, rissoid, solid, and longitudinally plicate . The aperture is large. The columella is spirally tortuous. The outer lip is thickened within. The margin acute.G.W. Tryon, Manual of Conchology vol. VIII p. 297; 1889"},{"description":"Species within the genus Mormula include: Drawing of a Mormula chrysozona shell Mormula chrysozona (Martens, 1880) Mormula hirasei Kuroda, 1960 Mormula macandreae A. Adams, 1870 Mormula persarum Melvill & Standen, 1903 Mormula philippiana (Dunker, 1860) Mormula pseudorex (Nomura, 1936) Mormula rex (Pilsbry, 1904) Species brought into synonymy : Mormula aureocincta Kuroda & Habe, 1971: synonym of Pyrgiscus aureocinctus (Kuroda & Habe, 1971) Mormula excellens G.B. Sowerby III, 1907: synonym of Turbonilla aulica Dall & Bartsch, 1906 Mormula humilis (Preston, 1905): synonym of Quirella humilis (Preston, 1905) Mormula rissoina A. Adams, 1864: synonym of Turbonilla philippiana Dunker, 1860 Mormula terebra (A. Adams, 1861): synonym of Chrysallida terebra A. Adams, 1861"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165613636,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Alcyna","genusKey":165613636,"scientificName":"Alcyna A.Adams, 1860","canonicalName":"Alcyna","authorship":"A. Adams, 1860","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"37726247","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Alcyna is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Trochidae, the top snails. This genus was previously included in the family Phasianellidae."},{"description":"The minute shell is similar in form to Phasianella. The aperture is ovate. The columella has a heavy callus, bearing near the base a strong curved denticle projecting into the aperture. The outer lip is simple.G.W. Tryon (1888), Manual of Conchology X; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia The imperforate shell is acutely ovate. The convex whorls are spirally lirate and longitudinally striate. The columella is callous, and toothed below. The outer lip is smooth or toothed within, and varicose exteriorly.Tryon (1887), Manual of Conchology IX – Solariidae (by William B. Marshall), Ianthinidae, Trichotropidae, Scalariidae, Cerithiidae, Rissoidae, Littorinidae"},{"description":"Species within the genus Alcyna include: Alcyna acia Cotton, 1948 Alcyna australis Hedley, 1907 Alcyna exigua (Gould, A.A., 1861) Alcyna kingensis (Gabriel, 1956) Alcyna lifuensis Melvill & Standen, 1896 Alcyna lucida (H. Adams, 1868) Alcyna ocellata A. Adams, 1860 Alcyna subangulata Pease, 1861 The following species were brought into synonymy Alcyna flammulata Pilsbry, 1917: synonym of Alcyna subangulata Pease, 1861 Alcyna kapiolaniae Pilsbry, 1917: synonym of Alcyna ocellata A. Adams, 1860 Alcyna kuhnsi Pilsbry, 1917: synonym of Alcyna ocellata A. Adams, 1860 Alcyna lepida A. Adams, 1860: synonym of Alcyna ocellata A. Adams, 1860 Alcyna lineata Pease, 1869: synonym of Alcyna subangulata Pease, 1861 Alcyna rubra Pease, 1861: synonym of Alcyna ocellata A. Adams, 1860 Alcyna striata Pease, 1869: synonym of Alcyna subangulata Pease, 1861 Alcyna subangulata flammulata Pilsbry, 1917: synonym of Alcyna subangulata Pease, 1861 Alcyna subangulata virgata Pilsbry, 1917: synonym of Alcyna subangulata Pease, 1861 Alcyna virgata Pilsbry, 1917: synonym of Alcyna subangulata Pease, 1861"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165661446,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Enida","genusKey":165661446,"scientificName":"Enida A.Adams, 1860","canonicalName":"Enida","authorship":"A. Adams, 1860","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"27181469","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Enida is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Trochidae, the top snails (not assigned to a subfamily)."},{"description":"The shell has a depressed-conical shape. It is widely umbilicate. The convex whorls are concentrically granose-lirate. The sutures are canaliculate. The body whorl is carinated or angulated. The aperture is subquadrate. The outer lip is simple, or lirate within. The inner lip is reflexed. The umbilicus is large. The margin is crenulated.Tryon (1889), Manual of Conchology XI, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia"},{"description":"Species within the genus Enida include: Enida persica Melvill, J.C. & R. Standen, 1903 Enida japonica A. Adams, 1860 Enida taiwanensis Z.Z. Dong, 2002"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165515096,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Clea","genusKey":165515096,"scientificName":"Clea A.Adams, 1855","canonicalName":"Clea","authorship":"A. Adams, 1855","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"23307541","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Clea is a genus of freshwater snails with opercula, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Anentominae of the family Nassariidae, a family, almost all of the rest of which are marine."},{"description":"This genus occurs in Asia and Africa."},{"description":"Like all snails in the clade Neogastropoda, snails in this genus are carnivorous. They feed on different types of worms and gastropods, often eating other, larger snails after burying themselves and ambushing their prey."},{"description":"Some members of this genus is a part of ornamental pet trade for freshwater aquaria.Ng, T. H., Tan, S. K., Wong, W. H., Meier, R., Chan, S. Y., Tan, H. H., & Yeo, D. C. (2016). \"Molluscs for sale: assessment of freshwater gastropods and bivalves in the ornamental pet trade\". PLoS ONE 11(8): e0161130."},{"description":"The members of this genus are known as assassin snails for their habit of eating other snails. They bury themselves and ambush their prey."},{"description":"Clea consists of defined male and female genders and is not capable of gender change. It is unknown as to how to sex these animals. Both males and females seem to be the same size and shape. When a male and female mate, they lock together for 8–12 hours."},{"description":"Species within the genus Clea include:Bouchet, P. (2017). Clea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=490505 on 2017-11-21 Clea bangueyensis Smith, 1895 Clea bockii Brot, 1881 Clea funesta H. Adams, 1862 Clea hidalgoi (Crosse, 1886) Clea nigricans A. Adams, 1855 - type species of the genus Clea The following species are treated within the separate genus Anentome. Previously they were treated within the subgenus Anentome.Bouchet, P.; Marshall, B. (2017). Anentome Cossmann, 1901. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=724651 on 2017-11-21 Clea bizonata (Deshayes, 1876) - synonym of Anentome bizonata (Deshayes, 1876) Clea broti Deshayes, 1876Richter, K. & Rintelen, T. 2011. Clea broti. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T189340A8718447. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T189340A8718447.en. Downloaded on 21 November 2017. Clea cambojiensis (Reeve, 1861) - synonym of Anentome cambojiensis (Reeve, 1861) Clea costulata (Schepman, 1885) - synonym of Anentome costulata (Schepman, 1885) Clea fusca (H. Adams, 1862) - synonym of Anentome fusca (H. Adams, 1862) Clea helena (von dem Busch, 1847) - synonym: Clea bocourti (Brot, 1876) - synonym of Anentome helena (von dem Busch, 1847) Clea jullieni (Deshayes in Deshayes & Jullien, 1876) - synonym of Anentome jullieni (Deshayes, 1876) Clea paviei Morlet, 1866 - synonym of Anentome paviei (Morlet, 1866) Clea scalarina (Deshayes in Deshayes & Jullien, 1876) - synonym of Anentome scalarina (Deshayes, 1876) Clea spinosa Temcharoen, 1971 - synonym of Anentome spinosa (Temcharoen, 1971) Clea wykoffi Brandt, 1974- synonym of Anentome wykoffi (Brandt, 1974) Synonyms: Clea annesleyi Benson, 1861 is a synonym of Nassodonta annesleyi (Benson, 1861)Bouchet, P. (2017). Nassodonta annesleyi. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1027039 on 2017-11-21"},{"description":"This genus was treated within family Buccinidae. It was moved to family Nassariidae in 2016.Galindo, L. A., Puillandre, N., Utge, J., Lozouet, P., & Bouchet, P. (2016). \"The phylogeny and systematics of the Nassariidae revisited (Gastropoda, Buccinoidea)\". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 99: 337-353. It was classified in the newly established subfamily Anentominae within Nassariidae in 2017.Strong, E. E., Galindo, L. A., & Kantor, Y. I. (2017). \"Quid est Clea helena? Evidence for a previously unrecognized radiation of assassin snails (Gastropoda: Buccinoidea: Nassariidae)\". PeerJ 5: e3638. ."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":2302556,"nameKey":17625251,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":2302556,"parentKey":6759,"parent":"Eulimidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Littorinimorpha","family":"Eulimidae","genus":"Mucronalia","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":52,"classKey":225,"orderKey":7390893,"familyKey":6759,"genusKey":2302556,"scientificName":"Mucronalia A.Adams, 1860","canonicalName":"Mucronalia","authorship":"A.Adams, 1860","publishedIn":"Adams, A. (1860). On some new genera and species of Mollusca from Japan. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (3) 5: 299–303 [1 April 1860]; 405–413 [1 May 1860]. https://www.molluscabase.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=39106","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":17,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:2302556","extinct":true,"habitats":["MARINE"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"TYPE SPECIES. — Mucronalia bicincta A. Adams, 1860, by monotypy."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","52":"Mollusca","225":"Gastropoda","7390893":"Littorinimorpha","6759":"Eulimidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":2697615,"nameKey":7928271,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":2697615,"parentKey":2698703,"parent":"Sincoraea","acceptedKey":9294141,"accepted":"Sincoraea mucugensis (Wand. & A.A.Conc.) Louzada & Wand.","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Poales","family":"Bromeliaceae","genus":"Sincoraea","species":"Sincoraea mucugensis","kingdomKey":6,"phylumKey":7707728,"classKey":196,"orderKey":1369,"familyKey":3740,"genusKey":2698703,"speciesKey":9294141,"scientificName":"Orthophytum mucugense Wand. & A.A.Conc.","canonicalName":"Orthophytum mucugense","authorship":"Wand. & A.A.Conc.","publishedIn":"Sitientibus Sér. Ci. Biol. 6: 4 (2006)","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"SYNONYM","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:2697615","extinct":false,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Type: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Mucugê, Parque Municipal Sempre-viva, cachoeira do Rio Tiburtino, 12 ° 59 ’ 83 ” S, 42 ° 20 ’ 91 ” W, 17 January 2006, M. G. L. Wanderley, A. Conceição, R. Louzada, S. Martins 2540 (holotype SP!, isotype HUEFS!). Plants rupicolous, stoloniferous, stems short, ca 1 × 1.3 cm. Leaves patent or arching. Leaf sheaths reddishwhite, ovate, 0.5 – 1 × 0.4 – 1 cm, glabrous, margins serrate, prickles ca 0.4 mm long. Leaf blades subcoriaceous, plane or slightly concave, green, partially to completely red at anthesis, linear-triangular, 2.5 – 6.7 × 0.3 – 0.4 cm, attenuate, sparsely lepidote on both surfaces and with glandular trichomes on the base of the abaxial surfaces, margins serrate, prickles antrorse, ca 0.3 – 0.4 mm long, apices mucronulate. Inflorescences sessile, simple, many-flowered. Vestigial floral bract absent. Floral bracts subcoriaceous, green, symmetrical, carinate, ovate-lanceolate, 1 – 1.2 × 0.4 – 0.7 cm, with glandular trichomes, margins serrate, apices mucronulate. Sepals green, asymmetrical, carinate, narrowly triangular, ca 0.8 × 0.3 cm, with glandular trichomes, margins entire, apices acuminate. Petals white, linear – spatulate, ca 1.9 × 0.4 cm, glabrous, obtuse. Petal appendages sacciform, lacerate, ca 5 mm from base. Callosities inconspicuous. Stamens with antepetalous filaments ca 3 mm long and adnate to the petals, the antesepalous ones free, ca 7 mm long. Anthers yellow, ca 1.8 mm long, apices apiculate. Ovaries trigonous, styles ca 8 mm long. Epigenous tubes present, ca 0.5 mm long. Ovules numerous. Fruits subtrigonous. Seeds obtuse."},{"description":"Distribution and habitat: — Orthophytum mucugense is only known from Mucugê county in Bahia. It grows on moist and shaded rocks near streams and waterfalls. IUCN conservation status: — VU B 2 ab (ii, iii). Despite occurring within a protected area, Orthophytum mucugense is threatened due to the small population size and its limited distribution."},{"description":"Comments: — Orthophytum mucugense is morphologically similar to O. humile, but the leaf shapes, colour and trichomes can be used to separate these two species. Orthophytum mucugense has leaves that are entirely red at anthesis, while O. humile has leaves that are wine red to pink at the apices, but white and green toward the base. The leaf blades of O. humile are densely lepidote on both surfaces, differing from O. mucugense with glabrous to sparsely lepidote leaf blades. Additional specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Bahia: Mucugê, Serra do Capa Bode, 28 October 1978, (fl), Martinelli 5521 (RB); Parque Municipal Mucugê, cachoeira do Rio Tiburtino, 7 January 2003 (fr), Wanderley et al. 2367. (SP); 17 December 2006 (fr), Louzada & Moreira 58 (SP)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":true,"higherClassificationMap":{"6":"Plantae","7707728":"Tracheophyta","196":"Liliopsida","1369":"Poales","3740":"Bromeliaceae","2698703":"Sincoraea","9294141":"Sincoraea mucugensis"},"class":"Liliopsida"},{"key":2475434,"nameKey":16688343,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":2475434,"parentKey":2475391,"parent":"Merops","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Coraciiformes","family":"Meropidae","genus":"Merops","species":"Merops hirundineus","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":44,"classKey":212,"orderKey":1447,"familyKey":9320,"genusKey":2475391,"speciesKey":2475434,"scientificName":"Merops hirundineus A.A.H.Lichtenstein, 1793","canonicalName":"Merops hirundineus","authorship":"A.A.H.Lichtenstein, 1793","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":5,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:2475434","extinct":false,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":["LEAST_CONCERN"],"descriptions":[{"description":"Breeding regions are AF. Breeding subregions are widespread."}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"Swallow-tailed Bee-eater","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Guêpier à queue d'hirondelle","language":"fra"},{"vernacularName":"Swallow-tailed Bee-eater","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Swallow-tailed Bee-eater","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"swallow-tailed bee eater","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"燕尾蜂虎","language":"zho"},{"vernacularName":"Sả đuôi én ăn ong","language":"vie"},{"vernacularName":"бджолоїдка вилохвоста","language":"ukr"},{"vernacularName":"Kırlangıç Kuyruklu Arıkuşu","language":"tur"},{"vernacularName":"seSelamarumo","language":"tsn"},{"vernacularName":"svalstjärtad biätare","language":"swe"},{"vernacularName":"Lastorepa pčelarica","language":"srp"},{"vernacularName":"Abejaruco golondrina","language":"spa"},{"vernacularName":"lastovičji čebelar","language":"slv"},{"vernacularName":"včelárik lastovičí","language":"slk"},{"vernacularName":"Ласточкохвостая щурка","language":"rus"},{"vernacularName":"abelharuco-de-cauda-forcada","language":"por"},{"vernacularName":"abelharuco-andorinha","language":"por"},{"vernacularName":"żołna widłosterna","language":"pol"},{"vernacularName":"svalebieter","language":"nor"},{"vernacularName":"Zwaluwstaartbijeneter","language":"nld"},{"vernacularName":"kregždžiauodegis bitininkas","language":"lit"},{"vernacularName":"エンビハチクイ","language":"jpn"},{"vernacularName":"Gruccione coda di rondine","language":"ita"},{"vernacularName":"fecskefarkú gyurgyalag","language":"hun"},{"vernacularName":"pčelarica lastarka","language":"hrv"},{"vernacularName":"Guêpier à queue d’aronde","language":"fra"},{"vernacularName":"Guêpier à queue d'hirondelle","language":"fra"},{"vernacularName":"Guêpier à queue d'aronde","language":"fra"},{"vernacularName":"haaramehiläissyöjä","language":"fin"},{"vernacularName":"harksaba-mesilasenäpp","language":"est"},{"vernacularName":"hirundovosta abelmanĝulo","language":"epo"},{"vernacularName":"Hirundvosta abelmanĝulo","language":"epo"},{"vernacularName":"Swallow-tailed Bee-eater","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"STBE","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Svalehalebiæder"},{"vernacularName":"Schwalbenschwanzspint","language":"deu"},{"vernacularName":"gwenynysor fforchog","language":"cym"},{"vernacularName":"vlha vlaštovčí","language":"ces"},{"vernacularName":"abellerol cua d'oreneta","language":"cat"},{"vernacularName":"Abellerol hengrineta","language":"arg"},{"vernacularName":"وروار سنونوي الذيل","language":"ara"},{"vernacularName":"Swaelstertbyvreter","language":"afr"},{"vernacularName":"Schwalbenschwanzspint","language":"deu"},{"vernacularName":"abelharuco-andorinha","language":"por"},{"vernacularName":"Swallow-tailed Bee-eater","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Guêpier à queue d'aronde","language":"fra"},{"vernacularName":"Abejaruco golondrina","language":"spa"},{"vernacularName":"svalebieter","language":"nob"},{"vernacularName":"Swallow-tailed Bee-eater","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Swallow-tailed Bee-eater","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"Abejaruco golondrina","language":"spa"},{"vernacularName":"abelharuco-andorinha","language":"por"},{"vernacularName":"Guêpier à queue d'aronde","language":"fra"},{"vernacularName":"Swallow-tailed Bee-eater","language":"eng"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","44":"Chordata","212":"Aves","1447":"Coraciiformes","9320":"Meropidae","2475391":"Merops"},"class":"Aves"},{"key":2605099,"nameKey":40967325,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":2605099,"parentKey":2605094,"parent":"Bulbothrix","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","order":"Lecanorales","family":"Parmeliaceae","genus":"Bulbothrix","species":"Bulbothrix viatica","kingdomKey":5,"phylumKey":95,"classKey":180,"orderKey":1048,"familyKey":8305,"genusKey":2605094,"speciesKey":2605099,"scientificName":"Bulbothrix viatica A.A.Spielm. & Marcelli","canonicalName":"Bulbothrix viatica","authorship":"A.A.Spielm. & Marcelli","publishedIn":"(2008). Mycotaxon 103: 201.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:2605099","extinct":false,"habitats":["TERRESTRIAL"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"NEW REPORT. — Chapada do Céu, Parque Nacional das Emas, on bark, leg. A. Aptroot s. n."},{"description":"PREVIOUS REPORT. — Spielmann & Marcelli (2008)."},{"description":"Distribution. South America. Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul (Canez 2005, Spielmann 2005, Marcelli and Canez 2008, Spielmann and Marcelli 2008) and Sao Paulo (Jungbluth 2006). Here is cited for the Brazilian States of Goias, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro."},{"description":"Description. Thallus sublinearly or subirregularly laciniate to sublaciniate, turning dusky green in the herbarium, fragments up to 5.3 cm diam., subcoriaceous to submembranaceous, corticicolous or ramulicolous; upper cortex 7.5 − 15.0 µm thick, algal layer 25.0 − 37.5 µm thick, medulla 37.5 − 72.5 µm thick, lower cortex 12.5 − 25.0 µm thick. Laciniae anisotomically dichotomously to irregularly branched, (0.4 −) 1.1 - 4.7 mm wide, contiguous to sometimes slightly imbricate or rarely crowded in the center, adnate and loosely adpressed, with flat to slightly involute or revolute, subtruncate to subrotund apices, the margins flat to slightly involute, sinuous to crenate or subirregular, entire to slightly incised, rarely sublacinulate, axils oval to irregular, upper cortex continuous with irregular fissures in old parts, smooth to subrugose, laminal ciliary bulbs common, absent to abundant, usually frequent, mainly on young distal parts. Adventitious marginal lacinulae scarce on older parts, short, 0.2 - 1.2 x 0.1 - 0.4 mm, flat, simple to furcate or irregularly branched, apices subtruncate, lower side concolorous with the lower marginal zone. Maculae absent. Cilia black, with usually simple, sometimes double or absent, frequently downward-bent apices, 0.05 - 0.35 (− 0.60) x ca. 0.03 mm, with emerse bulbate bases 0.05 − 0.15 (- 0.35) mm wide, frequent along the margins in the crenulations and axils of the laciniae, spaced 0.05 − 0.10 mm from each other, occasionally becoming contiguous, solitary or in small groups, absent or scarce at the apices of the laciniae and in some parts of the margins. Soredia, pustulae and isidia absent. Medulla white. Lower surface brown to dark brown, sometimes blackened in some small parts [black, mottled with brown in variable intermediary levels to completely brown], opaque to shiny, smooth to rugose, moderately rhizinate except at the margins. Marginal zone brown to pale brown, black or variegate, attenuated or indistinct from the center, shiny, 0.5 - 4.0 mm wide, smooth to subrugose or subvenate, papillate, becoming rhizinate towards the center. Rhizinae black to dark or pale brown, occasionally with whitish apices, simple or rare irregularly branched, partially with bulbate bases, 0.10 - 0.50 (− 0.80) x 0.03 - 0.05 mm, frequent but sometimes becoming more abundant at some spots, evenly distributed. Apothecia subconcave to concave or urceolate, occasionally subplane, adnate to substipitate, 0.5 - 5.4 mm diam., laminal, margins smooth to crenate, coronate (bulbs appearing in the crenulations), amphithecium smooth to rugose without ornamentations. Disc brown to pale brown, epruinose, imperforate, epithecium 7.5 - 12.5 µm high, hymenium 55.0 − 75.0 µm high, subhymenium 12.5 − 27.5 µm high. Ascospores ellipsoid to oval, (10.0 −) 12.0 − 16.0 (− 18.0) x (6.0 −) 7.0 − 10.0 (− 11.0) µm, epispore 1.0 − 1.5 µm. Pycnidia frequent, submarginal to laminal, immerse, with brown or black ostioles; conidia weakly to distinctly bifusiform (4.0 −) 5.0 − 7.5 x 1.0 µm."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"5":"Fungi","95":"Ascomycota","180":"Lecanoromycetes","1048":"Lecanorales","8305":"Parmeliaceae","2605094":"Bulbothrix"},"class":"Lecanoromycetes"},{"key":165555496,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","parentKey":165679002,"parent":"Hebeloma","genus":"Hebeloma","species":"Hebeloma victoriense","genusKey":165679002,"speciesKey":165555496,"scientificName":"Hebeloma victoriense A.A.Holland & Pegler, 1983","canonicalName":"Hebeloma victoriense","authorship":"A.A.Holland & Pegler (1983)","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"22448413","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Hebeloma victoriense is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. Originally described in 1983 based on specimens collected from Victoria, Australia, it is also found in New Zealand."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165679002":"Hebeloma"}},{"key":165754896,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","parentKey":321806710,"parent":"Taunayia","genus":"Taunayia","species":"Taunayia bifasciata","genusKey":321806710,"speciesKey":165754896,"scientificName":"Taunayia bifasciata (C.H.Eigenmann & A.A.Norris, 1900)","canonicalName":"Taunayia bifasciata","authorship":"(C. H. Eigenmann & A. A. Norris, 1900)","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"19694009","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Taunayia bifasciata is a species of three-barbeled catfish endemic to Brazil where it is found in the Upper Paraíba do Sul and Tietê River basins. This species grows to a length of 14.0 cm SL. Although presently the only member of the genus Taunayia, an apparently undescribed, cave-adapted species is known from Campo Formoso, Bahia.Bockmann; and Castro (2010). The blind catfish from the caves of Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae): description, anatomy, phylogenetic relationships, natural history, and biogeography. Neotrop. Ichthyol. 8(4)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321806710":"Taunayia"}},{"key":165793919,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","species":"Cyprinodon pecosensis","speciesKey":165793919,"scientificName":"Cyprinodon pecosensis A.A.Echelle & A.F.Echelle, 1978","canonicalName":"Cyprinodon pecosensis","authorship":"A. A. Echelle & A. F. Echelle, 1978","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"12612845","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"The Pecos pupfish (Cyprinodon pecosensis) is a species of pupfish in the family Cyprinodontidae. It is endemic to the Pecos River watershed in eastern New Mexico and western Texas in the United States."},{"description":"Despite once existing throughout the Pecos River, C. pecosensis populations have become increasingly isolated due to significant portions of their native habitat being removed. Following the introduction of Cyprinodon variegatus (sheepshead minnow), pure Pecos pupfish populations have been further isolated and largely exist in scattered sinkholes, man-made impoundments, and marshes. Its natural habitat includes springs, sinkholes, and pools of streams."},{"description":"Cyprinodon variegatus is thought to have been introduced during the early 1980s, presumably via bait-bucket dumping. Shortly after the introduction of C. variegatus, C. variegatus X C. pecosensis hybrids quickly became widespread, occupying an estimated 50% of the native Pecos pupfish range by 1985. The widespread success of hybrids, and quick range expansion throughout native Pecos pupfish waters, has been hypothesized to be the result of selection mechanisms for hybrids during a period when the native C. pecosensis population had experienced a reduction. Additionally, hybrid populations have been reported to have increased growth-rates and vigor (Heterosis), resulting in Pecos pupfish females to actively choose to mate with hybrids over pure male Pecos pupfish. Given this, conservation efforts have been difficult and efforts are being made to prevent C. variegatus from entering into isolated C. pecosensis populations."}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"Pecos pupfish","language":"eng"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":2302812,"nameKey":16994108,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":2302812,"parentKey":9342112,"parent":"Ancillariidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Neogastropoda","family":"Ancillariidae","genus":"Amalda","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":52,"classKey":225,"orderKey":982,"familyKey":9342112,"genusKey":2302812,"scientificName":"Amalda H.Adams & A.Adams, 1853","canonicalName":"Amalda","authorship":"H.Adams & A.Adams, 1853","publishedIn":"MolluscaBase. Amalda H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=390993 on 2020-02-11","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":173,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:2302812","extinct":false,"habitats":["MARINE"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Type species Ancillaria tankervillii Swainson, 1825, by subsequent designation by Cossmann (1899)."},{"description":"Remarks Amalda tankervillii occurs in Venezuela in shallow water (6 to 70 m) and is conchologically quite different from the other species included in the genus (Fig. 4 M). Neither its anatomy nor the molecular data have been examined. Based on shell characters, Voskuil (1991) compared Ancillaria tankervillii with species of Eburna Lamarck, 1801 and concluded that Amalda s. str. should be considered a subgenus of Eburna, while the Indo-Pacific species of Amalda probably belong to a separate genus Baryspira P. Fischer, 1883. Although A. tankervillii is indeed somewhat different from Indo-Pacific species in being thin, broadly oval, with a large inflated last whorl and a very low spire, in the absence of molecular and anatomical data the opinion of Voskuil (1991) remains speculative. Herein, we follow the generally accepted taxonomic concept of Amalda and do not attempt to revise its generic / subgeneric structure, which will require a much broader molecular taxon sampling than is currently available, as well, as sequencing additional genetic markers."},{"description":"Material examined and sequenced PAPUA NEW GUINEA • 1 lv; Manus I; 02 ° 10 ′ S, 147 ° 16 ′ E; 200 – 219 m deep; BIOPAPUA; stn DW 3694; MNHN IM- 2013 - 63891."},{"description":"Remarks Radula (n = 1, Fig. 20 A) with tricuspid central tooth, with medium broad lateral flaps, central cusp 1.5 times narrower and shorter than lateral ones. Cusps nearly smooth, while lateral flaps are strongly serrated with shallow longitudinal grooves situated between cusplets. 1 – 2 additional minute cusplets on both sides of central cusp. In the molecular tree, this seemingly subadult specimen was recovered as sister to Amalda cacao sp. nov. In shell appearance it resembles a miniature A. hilgendorfi, although with thinner and uncarinated spire callus, which is much less microshagreened than in A. hilgendorfi. Judging from the molecular tree, this specimen clearly represents a new species, but we abstain from description pending the collection of additional material including adult specimens."},{"description":"Figs 19 A – B, 20 A"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","52":"Mollusca","225":"Gastropoda","982":"Neogastropoda","9342112":"Ancillariidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":165520192,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Ericusa","genusKey":165520192,"scientificName":"Ericusa H.G.Adams & A.Adams, 1858","canonicalName":"Ericusa","authorship":"Adams, H.G. & A. Adams, 1858","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"26212702","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Ericusa is a small taxonomic genus of medium-sized predatory marine gastropod molluscs in the family Volutidae, the volutes.Bail, P. (2010). Ericusa. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=382335 on 2010-12-15\"Australian marine shells 2\" Wilson B, Odyssey Publishing, Kallaroo, Western Australia 1994"},{"description":"Ericusa are nocturnal and prey on invertebrates. They have a large foot and siphon and they lay relatively large solitary eggs.\"Shells Alive\" Coleman N., Rigby, 1981."},{"description":"Ericusa are endemic to Australia. They are found in temperate waters from southern Queensland to southern Western Australia."},{"description":"The shells of Ericusa have a small rounded protoconch, are biconical with a rounded shoulder and have an elongate aperture with 4 distinct columellar plicae and a thickened outer lip. The whorls are regular, smooth and convex. The protoconch is globose and deviates 45° from the axis of the shell. The colour pattern of Ericusa is pink or yellow brown overlaid with a varied brown pattern. The largest species with shells exceeding 200 mm in length are Ericusa fulgetrum and Ericusa sowerbyi."},{"description":"Ericusa fulgetrum (Sowerby I, 1825) Ericusa papillosa (Swainson, 1822) Ericusa sericata Thornley, 1951 Ericusa sowerbyi (Kiener, 1839)"},{"description":"Several infraspecific taxa of Ericusa fulgetra have been named, on the basis of colour patterns of the shell."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165686849,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Isara","genusKey":165686849,"scientificName":"Isara H.Adams & A.Adams, 1853","canonicalName":"Isara","authorship":"H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"59358314","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Isara is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mitridae."},{"description":"Species within the genus Isara include: Isara aerumnosa (Melvill, 1888) Isara aikeni (Lussi, 2009) Isara antillensis (Dall, 1889) Isara badia (Reeve, 1844) Isara beui (Thach, 2016) Isara carbonaria (Swainson, 1822) Isara chalybeia (Reeve, 1844) Isara chinensis (Gray, 1834) Isara cookii (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874) Isara cornea (Lamarck, 1811) Isara declivis (Reeve, 1844) Isara gabonensis (Biraghi, 1984) Isara glabra (Swainson, 1821) Isara goreensis (Melvill, 1925) Isara joostei (Lussi, 2009) Isara lenhilli (Petuch, 1988) Isara midwayensis (Kosuge, 1979) Isara nigra (Gmelin, 1791) Isara pele (Cernohorsky, 1970) Isara peterclarksoni (Marrow, 2013) Isara picta (Reeve, 1844) Isara slacksmithae (Marrow, 2013) Isara straminea (A. Adams, 1853) Isara swainsonii (Broderip, 1836) Isara turtoni (E. A. Smith, 1890) Isara ulala (Garcia, 2011)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165696033,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Lorica","genusKey":165696033,"scientificName":"Lorica H.Adams & A.Adams, 1852","canonicalName":"Lorica","authorship":"H. Adams & A. Adams, 1852","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"14193126","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Lorica is a genus of chitons in the family Schizochitonidae.WoRMS"},{"description":"L. haurakiensis This rare species is present in New Zealand.Museum of New Zealand L. volvox Synonym: Chiton rudis Hutton, 1872 Lorica volvox at WoRMS This species can reach a length of about 20.9 mm.Encyclopedia of life It is present in Australia (New South Wales).Biodiversity Library Extinct representatives Extinct representatives of the genus are known from the Cretaceous of America and the Eocene & Miocene of Oceania.<"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":2300461,"nameKey":17002933,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":2300461,"parentKey":2673,"parent":"Epitoniidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","family":"Epitoniidae","genus":"Amaea","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":52,"classKey":225,"familyKey":2673,"genusKey":2300461,"scientificName":"Amaea H.Adams & A.Adams, 1853","canonicalName":"Amaea","authorship":"H.Adams & A.Adams, 1853","publishedIn":"Adams, Henry & Arthur Adams. 1853. The genera of recent Mollusca; arranged according to their organization. J. Van Voorst, London. Vol. 1, No. Parts 1-15: 1-484, Pl. 1-60.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":68,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:2300461","extinct":false,"habitats":["MARINE"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Type species. Scalaria magnifica Sowerby, 1844 (subsequent designation by Boury 1909). Recent, Pacific coast of Japan."},{"description":"Material. MGUH 33242, a mould with informal sample number SR. 918. B – C, and an external mould lacking number. All belong to the Natural History Museum of Denmark. Occurrence. Lithified top of the Maastrichtian Tor Formation at Rødvig and Holtug Quarry, Stevns Klint. Description. Protoconch turriform multispiral with five to 5 ½ whorls, width of whorls increasing steadily through the first four whorls after which only a slight increase may be observed. Protoconch whorls convex, very finely collabrally ribbed; ribs slightly opisthocyrt, between 34 and 40 per half whorl, fewer and coarser on last whorl. Teleoconch whorls weakly convex, width only increasing very slightly abapically; whorls separated by moderately deep suture. Whorl width corresponding to 1.5 times the height. Transition to base marked by weak angle. Base fairly narrow, slightly flattened, with no umbilicus. Aperture ovoid in shape. Whorl sculpture reticulate with narrow and sharp transverse and spiral threads and well developed tubercles at connecting nodes. Spiral threads five to six in number, while transverse threads numbers 9 to 10 on a half whorl. Measurements. Most complete specimen, MGUH 33242, containing 16 whorls, measures 7.7 mm in height and 1.1 mm in width; the protoconch measuring 1.1 mm in height and 0.6 mm in width. Remarks. Amaea sp. A appears to be characterized from other species of this genus by the extremely narrow spire. It differs additionally from Amaea stevniensis n. sp. described above by the conical outline of the protoconch and the opisthocline transverse ribs on the teleoconch."},{"description":"Figs 29 X, 30 A – B"},{"description":"Material. Specimen ØSM. 10042 - 373 represents a fragmentary external mould of the teleoconch. Occurrence. The taxon belongs to the Maastrichtian Tor Formation and here probably from the basal Højerup Member or the uppermost Sigerslev Member, where it is cut by the early Danian lithified hardground layer in the northern part of Stevns Klint. Description. Protoconch unknown. Teleoconch very slender, turriculate, with strongly convex whorls separated by deep suture; whorls 1.6 times as wide as high. Distinct carina delimiting basal disc just visible above abapical suture. Varices narrow and frequent, tending to appear after every whorl. Teleoconch sculpture reticulate, consisting of more than 30 transverse ribs per whorl, crossed by slightly weak- er spiral threads. Transverse ribs sharp-ridged, opisthocyrt, bending forward adapically; ribs continuing down onto basal disc. Spiral threads close-spaced, numbering around 18 on spire whorls; adapical five to six very weak and closely spaced, succeeding ones stronger, alternating between coarser and finer threads. Connecting points between spirals and transverse ribs marked by weak tubercle. Basal disc covered by fine and closely spaced spiral threads on at least marginal part. Measurements. Specimen ØSM. 10042 - 373 consists of eight teleoconch whorls and measures 20.2 mm in height and more than 6 millimetres in width. Remarks. As pointed out by Squires and Saul (2003 b) the high frequency of varices is somewhat unusual for taxa belonging to Amaea. Allowing for the lack of the protoconch this taxon seems in all other respects to belong within this genus to which it is provisionally assigned. Amaea? sp. C has a strong resemblance to Amaea elegans (Ravn, 1902) from the middle Danian Coral Limestone at Faxe, Denmark. It is readily distinguished by the much finer and close-laying transverse ribs."},{"description":"Fig. 30 E"},{"description":"Material. MGUH 33243 and MGUH 33244, both external moulds of the protoconch. Occurrence. Lithified top of the Maastrichtian Tor Formation at Rødvig and Højerup Church, Stevns Klint. Description. Protoconch low turriform, multispiral, with five whorls; width increasing steadily from apex to fifth whorl. Whorls convex and low, the height corresponding to approximately half the width. Sculpture consisting of fine, opisthocyrt and slightly opisthocline collabral threads numbering around 35 on fourth whorl. Collabral threads becoming slightly coarser on last whorl, on which the number drops to around 30. Measurements. Specimen MGUH 33243 just over 1.0 mm high and 0.6 mm wide. Remarks. The specimens resemble Amaea sp. A described above from the same horizon, but differ in the relatively more compact protoconch with its lower and comparatively wider whorls. Although the difference is quite marked further material may show them to represent two extremes of the same species."},{"description":"Figs 30 C – D"}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"ナガイトカケ属","language":"jpn"},{"vernacularName":"각시실꾸리고둥속","language":"kor"},{"vernacularName":"ナガイトカケ属","language":"jpn"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","52":"Mollusca","225":"Gastropoda","2673":"Epitoniidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":165520307,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":2303208,"parentKey":321780902,"parent":"Volutidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","family":"Volutidae","genus":"Enaeta","kingdomKey":165236969,"phylumKey":321769259,"classKey":165471537,"familyKey":321780902,"genusKey":165520307,"scientificName":"Enaeta H. & A.Adams, 1853","canonicalName":"Enaeta","authorship":"H. & A. Adams, 1853","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"27112078","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Enaeta is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Volutidae."},{"description":"The small shell has an ovate to fusiform shape. The protoconch is small and smooth. The teleoconch is covered with axial ribs. There is a conspicuous tooth-like blunt nodule on the midpoint of the outer lip. The radula is uniserial with an interlocking central cusp."},{"description":"This species occurs from the Caribbean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean south to Brazil and Fernando de Noronha Islands."},{"description":"Species within the genus Enaeta include: Enaeta barnesii (Gray, 1825) Enaeta cumingii (Broderip, 1832) Enaeta cylleniformis (Sowerby I, 1844) Enaeta guildingii (Sowerby I, 1844) Enaeta leonardhilli Petuch, 1982 Enaeta reevei (Dall, 1907)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165236969":"Animalia","321769259":"Mollusca","165471537":"Gastropoda","321780902":"Volutidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":165517961,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":2300927,"parentKey":321772820,"parent":"Thiaridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","family":"Thiaridae","genus":"Tarebia","kingdomKey":165236969,"phylumKey":321769259,"classKey":165471537,"familyKey":321772820,"genusKey":165517961,"scientificName":"Tarebia H.Adams & A.Adams, 1854","canonicalName":"Tarebia","authorship":"H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"27391313","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Tarebia is a genus of freshwater snails, gastropod mollusks in the family Thiaridae."},{"description":"Species within the genus Tarebia include: Tarebia granifera Tarebia hainesiana Tarebia invieta Tarebia lateritia Tarebia luzoniensis Tarebia semigranosa"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165236969":"Animalia","321769259":"Mollusca","165471537":"Gastropoda","321772820":"Thiaridae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":165624488,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Astyris","genusKey":165624488,"scientificName":"Astyris H.Adams & A.Adams, 1853","canonicalName":"Astyris","authorship":"H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"26994970","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Astyris is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Columbellidae, the dove snails."},{"description":"Species within the genus Astyris include: Astyris amiantis Dall, 1919 Astyris amphissella (Dall, 1881) Astyris angeli Espinosa, Fernandez-Garcès & Ortea, 2004 Astyris appressa Dall, 1927 Astyris bonariensis Castellanos & Deambrosi, 1967 Astyris costata Gulbin, 1983 Astyris crumena Dall, 1924 Astyris delannoyei Pelorce, 2013 Astyris diaphana A. E. Verrill, 1882 Astyris elegans Gulbin, 1983 Astyris embusa Dall, 1927 Astyris enida Dall, 1927 Astyris euribia Dall, 1927 Astyris frumarkernorum Garcia, 2009 Astyris georgiana Dall, 1927 Astyris hervillardi Pelorce, 2012 Astyris hypodra (Dall, 1916) Astyris joseantonioi Espinosa & Ortea, 2014 Astyris kobai Golikov & Kussakin, 1962 Astyris labecula Gould, 1862 Astyris lunata (Say, 1826) Astyris multilineata (Dall, 1889) Astyris perlucida Dall, 1927 Astyris profundi (Dall, 1889) Astyris projecta Dall, 1927 Astyris pura A. E. Verrill, 1882 Astyris raveneli (Dall, 1889) Astyris rolani Espinosa, Fernandez-Garcès & Ortea, 2004 Astyris rosacea (Gould, 1840) Astyris sagenata Dall, 1927 Astyris salmonea (Barnard, 1963) Astyris stemma Dall, 1927 Astyris suavis (Smith, 1906) Astyris verrilli (Dall, 1881) Astyris vidua Dall, 1924 Species brought into synonymy : Astyris antares (P. M. Costa & P. J. de Souza, 2001): synonym of Mitrella antares P. M. Costa & P. J. de Souza, 2001 Astyris aurantiaca Dall, 1871: synonym of Alia aurantiaca (Dall, 1871) Astyris caletae Preston, 1915: synonym of Alia unifasciata (G. B. Sowerby I, 1832) Astyris gausapata (Gould, 1850): synonym of Alia gausapata (Gould, 1850) Astyris hartmanni Espinosa & Ortea, 2014: synonym of Minimanachis hartmanni (Espinosa & Ortea, 2014) Astyris permodesta (Dall, 1890): synonym of Alia permodesta (Dall, 1890) Astyris tuberosa (Carpenter, 1865): synonym of Mitrella tuberosa (Carpenter, 1865) Astyris zonalis Gould, 1848: synonym of Astyris lunata (Say, 1826)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165502991,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":4608253,"parentKey":321770288,"parent":"Pachychilidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","family":"Pachychilidae","genus":"Doryssa","kingdomKey":165236969,"phylumKey":321769259,"classKey":165471537,"familyKey":321770288,"genusKey":165502991,"scientificName":"Doryssa H.Adams & A.Adams, 1854","canonicalName":"Doryssa","authorship":"H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"48140567","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Doryssa is a genus of freshwater snails which have an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Pachychilidae."},{"description":"These freshwater snails are endemic to South America."},{"description":"Species within the genus Doryssa include: Doryssa atra (Bruguière, 1792)Baker H. B. (1930). \"The Mollusca collected by the University of Michigan – Williamson expedition in Venezuela\". Occasional Paper of Museum of zoology 210: 1–95. PDF Doryssa brevior (Troschel, 1848) - type species of the genus DoryssaBouchet, P. (2015). Doryssa H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=848311 on 2015-10-09 Doryssa consolidata (Bruguière, 1790) Doryssa derivans Brot, 1874 Doryssa geijskesi (Pain, 1956) Doryssa gruneri (Jonas, 1844) Doryssa hohenackeri (Philippi, 1851) Doryssa kappleri (Vernhout, 1914)Abbott R. T. (1955). \"Anatomy of the Venezuelan gastropod, Doryssa kappleri\". The Nautilus 69: 44–46, plate. Doryssa lamarckiana (Brot, 1870) Doryssa petechialis (Brot, 1860) Doryssa schuppi (Ihering, 1902) Doryssa transversa (Lea, 1850) File:Doryssa atra del Rio Ventuari, Amazonas - Venezuela 003.jpg|''[[Doryssa atra]]'' File:Doryssa hohenackery kappleri 004.jpg|''[[Doryssa hohenackeri]]'' File:Doryssa kappleri 000.jpg|''[[Doryssa kappleri]]''"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165236969":"Animalia","321769259":"Mollusca","165471537":"Gastropoda","321770288":"Pachychilidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":165518051,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":3243948,"parentKey":321778074,"parent":"Clausiliidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","family":"Clausiliidae","genus":"Temesa","kingdomKey":165236969,"phylumKey":321769259,"classKey":165471537,"familyKey":321778074,"genusKey":165518051,"scientificName":"Temesa H. & A.Adams, 1855","canonicalName":"Temesa","authorship":"H. & A. Adams, 1855","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"39026584","extinct":false,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Temesa is a genus of medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropods in the family Clausiliidae, the door snails. The fossil record of this genus ranges tentatively from the Brazilian Paleocene of the Itaboraí Basin, in Rio de Janeiro State, where the species T. magalhaesi is found."},{"description":"The genus includes the following species: T. magalhaesi (Trindade, 1953) - fossil from Brazil"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165236969":"Animalia","321769259":"Mollusca","165471537":"Gastropoda","321778074":"Clausiliidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":165494116,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":2302883,"parentKey":321782970,"parent":"Volutomitridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","family":"Volutomitridae","genus":"Volutomitra","kingdomKey":165236969,"phylumKey":321769259,"classKey":321782633,"familyKey":321782970,"genusKey":165494116,"scientificName":"Volutomitra H. & A.Adams, 1853","canonicalName":"Volutomitra","authorship":"H. & A. Adams, 1853","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"18532062","extinct":false,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Volutomitra is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Volutomitridae, the mitres, with global distribution.WoRMS (2010). Volutomitra H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138662 on 2010-12-14"},{"description":"Species in the genus Volutomitra include: † Volutomitra amplexa (Finlay, 1930) † Volutomitra andreiae R. Salisbury & Gori, 2019 Volutomitra bairdii (Dall, 1889) Volutomitra banksi (Dell, 1951) Volutomitra bayeri Okutani, 1982 Volutomitra blanfordi (Melvill & Standen, 1901) Volutomitra carlosbranai R. Salisbury & Gori, 2019 Volutomitra erebus Bayer, 1971 - Erebus mitre-volute Volutomitra filippoi R. Salisbury & Gori, 2019 Volutomitra francescae R. Salisbury & Gori, 2019 Volutomitra geoffreyana (Melvill, 1910) Volutomitra glabella Bouchet & Kantor, 2000 Volutomitra groenlandica (Moller, 1842) - false Greenland mitre Volutomitra hottentota Thiele, 1925 † Volutomitra incisa (Marwick, 1942) † Volutomitra inconspicua (Hutton, 1885) † Volutomitra lornensis (Marwick, 1926) Volutomitra obscura (Hutton, 1873) † Volutomitra othoniana (Finlay, 1924) Volutomitra pailoloana (J. Cate, 1963) Volutomitra persephone Bayer, 1971 Volutomitra rosadoi R. Salisbury & Gori, 2019 Volutomitra tenella Golikov & Sirenko, 1998 † Volutomitra transilis (Finlay, 1930) Volutomitra vaubani Cernohorsky, 1982 Volutomitra ziczac Bouchet & Kantor, 2004 Species brought into synonymy : Volutomitra alaskana Dall, 1902 : synonym of Volutomitra groenlandica (Beck in Möller, 1842) Volutomitra porcellana (Melvill & Standen, 1912): synonym of Volvarina porcellana (Melvill & Standen, 1912)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165236969":"Animalia","321769259":"Mollusca","321782633":"Gastropoda","321782970":"Volutomitridae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":165767580,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Zebina","genusKey":165767580,"scientificName":"Zebina H. & A.Adams, 1854","canonicalName":"Zebina","authorship":"H. & A. Adams, 1854","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"28317194","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Zebina is a genus of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Zebinidae."},{"description":"Species within the genus Zebina include: Zebina acicula Laseron, 1956 Zebina adamsiana (Weinkauff, 1881) † Zebina aquitanica (Cossmann & Peyrot, 1919) Zebina axeliana (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Zebina benthicola Habe, 1961 † Zebina bespiso Lozouet, 2015 Zebina bidentata (Philippi, 1845) Zebina browniana (d’Orbigny, 1842) Zebina constricta Laseron, 1956 Zebina cooperi W. R. B. Oliver, 1915 † Zebina dziki Kaim, 2004 † Zebina fallax (Deshayes, 1864) † Zebina fusiformis (Gabb, 1873) Zebina gabbii (Mørch, 1876) Zebina hebes (Watson, 1883) Zebina heronensis Laseron, 1956 † Zebina hungarica Szöts, 1953 Zebina inflata Laseron, 1956 Zebina isolata Laseron, 1956 Zebina kalinagorum Faber, 2017 † Zebina killeblebana Ladd, 1966 † Zebina kraussi (Turton, 1932) † Zebina levigatissima (Deshayes, 1864) Zebina linearis Laseron, 1956 Zebina malagazzae Sleurs & van Goethem, 2002 Zebina maxima Bozzetti, 2007 † Zebina metaltilana Ladd, 1966 Zebina moolenbeeki Faber & Gori, 2016 † Zebina nerina (d'Orbigny, 1852) † Zebina neriniformis (Boettger, 1901) Zebina paivensis (Watson, 1873) Zebina preposterum (Berry, 1958) Zebina pupiniformis (Preston, 1908) Zebina reclina Sleurs, 1991 Zebina retusa Sleurs, 1991 Zebina robustior (Gofas, 1999) † Zebina sanctimartini Lozouet, 2011 † Zebina sarcignanensis Lozouet, 2015 † Zebina schwartzi (Deshayes, 1861) Zebina semiglabrata (A. Adams, 1854) Zebina semiplicata (Pease, 1863) Zebina sloaniana (d'Orbigny, 1842) Zebina striaticallosa Faber, 2011 † Zebina subneriniformis Lozouet, 1999 Zebina tridentata (Michaud, 1830) Zebina unamae Rolan, 1998 Zebina villenai Rolán & Luque, 2000 Zebina vitrea (C. B. Adams, 1850) Zebina vitrinella (Mörch, 1876) † Zebina zitteli Szöts, 1953 † Zebina zuschini Harzhauser, 2014 Species brought into synonymy : Zebina cordorae De Jong & Coomans, 1988: synonym of Zebina vitrinella (Mörch, 1876) Zebina hebes (Watson, 1883): synonym of Eulima hebes Watson, 1883 Zebina japonica (Weinkauff, 1881): synonym of Takirissoina japonica (Weinkauff, 1881) Zebina laevigata (C. B. Adams, 1850): synonym of Zebina sloaniana (d'Orbigny, 1842) Zebina lis Tomlin, 1918: synonym of Zebina pupiniformis (Preston, 1908) Zebina nitens Laseron, 1956 : synonym of Zebina oryza (Garrett, 1873) (junior secondary synonym) Zebina punctostriata Talavera, 1975: synonym of Rissoina punctostriata (Talavera, 1975) Zebina spirata Sowerby, 1825: synonym of Rissoina spirata Sowerby I, 1820"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165647097,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Coralliophila","genusKey":165647097,"scientificName":"Coralliophila H. & A.Adams, 1853","canonicalName":"Coralliophila","authorship":"H. & A. Adams, 1853","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"27101094","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Coralliophila is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Coralliophilinae, the coral snails, within the family Muricidae, the murex snails and rock snails. The genus Coralliophila is most probably polyphyletic and should be restricted to the species most closely related to the type species.[Oliverio M. and P. Mariottini. 2001a. A molecular framework for the phylogeny of Coralliophila and related muricoids. J. Moll. Stud. 67: 215–224.Oliverio M. M. Cervelli, and P. Mariottini. 2002. ITS2 rRNA evolution and its congruence with the phylogeny of muricid neogastropods (Caenogastropoda, Muricoidea) Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 25: 63–69. Species in the genus Hirtomurex, situated in the Indo-West Pacific are not clearly distinguishable from the species in the genus Coralliophila sensu lato (in the broad sense) found in the Eastern Atlantic.Oliverio, Marco; Gofas, Serge, Coralliophiline diversity at mid-Atlantic seamounts (Neogastropoda, Muricidae, Coralliophilinae) , Bulletin of Marine Science, Volume 79, Number 1, July 2006 , pp. 205-230(26)"},{"description":"Apertural view of a shell of Coralliophila mira Species within the genus Coralliophila s.l. include: Coralliophila aberrans (C. B. Adams, 1850) Coralliophila abnormis (E.A. Smith, 1878) Coralliophila adansoni Kosuge & Fernandes, 1989 Coralliophila aedonia (Watson, 1885) Coralliophila africana Smriglio & Mariottini, 2001 Coralliophila ahuiri Cossignani, 2009 Coralliophila alboangulata (E. A. Smith, 1890) Coralliophila amirantium E. A. Smith, 1884 Coralliophila andamana Melvill, 1889 Coralliophila atlantica E. A. Smith, 1890 Coralliophila australis Oliverio, 2009 Coralliophila basileus (Dautzenberg & Fischer H., 1896) Coralliophila bathus Oliverio, 2008 † Coralliophila bracteata (Brocchi, 1814) Coralliophila brevis (de Blainville, 1832) Coralliophila bulbiformis (Conrad, 1837) † Coralliophila burdigalensis (Tournouër, 1874) Coralliophila cancellarioidea Oliverio, 2008 Coralliophila candidissima Oliverio, 2008 Coralliophila caribaea Abbott, 1958 Coralliophila carnosa Kosuge, 1986 Coralliophila caroleae D'Attilio & Myers, 1984 Coralliophila clathrata (A. Adams, 1854) Coralliophila confusa Kosuge, 1986 Coralliophila costata (Blainville, 1832) Coralliophila costularis (Lamarck, 1816) Coralliophila cumingii (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1864) Coralliophila curacaoensis Potkamp & Hoeksema, 2017 Coralliophila curta Sowerby III, 1894 Coralliophila elaborata H. Adams & A. Adams, 1863 Coralliophila elvirae D'Attilio & Emerson, 1980 Coralliophila erosa (Röding, 1798) Coralliophila erythrostoma E. A. Smith, 1890 Coralliophila fearnleyi (Emerson & D'Attilio, 1965) Coralliophila fimbriata (A. Adams, 1854) Coralliophila flava Kosuge, 1985 Coralliophila fontanangioyae Smriglio & Mariottini, 2000 Coralliophila fragosa E.A. Smith, 1910 Coralliophila francoisi Bozzetti, 2006 Coralliophila fritschi (Martens, 1874) Coralliophila galea (Dillwyn, 1823) Coralliophila giton (Dautzenberg, 1891) Coralliophila guancha Smriglio, Mariottini & Engl, 2003 Coralliophila hayesi Smriglio & Mariottini, 2001 Coralliophila hotei Kosuge, 1985 Coralliophila infantula Kosuge, 1985 Coralliophila inflata (Dunker in Philippi, 1847) Coralliophila jarli Knudsen Coralliophila jeffreysi E. A. Smith, 1879 Coralliophila juliamoralesae Smriglio, Mariottini & Engl, 2002 † Coralliophila kaiparaensis (P. Marshall, 1918) Coralliophila kalafuti (Petuch, 1987) Coralliophila kaofitorum Vega, Vega & Luque, 2002 Coralliophila knudseni Smriglio & Mariottini, 2000 Coralliophila latilirata Rehder, 1985 Coralliophila leucostoma Kosuge, 1986 Coralliophila liltvedi Kosuge, 1986 † Coralliophila lividorupis (Laws, 1935) Coralliophila luglii Smriglio & Mariottini, 2011 Coralliophila macleani Shasky, 1970 Coralliophila mallicki Ladd, 1976 Coralliophila mandji P. A. Bernard, 1989 Coralliophila marrati Knudsen Coralliophila meyendorffii (Calcara, 1845) Coralliophila mira (Cotton & Godfrey, 1932) Coralliophila mitraeforma Kosuge, 1985 Coralliophila monodonta (Blainville, 1832) Coralliophila monterosatoi (Locard, 1897) Coralliophila nanhaiensis Zhang & Wei, 2005 Coralliophila nivea (A. Adams, 1853) Coralliophila nodosa (A. Adams, 1854) Coralliophila norfolk Oliverio, 2008 Coralliophila nukuhiva Oliverio, 2008 Coralliophila nux (Reeve, 1846) Coralliophila orcuttiana Dall, 1919 Coralliophila ovoidea (Kosuge, 1985) Coralliophila panormitana (Monterosato, 1869) Coralliophila parva (E. A. Smith, 1877) Coralliophila parvula Bozzetti, 2007 Coralliophila patruelis (E. A. Smith, 1890) Coralliophila persica Melvill, 1897 Coralliophila pulchella (A. Adams, 1854) Coralliophila radula (A. Adams, 1855) Coralliophila rashafunensis Bozzetti, 2018 Coralliophila rhomboidea Kosuge & Oliverio, 2004 Coralliophila richardi (Fischer P., 1882) Coralliophila robillardi (Liénard, 1870) Coralliophila roseocephala Kosuge, 1986 Coralliophila rubrococcinea Melvill & Standen, 1901 Coralliophila salebrosa H. Adams & A. Adams, 1863 Coralliophila scala (A. Adams, 1854) Coralliophila scalariformis (Lamarck, 1822) Coralliophila scalaris (Brocchi, 1814) Coralliophila schioettei Smriglio & Mariottini, 2000 Coralliophila sertata (Hedley, 1903) Coralliophila sofiae (Aradas & Benoit, 1876) Coralliophila solutistoma Kuroda & Shikama in Shikama, 1966 Coralliophila squamosissima (Smith, 1876) Coralliophila squamulosa (Reeve, 1846 in 1843-65) Coralliophila suduirauti Smriglio & Mariottini, 2003 Coralliophila tetragona Kosuge, 1986 Coralliophila trigoi Mariottini, Smriglio & Rolán 2005 † Coralliophila turneri Laws, 1941 Coralliophila vertigo (Kosuge, 1986) Coralliophila violacea Kiener, 1836 Coralliophila wilsoni Pritchard & Gatliff, 1898 Coralliophila xenophila Oliverio, 2008 The Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database also recognizes the following species with names in current use : Coralliophila morishimai Kuroda & Shikama in Shikama, 1966 Coralliophila ohmurai Kosuge, 1985 Coralliophila tokioi Kosuge, 1985 Subgenus Coralliobia H. & A. Adams, 1853 Coralliophila pterigostoma D'Attilio & Kosuge, 1988 Subgenus Coralliophila H. & A. Adams, 1853 Coralliophila arabica Melvill, 1898 Coralliophila porphyroleuca (Crosse, 1870) Coralliophila tetragona Kosuge, 1986 Subgenus Coralliofusus Kuroda, 1953 Coralliophila acus (Kuroda, 1953) Coralliophila turrita Sowerby, 1888 The database of the Western Atlantic Marina Mollusca also mention the following species :Malacolog : Coralliophila Coralliophila pacei Petuch, 1987 Species brought into synonymy : Coralliophila abbreviata auct. non Lamarck, 1816: synonym of Coralliophila galea (Dillwyn, 1823) Coralliophila abbreviata (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of Coralliophila erosa (Röding, 1798) Coralliophila acuti-tenuitas Settepassi, 1977: synonym of Coralliophila meyendorffii (Calcara, 1845) Coralliophila alboranensis Smriglio & Mariottini, 2003 : synonym of Coralliophila brevis (Blainville, 1832) Coralliophila alucoides (Blainville, 1829): synonym of Coralliophila squamosa (Bivona Ant. in Bivona And., 1838): synonym of Hirtomurex squamosus (Bivona Ant. in Bivona And., 1838) Coralliophila armeniaca D'Attilio & Myers, 1984: synonym of Coralliophila abnormis (E.A. Smith, 1878) Coralliophila asperrima H. Adams & A. Adams, 1863: synonym of Coralliophila scala (A. Adams, 1854) Coralliophila babelis (Requien, 1848): synonym of Babelomurex cariniferus (Sowerby, 1834) Coralliophila barclayana H. Adams, 1873: synonym of Pterymarchia barclayana (H. Adams, 1873) Coralliophila basilium Penna-Neme & Leme, 1978: synonym of Babelomurex dalli (Emerson & D'Attilio, 1963) Coralliophila cantrainei Montrouzier [in Souverbie], 1861: synonym of Coralliophila bulbiformis (Conrad, 1837) Coralliophila carinata Koroneos, 1979: synonym of Babelomurex cariniferus (Sowerby, 1834) Coralliophila confragosa H. & A. Adams, 1864: synonym of Muricodrupa fiscella (Gmelin, 1791) Coralliophila coronata H. Adams, 1869: synonym of Morula (Habromorula) coronata (H. Adams, 1869) Coralliophila crebrilamellosa (G.B. Sowerby III, 1913): synonym of Mipus crebrilamellosus (G. B. Sowerby III, 1913) Coralliophila deburghiae (Reeve, 1857) sensu Dall, 1889: synonym of Babelomurex dalli (Emerson & D'Attilio, 1963) Coralliophila deformis Lamarck: synonym of Coralliophila erosa (Röding, 1798) Coralliophila dissimulans Preston, 1904: synonym of Pascula ozenneana (Crosse, 1861) Coralliophila emimarumai Kosuge, 1981 accepted as Coralliophila persica Melvill, 1897 Coralliophila fax F. M. Bayer, 1971: synonym of Babelomurex fax (F. M. Bayer, 1971) Coralliophila fontanangioyi Smriglio & Mariottini, 2000 : synonym of Coralliophila fontanangioyae Smriglio & Mariottini, 2000 Coralliophila groschi Kilburn, 1977 : synonym of Coralliophila erosa (Röding, 1798) Coralliophila incompta Berry, 1960 : synonym of Attiliosa nodulosa (A. Adams, 1854) Coralliophila indica E.A. Smith, 1899 : synonym of Babelomurex indicus (E.A. Smith, 1899) Coralliophila isosceles Barnard, 1959 : synonym of Mipus isosceles (Barnard, 1959) Coralliophila isshikiensis Shikama, 1971: synonym of Hirtomurex isshikiensis (Shikama, 1971) Coralliophila kawamurai Shikama, 1978 : synonym of Hirtomurex kawamurai (Shikama, 1978) Coralliophila lacerata (Deshayes, 1856): synonym of Babelomurex cariniferus (Sowerby, 1834) Coralliophila lactuca Dall, 1889: synonym of Coralliophila richardi (P. Fischer, 1882) Coralliophila lamellosa (Philippi, 1836): synonym of Hirtomurex squamosus (Bivona Ant. in Bivona And., 1838) Coralliophila latiaxidea Sowerby, 1893 : synonym of Lataxiena fimbriata (Hinds, 1844) Coralliophila madreporarum (Sowerby, 1822): synonym of Coralliophila monodonta (Blainville, 1832) Coralliophila miyukiae Kosuge, 1985: synonym of Mipus miyukiae Kosuge, 1985 Coralliophila neritoidea (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of Coralliophila violacea (Kiener, 1836) Coralliophila orbignyana (Petit de la Saussaye, 1851): synonym of Coralliophila erosa (Röding, 1798) Coralliophila patula Settepassi, 1977: synonym of Coralliophila brevis (Blainville, 1832) Coralliophila priolana Settepassi, 1971 : synonym of Babelomurex tectumsinensis (Deshayes, 1856) Coralliophila profundicola Haas, 1949: synonym of Coralliophila aedonia (Watson, 1886) Coralliophila pyriformis Kira, 1959 : synonym of Coralliophila radula (A. Adams, 1855) Coralliophila retusa H. Adams & A. Adams, 1863 : synonym of Coralliophila costularis (Lamarck, 1816) Coralliophila rolani Bogi & Nofroni, 1984 : synonym of Nucella rolani (Bogi & Nofroni, 1984) Coralliophila rosacea (E. A. Smith, 1903): synonym of Mipus rosaceus (E. A. Smith, 1903) Coralliophila sentix Bayer, 1971: synonym of Babelomurex sentix (Bayer, 1971) Coralliophila spinosa Dall, 1925 : synonym of Babelomurex spinosus (Hirase, 1908) Coralliophila squamosa (Bivona Ant. in Bivona And., 1838): synonym of Hirtomurex squamosus (Bivona Ant. in Bivona And., 1838) Coralliophila stearnsiana Dall, 1919 : synonym of Coralliophila erosa (Röding, 1798) Coralliophila stearnsii Pilsbry, 1895 : synonym of Coralliophila squamosissima (E.A. Smith, 1876) Coralliophila suturalis A. Adams in H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853: synonym of Coralliophila erosa (Röding, 1798) Coralliophila tomlini van Regteren Altena, 1950 : synonym of Mipus tomlini (van Regteren Altena, 1950) Coralliophila turris Settepassi, 1977: synonym of Coralliophila squamosa (Bivona Ant. in Bivona And., 1838): synonym of Hirtomurex squamosus (Bivona Ant. in Bivona And., 1838) Coralliophila zuluensis Barnard, 1959: synonym of Coralliophila crebrilamellosa (G.B. Sowerby III, 1913)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165479178,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":3244727,"parentKey":321773241,"parent":"Eulimidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Littorinimorpha","family":"Eulimidae","genus":"Thyca","kingdomKey":165236969,"phylumKey":321769259,"classKey":165471537,"orderKey":321773085,"familyKey":321773241,"genusKey":165479178,"scientificName":"Thyca H.Adams & A.Adams, 1854","canonicalName":"Thyca","authorship":"H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"33405970","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Thyca is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Eulimidae.Bouchet, P. (2012). Thyca H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=196298 on 2012-07-25 These snails are ectoparasites of starfish; they are relatively unmodified, the underside having become a suction disc with a central mouth that draws nourishment from the host's tissues."},{"description":"The conical shell is longitudinally grooved, transparent and slightly curved.G.W. Tryon (1886) Manual of Conchology v; VIII"},{"description":"Species within the genus Thyca include: Thyca astericola (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850) Thyca callista Berry, 1959 Thyca crystallina (Gould, 1846) Thyca ectoconcha P. Sarasin & F. Sarasin, 1887 Thyca hawaiiensis Warén, 1980 Thyca lactea (Kuroda, 1949) Thyca nardoafrianti (Habe, 1976) Thyca sagamiensis (Kuroda & Habe, 1971) Thyca stellasteris Koehler & Vaney, 1912 Species brought into synonymy : Thyca pellucida Kükenthal, 1897: synonym of Thyca crystallina (Gould, 1846)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165236969":"Animalia","321769259":"Mollusca","165471537":"Gastropoda","321773085":"Littorinimorpha","321773241":"Eulimidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":165476015,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":3244443,"parentKey":321771200,"parent":"Iravadiidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","family":"Iravadiidae","genus":"Ceratia","kingdomKey":165236969,"phylumKey":321769259,"classKey":165471537,"familyKey":321771200,"genusKey":165476015,"scientificName":"Ceratia H.Adams & A.Adams, 1852","canonicalName":"Ceratia","authorship":"H. Adams & A. Adams, 1852","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"50849239","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Ceratia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks the family Iravadiidae.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2016). Ceratia H. Adams & A. Adams, 1852. In: MolluscaBase (2016). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138082 on 2016-06-17"},{"description":"Species within the genus Ceratia include: † Ceratia dissoluta Weichmann, 1874 † Ceratia dufresnoyi (Des Moulins, 1868) - synonym: Ceratia suturalis Cossmann & Peyrot, 1919 Ceratia francisca Lima, Júnior, Guimarães & Dominguez, 2016 † Ceratia meridionalis Lozouet, 2015 Ceratia nagashima Fukuda, 2000 Ceratia pachia (Watson, 1886) † Ceratia pliocenica Ceregato & Tabanelli, 2005 Ceratia proxima (Forbes & Hanley, 1850) - type species of the genus Ceratia, synonym: Ceratia altimirai Nordsieck, 1982 Ceratia sergipana Lima, Júnior, Guimarães & Dominguez, 2016 † Ceratia sternbergensis R. Janssen, 1978 Synonyms Ceratia watsoni Hornung & Mermod, 1927 is a synonym of Monotygma watsoni (Hornung & Mermod, 1927)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165236969":"Animalia","321769259":"Mollusca","165471537":"Gastropoda","321771200":"Iravadiidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":165622055,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Arinia","genusKey":165622055,"scientificName":"Arinia H. & A.Adams, 1856","canonicalName":"Arinia","authorship":"H. and A. Adams, 1856","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"12649263","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Arinia is a genus of small land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Diplommatinidae. The genus was originally described by Henry and Arthur Adams in 1856."},{"description":"Species within the genus Arina include: Arinia angduensis Maassen, 2006 Arinia ascotrochus Vermeulen, 1996 Arinia biplicata Vermeulen, 1996 Arinia blanda E. A. Smith, 1897 Arinia boreoborneensis Vermeulen, 1996 Arinia borneensis E. A. Smith, 1894 Arinia boucheti Páll-Gergely, 2018 Arinia brevispira Vermeulen, 1996 Arinia calathiscus Quadras & Möllendorff, 1895 Arinia chejuensis O.-K. Kwon & J.-S. Lee, 1991 Arinia chrysacme Möllendorff, 1895 Arinia clausa Vermeulen, 1996 Arinia contracta Quadras & Möllendorff, 1895 Arinia costata Möllendorff, 1887 Arinia crassiventris B. Rensch, 1931 Arinia cuspidata Möllendorff, 1894 Arinia cylindrica Vermeulen, 1996 Arinia cylindrus Quadras & Möllendorff, 1895 Arinia dentifera Vermeulen, 1996 Arinia devians Möllendorff, 1887 Arinia dichroa Möllendorff, 1895 Arinia dilatata Maassen, 2003; Arinia dioryx Vermeulen, 1996 Arinia distorta Vermeulen, 1996 Arinia ferecognita Vermeulen, 1996 Arinia gibbosula Möllendorff, 1895 Arinia japonica Pilsbry & Y. Hirase, 1903 Arinia loumboensis Maassen, 2006 Arinia micro Marzuki & Foon, 2016 Arinia minus (G. B. Sowerby I, 1843) Arinia minutior Möllendorff, 1894 Arinia minutissima Möllendorff, 1887 Arinia monopleuris Quadras & Möllendorff, 1896 Arinia obesa Vermeulen, 1996 Arinia oviformis Vermeulen, 1996 Arinia ovulum Möllendorff, 1896 Arinia palainaeformis Rensch, 1931 Arinia pallida Möllendorff, 1896 Arinia paricostata Vermeulen, 1996 Arinia patagiata Benthem Jutting, 1958 Arinia pertusa Vermeulen, 1996 Arinia plagiostoma Möllendorff, 1894 Arinia pseudopomatias (Gredler, 1902) Arinia saeperobustior Vermeulen, 1996 Arinia scalatella Dohrn, 1862 Arinia similis E. A. Smith, 1893 Arinia simplex Vermeulen, 1996 Arinia sinulabris Möllendorff, 1894 Arinia stenotrochus Vermeulen, 1996 Arinia streptaxiformis Vermeulen, 1996 Arinia strophostoma Vermeulen, 1996 Arinia talautana (Fulton, 1899) Arinia tjendanae B. Rensch, 1931 Arinia turgida Vermeulen, 1996 Arinia valkenburgi Vermeulen, 1996 Arinia yanseni Nurinsiyah & Hausdorf, 2017"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":2301965,"nameKey":17005022,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":2301965,"parentKey":6880641,"parent":"Semisulcospiridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","family":"Semisulcospiridae","genus":"Juga","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":52,"classKey":225,"familyKey":6880641,"genusKey":2301965,"scientificName":"Juga H.Adams & A.Adams, 1854","canonicalName":"Juga","authorship":"H.Adams & A.Adams, 1854","publishedIn":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=741130","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":60,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:2301965","extinct":false,"habitats":["FRESHWATER"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Type species: Melania silicula A. Gould, 1847, by subsequent designation (Baker 1963: 35)."},{"description":"Remarks Until recently, extant species of Juga were distributed among three subgenera, based on the sculpture of the early whorls (Taylor 1966): Juga s. str. with strong and sometimes shouldered plications or ribs, Calibasis with spiral or lirate sculpture sometimes giving a frilled appearance, and Oreobasis with essentially smooth early whorls. Taylor (1966) also recognized a fourth subgenus with cancellate early sculpture, Idabasis, based on the Blancan fossil, Juga chrysopylica Taylor, 1966. According to Frest & Johannes (2010: 7), Taylor further subdivided Oreobasis into two sections in an unpublished checklist dated from 1977 which we have not seen. Strong & Frest (2007) synonymized Oreobasis with Juga s. str. given their morphological similarity in reproductive and alimentary anatomy. Campbell et al. (2016) concluded that none of the three extant subgenera were monophyletic but that clades of equivalent rank merited recognition. The molecular analysis of Strong & Whelan (2019) confirmed that the strength and persistence of spiral and axial sculpture are variable within and between species, sometimes among conspecific individuals at a single site, and that subgeneric designations based primarily on shell sculpture are not meaningful. Moreover, the molecular phylogeny did not reveal clades that would merit recognition at the rank of subgenus. Thus, we here further synonymize Calibasis and Idabasis with Juga."},{"description":"Diagnosis Shell dextral, smooth to strongly plicate, lirate or cancellate, medium to large in size, ~ 1.5 – 3.5 cm in length. Operculum corneous, brown, paucispiral with eccentric nucleus. Gonochoristic, oviparous, with broad, shallow, triangular ovipositor pore; convoluted gonoductal groove, proximal albumen gland u-shaped; seminal receptacle present; tightly interlocking folds of lateral and medial laminae of prostate gland; gelatinous, finger-like egg masses with large numbers of eggs. Radula taenioglossate, rachidian basal cusps weakly developed or lacking. Midgut with comparatively narrow glandular pad and wide, shallow, crescentic groove; digestive gland duct vestibule receiving several ducts of digestive gland."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","52":"Mollusca","225":"Gastropoda","6880641":"Semisulcospiridae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":3244419,"nameKey":17025348,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":3244419,"parentKey":2677,"parent":"Bursidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Littorinimorpha","family":"Bursidae","genus":"Aspa","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":52,"classKey":225,"orderKey":7390893,"familyKey":2677,"genusKey":3244419,"scientificName":"Aspa H.Adams & A.Adams, 1853","canonicalName":"Aspa","authorship":"H.Adams & A.Adams, 1853","publishedIn":"Adams H. & Adams A. (1853-1858). The genera of Recent Mollusca; arranged according to their organization, Volume 1. London: van Voorst. 484 pp. [i-xl (1858), 1-256 (1853), 257-484 (1854)].","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":2,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:3244419","extinct":false,"habitats":["MARINE"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Type species. Ranella laevigata Lamarck, 1822 (= Buccinum marginatum Gmelin, 1791) (H. Adams & A. Adams 1853: 106), by monotypy. Pliocene, Italy."}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"スベリオキニシ属","language":"jpn"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","52":"Mollusca","225":"Gastropoda","7390893":"Littorinimorpha","2677":"Bursidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":165480396,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":4613639,"parentKey":321771131,"parent":"Ranellidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","family":"Ranellidae","genus":"Priene","kingdomKey":165236969,"phylumKey":321769259,"classKey":165471537,"familyKey":321771131,"genusKey":165480396,"scientificName":"Priene H.Adams & A.Adams, 1858","canonicalName":"Priene","authorship":"H. Adams & A. Adams, 1858","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"27873633","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Priene is a genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Ranellidae, the triton snails, triton shells or tritons."},{"description":"Species within the genus Priene include: Priene scabrum (King, 1832)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165236969":"Animalia","321769259":"Mollusca","165471537":"Gastropoda","321771131":"Ranellidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":165512252,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":2290966,"parentKey":321783828,"parent":"Planorbidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","family":"Planorbidae","genus":"Menetus","kingdomKey":165236969,"phylumKey":321769259,"classKey":321782633,"familyKey":321783828,"genusKey":165512252,"scientificName":"Menetus H.Adams & A.Adams, 1855","canonicalName":"Menetus","authorship":"H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"21075423","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Menetus is a North American genus of freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Planorbidae, the ramshorn snails."},{"description":"Species within this genus include: subgenus Micromenetus F. C. Baker, 1945 Menetus dilatatus (Gould, 1841) - the type species subgenus ? Menetus alabamensis Menetus brogniartianus Menetus floridensis Menetus opercularis Menetus portlandensis Menetus sampsoni"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165236969":"Animalia","321769259":"Mollusca","321782633":"Gastropoda","321783828":"Planorbidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":2299642,"nameKey":17584127,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":2299642,"parentKey":6761,"parent":"Cassidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Littorinimorpha","family":"Cassidae","genus":"Casmaria","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":52,"classKey":225,"orderKey":7390893,"familyKey":6761,"genusKey":2299642,"scientificName":"Casmaria H.Adams & A.Adams, 1853","canonicalName":"Casmaria","authorship":"H.Adams & A.Adams, 1853","publishedIn":"MolluscaBase. Casmaria H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=205551 on 2020-02-11","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":18,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:2299642","extinct":false,"habitats":["MARINE"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Type species Buccinum vibex Linnaeus, 1758 (= Casmaria erinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758 )) (by subsequent designation in Harris 1897)"},{"description":"Note on the synonymy and relevant types of Casmaria ponderosa Casmaria ponderosa has a long and complex synonymy, which has recently been comprehensively analyzed by Beu et al. (2012). All relevant type specimens were tracked down or proven to be lost. The syntype of Cassis torquata Reeve, 1848, illustrated earlier by Abbott (1968), was designated as the lectotype and also as the neotype of Buccinum ponderosum Gmelin, 1791, B. nodulosum Gmelin, 1791, Phalium quadratum Link, 1807, Buccinum biarmatum Dillwyn, 1817, Buccinum pantherina Dillwyn, 1817, and Cassis tenuilabris Menke, 1828 (Beu et al. 2012: 78). For this reason, none of these names can apply to the new species we describe."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","52":"Mollusca","225":"Gastropoda","7390893":"Littorinimorpha","6761":"Cassidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":165542771,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Colina","genusKey":165542771,"scientificName":"Colina H.Adams & A.Adams, 1854","canonicalName":"Colina","authorship":"H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"27391256","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Colina is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cerithiidae."},{"description":"Species within the genus Colina include: Colina arifi Bozzetti, 2011 Colina ciclostoma Bozzetti, 2008 Colina lorenzi Bozzetti, 2018 Colina macrostoma (Hinds, 1844) Colina madagascariensis Bozzetti, 2008 Colina pinguis (A. Adams, 1855) Colina selecta Melvill & Standen, 1898 Synonyms : Subgenus Colina (Ischnocerithium) Thiele, 1929: synonym of Cerithium Bruguière, 1789 Colina (Ischnocerithium) rostrata (A. Adams in G.B. Sowerby II, 1855) : synonym of Cerithium rostratum A. Adams in G.B. Sowerby II, 1855 Colina perimensis Jousseaume, 1931: synonym of Colina pinguis (A. Adams, 1855) Colina pupiformis A. Adams, 1854 : synonym of Colina macrostoma (Hinds, 1844) Colina pygmaea H. Adams, 1867 : synonym of Colina macrostoma (Hinds, 1844) Nomen dubium Colina gracilis H. Adams, 1866 (nomen dubium)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":3244630,"nameKey":16998888,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":3244630,"parentKey":3244629,"parent":"Diplommatinidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Architaenioglossa","family":"Diplommatinidae","genus":"Arinia","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":52,"classKey":225,"orderKey":455,"familyKey":3244629,"genusKey":3244630,"scientificName":"Arinia H.Adams & A.Adams, 1856","canonicalName":"Arinia","authorship":"H.Adams & A.Adams, 1856","publishedIn":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=888608","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":107,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:3244630","extinct":false,"habitats":["TERRESTRIAL"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Diagnosis. Arinia is characterized by a lack of a prominent columellar lamella in the aperture, the position of the constriction usually in the middle or the last quarter of the last whorl and a smooth outer surface of the operculum."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","52":"Mollusca","225":"Gastropoda","455":"Architaenioglossa","3244629":"Diplommatinidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":165523852,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Photinula","genusKey":165523852,"scientificName":"Photinula H.Adams & A.Adams, 1854","canonicalName":"Photinula","authorship":"H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"27073539","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Photinula is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Calliostomatidae."},{"description":"Species within the genus Photinula include: Photinula coerulescens King and Broderip, 1831 Photinula crawshayi E. A. Smith, 1905 Photinula lahillei Ihering, 1902 Photinula roseolineata E. A. Smith, 1905 Photinula virginalis Rochebrune & Mabille, 1885 Taxon inquirendum : Photinula solidula J. E. Cooper & Preston, 1910 Species brought into synonymy : Photinula achilles Strebel, 1908: synonym of Margarella achilles (Strebel, 1908) Photinula antipoda (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1854): synonym of Cantharidus antipoda antipoda (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1854) Photinula blakei (Clench & Aguayo, 1938): synonym of Carolesia blakei (Clench & Aguayo, 1938) Photinula couteaudi Mabille & Rochebrune, 1889: synonym of Photinula coerulescens (P. P. King, 1832) Photinula decepta Odhner, N.H.J., 1924: synonym of Cantharidus antipoda antipoda (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1854) Photinula expansa (G.B. Sowerby I, 1838): synonym of Margarella expansa (G.B. Sowerby I, 1838) Photinula gamma Rochebrune & Mabille, 1885: synonym of Photinastoma taeniatum (G. B. Sowerby I, 1825) Photinula halmyris Rochebrune & Mabille, 1885: synonym of Margarella violacea (P. P. King, 1832) Photinula impervia Strebel, 1908: synonym of Lissotesta impervia (Strebel, 1908) (original combination) Photinula paradoxa Mabille, 1885: synonym of Photinastoma taeniatum (G. B. Sowerby I, 1825) Photinula pruinosa Rochebrune & Mabille, 1885: synonym of Margarella pruinosa (Rochebrune & Mabille, 1885) (original combination) Photinula steineni Strebel, 1905: synonym of Margarella steineni (Strebel, 1905) Photinula suteri E. A. Smith, 1894: synonym of Cantharidus dilatatus (G. B. Sowerby II, 1870) (junior synonym) Photinula taeniata (G. B. Sowerby I, 1825): synonym of Photinastoma taeniatum (G. B. Sowerby I, 1825) Photinula viaginalis Rochebrune & Mabille, 1885: synonym of Photinula virginalis Rochebrune & Mabille, 1885 (incorrect original spelling) Photinula violacea (P. P. King, 1832): synonym of Margarella violacea (P. P. King, 1832) Photinula wacei Melvill & Standen, 1918: synonym of Margarella wacei (Melvill & Standen, 1918) (original combination)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":193657202,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Mentissa","genusKey":193657202,"scientificName":"Mentissa H.Adams & A.Adams, 1855","canonicalName":"Mentissa","authorship":"H.Adams & A.Adams, 1855","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"69174968","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Mentissa is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Clausiliidae. The species of this genus are found in Mediterranean and near Black Sea. Species: Mentissa canalifera Mentissa gracilicosta Mentissa velutina"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165527598,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":3245441,"parentKey":321775714,"parent":"Velutinidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","family":"Velutinidae","genus":"Limneria","kingdomKey":165236969,"phylumKey":321769259,"classKey":165471537,"familyKey":321775714,"genusKey":165527598,"scientificName":"Limneria H.Adams & A.Adams, 1851","canonicalName":"Limneria","authorship":"H. Adams & A. Adams, 1851","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"33726087","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Limneria is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Velutinidae."},{"description":"Species within the genus Limneria include: Limneria insculpta Odhner, 1913 Limneria prolongata (Carpenter, 1864) Limneria undata (T. Brown, 1839)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165236969":"Animalia","321769259":"Mollusca","165471537":"Gastropoda","321775714":"Velutinidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":190401736,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Agathylla","genusKey":190401736,"scientificName":"Agathylla H.Adams & A.Adams, 1855","canonicalName":"Agathylla","authorship":"H.Adams & A.Adams, 1855","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"69148330","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Agathylla is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Clausiliidae. The species of this genus are found in Europe, Japan. Species: Agathylla abrupta Agathylla biloba Agathylla exarata Agathylla formosa Agathylla goldi Agathylla lamellosa Agathylla narentana Agathylla neutra Agathylla regularis Agathylla strigillata Agathylla sulcosa Agathylla viperina"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165767822,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Ziba","genusKey":165767822,"scientificName":"Ziba H. & A.Adams, 1853","canonicalName":"Ziba","authorship":"H. & A. Adams, 1853","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"27094976","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Ziba is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mitridae."},{"description":"The genus Ziba used to contain more than 30 species, but many were recently reassigned to other genera, including Imbricaria and Subcancilla. As of 2018, the genus Ziba contains the following three species: Ziba carinata (Swainson, 1824) Ziba gambiana (Dohrn, 1861) Ziba ogoouensis Biraghi, 1984"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":190407377,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Medora","genusKey":190407377,"scientificName":"Medora H.Adams & A.Adams, 1855","canonicalName":"Medora","authorship":"H.Adams & A.Adams, 1855","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"69171484","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Medora is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Clausiliidae. The species of this genus are found in South Europe and Mediterranean. Species: Medora adensameri Medora agnata Medora almissana Medora armata Medora contracta Medora dalmatina Medora eris Medora garganensis Medora hiltrudae Medora italiana Medora lesinensis Medora macascarensis Medora milettiana Medora pollinensis Medora proxima Medora punctulata Medora stenostoma"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165615220,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Amalda","genusKey":165615220,"scientificName":"Amalda H.Adams & A.Adams, 1853","canonicalName":"Amalda","authorship":"H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"9225787","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Amalda is a genus of medium-sized sea snails, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Ancillariidae, the olives and allies.Bouchet, P. (2014). Amalda H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=390993 on 2015-01-18 These snails usually live in the sand in fairly shallow water in tropical and temperate regions of the world. Most species are predators of marine bivalves."},{"description":"A live Amalda australis collected from seagrass bed at Kohimarama Beach, Auckland Species within the genus Amalda include:WoRMS : Amalda; accessed : 27 October 2010 Amalda abyssicola Schepman, 1911 Amalda acuta Ninomiya, 1991 † Amalda acutapex Raven & Recourt, 2018 Amalda alabaster Kantor, Castelin, Fedosov & Bouchet, 2020 Amalda albanyensis Ninomiya, 1987 Amalda albocallosa (Lischke, 1873) † Amalda allani (Olson, 1956) Amalda allaryi Bozetti, 2007 Amalda angustata (G.B. Sowerby II, 1859) Amalda aureocallosa Shikama & Oishi, 1977 Amalda aureomarginata Kilburn & Bouchet, 1988 Amalda aureus Ninomiya, 1990 Amalda australis (G.B. Sowerby I, 1830) Amalda bathamae (Dell, 1956) Amalda beachportensis (Verco, 1909) Amalda bellonarum Kilburn & Bouchet, 1988 Amalda benthicola (Dell, 1956) Amalda booleyi (Melvill & Sykes, 1896) Amalda borshengi Lan & Lee, 2002 † Amalda bruneiana Harzhauser, Raven & Landau, 2018 Amalda bullosa Ninomiya, 1991 Amalda bullioides (Reeve, 1864) Amalda cacao Kantor, Castelin, Fedosov & Bouchet, 2020 † Amalda cincta (P. Marshall, 1918) † Amalda cingulata (Olson, 1956) Amalda coccinata Kilburn, 1980 Amalda coenobium Ninomiya, 1991 Amalda colemani Ninomiya, 1991 Amalda concinna Ninomiya, 1990 Amalda contusa (Reeve, 1864) Amalda coriolis Kilburn & Bouchet, 1988 Amalda crosnieri Kilburn, 1993 Amalda cupedula Kilburn, 1993 Amalda danilai Kilburn, 1996 Amalda decipiens (G. B. Sowerby III, 1897) Amalda degalleaniae Cossignani, 2018 Amalda depressa (G.B. Sowerby II, 1859) Amalda dimidiata''(G.B. Sowerby II, 1859) Amalda dyspetes (Iredale, 1924) Amalda edgariana Schepman, 1911 Amalda edithae (Pritchard & Gabriel, 1898) † Amalda exsputa (Bartrum & Powell, 1928) Amalda fasciata Ninomiya, 1990 Amalda festiva Ninomiya, 1991 Amalda fuscolingua Kilburn & Bouchet, 1988 Amalda fusiformis (Petterdi, 1886) † Amalda gigartoides (Olson, 1956) † Amalda gulosa (C. A. Fleming, 1943) Amalda harasewychi Thach, 2016 Amalda hayashii Ninomiya, 1988 Amalda herberti Cossignani, 2013 Amalda hilgendorfi (Martens, 1897) Amalda hinomotoensis (Yokoyama, 1922) Amalda jenneri Kilburn, 1977 Amalda josecarlosi Pastorino, 2003 Amalda lactea T. Kuroda, 1960 † Amalda lanceolata (Tate, 1889) Amalda lematrei Kilburn, 1993 Amalda lindae Kilburn, 1993 Amalda lineata (Kiener, 1844) Amalda lochii Ninomiya, 1990 † Amalda macbeathi (Vella, 1954) Amalda mamillata (Hinds, 1844) Amalda marginata (Lamarck, 1811) Amalda maritzae Bozzetti, 2007 Amalda mirabelflorenti Cossignani, 2018 † Amalda miriensis Raven & Recourt, 2018 Amalda miriky Kantor, Castelin, Fedosov & Bouchet, 2020 Amalda monilifera (Reeve, 1864) Amalda montrouzieri (Souverby, 1860) † Amalda morgani (R. S. Allan, 1926) Amalda mucronata (G.B. Sowerby I, 1830) Amalda nitidanosum Ninomiya, 1991 Amalda northlandica (Hart, 1995) Amalda novaezelandiae (G.B. Sowerby II, 1859) Amalda obesa (G.B. Sowerby II, 1859) Amalda oblonga (G.B. Sowerby I, 1830) Amalda obtusa (Swainson, 1825) † Amalda olsoni Beu, 1970 † Amalda opima (Marwick, 1924) Amalda optima (G.B. Sowerby III, 1897) † Amalda oraria (Olson, 1956) Amalda otohime Majima, Tsuchida & Oshima, 1993 † Amalda ovalis Beu, 1970 Amalda pacei Petuch, 1987 † Amalda pakaurangiensis (Olson, 1956) Amalda parentalis Shikama & Oishi, 1977 Amalda petterdi (Tate, 1893) Amalda pinguis Ninomiya, 1991 † Amalda platycephala (Powell & Bartrum, 1929) Amalda ponderi Ninomiya, 1991 † Amalda pristina (Olson, 1956) Amalda procera Ninomiya, 1991 Amalda pullarium Ninomiya, 1991 Amalda raoulensis Powell, 1967 Amalda reevei (E.A. Smith, 1904) † Amalda rimuensis (Olson, 1956) † Amalda robusta (Marwick, 1924) Amalda roscoae Kilburn, 1975 Amalda rottnestensis Ninomiya, 1991 Amalda rubiginosa (Swainson, 1823) Amalda rubrofasciata Ninomiya, 1991 Amalda scopuloceti Kilburn, 1993 Amalda siberutensis Thiele, 1925 Amalda sibuetae Kantor & Bouchet, 1999 Amalda sidneyensis Ninomiya, 1991 Amalda similis (G.B. Sowerby II, 1859) Amalda sinensis (G.B. Sowerby II, 1859) Amalda southlandica (Fleming, 1948) † Amalda spinigera (P. Marshall, 1918) † Amalda stortha (Olson, 1956) Amalda tankervillii (Swainson, 1825) Amalda telaaraneae Kilburn, 1993 Amalda tenuis Ninomiya, 1991 † Amalda tholiculus (Marwick, 1931) Amalda tindalli (Melvill, 1898) † Amalda tirangiensis (Marwick, 1926) Amalda trachyzonus Kilburn, 1975 Amalda trippneri Kilburn, 1996 Amalda turgida Ninomiya, 1990 Amalda utopicaNinomiya, 1987 Amalda venezuela Weisbord, 1962 Amalda vernedei (G.B. Sowerby II, 1859) Amalda virginea Ninomiya, 1990 † Amalda waikaiaensis (Finlay, 1926) † Amalda wairarapaensis (Olson, 1956) Amalda whatmoughi Kilburn, 1993 Amalda glandiformis (Lamarck, 1810), a fossil species from the Miocene of Austria Species brought into synonymy : Amalda albicallosa [sic]: synonym of Amalda albocallosa (Lischke, 1873) Amalda ampla (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Ancilla ampla (Gmelin, 1791) Amalda callifera Thiele, 1925: synonym of Amalda reevei (E.A. Smith, 1904) Amalda elongata (Gray, 1874): synonym of Ancillista muscae (Pilsbry, 1926) Amalda errorum Tomlin, 1921: synonym of Amalda angustata (G.B. Sowerby II, 1859) Amalda hayashi Ninomiya, 1988: synonym of Amalda rubiginosa (Swainson, 1823) Amalda lanceolata Ninomiya, 1991: synonym of Amalda petterdi (Tate, 1893) Amalda procerum Ninomiya, 1991: synonym of Amalda procera Ninomiya, 1991 Amalda tankervillei (Swainson, 1825): synonym of Amalda tankervillii (Swainson, 1825) Amalda virgineus Ninomiya, 1990: synonym of Amalda virginea Ninomiya, 1990 Amalda zeigleri Ninomiya, 1987: synonym of Amalda pacei Petuch, 1987"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165221092,"datasetKey":"16c3f9cb-4b19-4553-ac8e-ebb90003aa02","nubKey":2288745,"parentKey":321754358,"parent":"Limidae","order":"Limida","family":"Limidae","genus":"Acesta","orderKey":321754356,"familyKey":321754358,"genusKey":165221092,"scientificName":"Acesta H.Adams & A.Adams, 1858","canonicalName":"Acesta","authorship":"H. Adams & A. Adams, 1858","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"8887740","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Acesta ist eine Muschel-Gattung aus der Familie der Feilenmuscheln (Limidae). Die ältesten Arten der Gattung kennt man aus dem oberen Jura."},{"description":"Literatur Matthias López Correa, André Freiwald, Jason Hall-Spencer, Marco Taviani: Distribution and habitats of Acesta excavata (Bivalvia: Limidae) with new data on its shell ultrastructure. In: André Freiwald, J. M. Roberts (Hrsg.): Cold-water Corals and Ecosystems, S. 173–205, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg 2005 PDF Rudolf Kilias: Lexikon Marine Muscheln und Schnecken. 2. Aufl., 340 S., Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1997 ISBN 3-8001-7332-8 (S. 12) Raymond Cecil Moore (Hrsg.): Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Mollusca, 6, Bivalvia 1. XXXVIII, 489 S., New York, 1969 (S. N386/N387). Fritz Nordsieck: Die europäischen Meeresmuscheln (Bivalvia). Vom Eismeer bis Kapverden, Mittelmeer und Schwarzes Meer. 256 S., Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1969 (S. 59) Einzelnachweise Henry Adams & Arthur Adams: The genera of recent Mollusca; arranged according to their organization. In three volumes. Vol. II. S. 1–661, London, Van Voorst, 1858. Online bei www.biodiversitylibrary.org (S. 545)World Register of Marine Species: Acesta H. Adams & A. Adams, 1858 Paleobiology Database: Acesta Adams and Adams 1858 Jeffrey D. Stilwell, E. Donald McKenzie: First record of Acesta (Bivalvia: Limidae) from the Cretaceous of Australia. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 23(4): 283-288, 1999 Mitsuo Nakano, Kazuo Okamoto: A new species Acesta (Plicacesta) watanabei from the Miocene in Southwest Japan. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, new series, 127: 357-363, Tokyo 1982 PDF Ellen James Moore: Tertiary Marine Pelecypods of California and Baja California: Plicatulidae to Ostreidae. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1228-C: Washington, 1987 PDF"},{"description":"Die Gattung Acesta ist weltweit verbreitet. Alle Arten von Acesta leben in Kaltwasserlebensbereichen entweder in arktischen Gewässern oder in Tiefwasserbereichen von ansonsten subtropischen und tropischen Ozeanen. Der Tiefenbereich, in der die Gattung Acesta vorkommt, reicht daher von etwa 30 Meter Wassertiefe bis vermutlich in die Tiefsee. Es sind epifaunistische Filtrierer, die sich mit Byssusfäden an Hartsubstrate anheften."},{"description":"Die ungleichseitigen, aber gleichklappigen, mäßig dicken und großen bis sehr großen Gehäuse sind im Umriss eiförmig, und höher als lang (breit). Sie können bei manchen Arten eine Größe (Höhe) bis zu 25 Zentimetern erreichen. Der Wirbel liegt etwas vor der Mitte. Die Ohren sind sehr ungleich. Während das vordere Ohr stark reduziert ist oder auch ganz fehlt, ist das hintere Ohr meist recht groß und dreieckig, aber oft nur undeutlich vom Gehäusekörper abgesetzt. Der Vorderrand ist meist abgeschrägt, oder leicht konkav gebogen, der hintere Dorsalrand mäßig konvex gebogen. Am Vorderrand zwischen Vorderende und Wirbel klaffen die beiden Klappen mehr oder weniger deutlich; hier tritt der Byssus durch. Das Schloss liegt hinter dem Wirbel, es ist zahnlos. Die Ligamentgrube ist tief eingesenkt und gebogen. Die Schale ist vergleichsweise dünn, aber fest. Sie besteht aus zwei unterschiedlichen mineralischen Lagen, bestehenden aus einer inneren aragonitischen Lage und einer äußeren kalzitischen Lage. Die Ornamentierung ist wenig ausgeprägt und besteht aus feinen radialen Linien und feinen, oft auch etwas gröberen Anwachsstreifen. Das Periostracum ist sehr dünn und oft bereits im Wirbelbereich und mittleren Teil des Gehäusekörpers abgerieben. Es ist nur ein Schließmuskel (der hintere) vorhanden. Oft ist auch daneben noch der Abdruck des Fußrückziehmuskels auf der Klappeninnenseite zu sehen. Die Mantellinie ist ganzrandig ohne Einbuchtung."},{"description":"Das Taxon wurde von 1858 von den Brüdern Henry und Arthur Adams aufgestellt. Typusart ist Ostrea excavata Fabricius 1779. Das World Register of Marine Species und die Paleobiology Database stellen folgende rezente und fossile Arten zur Gattung Acesta Adams & Adams, 1858: Gattung Acesta Adams & Adams, 1858 Acesta agassizii (Dall, 1902) Acesta amaxensis M. Yokoyama, 1911 Acesta angolensis (Adam & Knudsen, 1955) †Acesta backae Stilwell & McKenzie, 1999 (Albium) †Acesta bibbyi Stilwell & Zinsmeister, 1992 (Ypresium) Acesta borneensis (Bartsch, 1913) †Acesta brycei Marwick, 1953 (Jura) Acesta bullisi (H. E. Vokes, 1963) Acesta butonensis (Bartsch, 1913) Acesta celebensis (Bartsch, 1913) Acesta citrina Masahito & Habe, 1976 Acesta colombiana (H. E. Vokes, 1970) Acesta diomedae (Dall, 1908) Acesta excavata (Fabricius, 1779) Acesta goliath (G. B. Sowerby III, 1883) †Acesta hamlini (Dall, 1900)(Pliozän) †Acesta haseltini (Dickerson, 1914)(Paläozän) †Acesta imitata (Suter, 1917) Acesta indica (E. A. Smith, 1899) Acesta kronenbergi Thach, 2015 Acesta kumasoana T. Nagao, 1928 †Acesta levitesta (Finlay, 1927) Acesta marissinica Yamashita & Habe, 1969 Acesta maui B. A. Marshall, 2001 Acesta mori (Hertlein, 1952) †Acesta multiradiata (Gabb, 1869)(Paläozän) Acesta niasensis (Thiele, 1918) †Acesta obsoleta Dujardin, 1837 (Kreide) Acesta oophaga Järnegren, Schander & Young, 2007 Acesta patagonica (Dall, 1902) Acesta philippinensis (Bartsch, 1913) †Acesta praetexta White, 1887 (Albium) Acesta rathbuni (Bartsch, 1913) †Acesta regia (Suter, 1917) Acesta saginata B. A. Marshall, 2001 †Acesta sameshimai Oyama & Mizuno, 1958 (Eozän) Acesta smithi (G. B. Sowerby III, 1888) Acesta sphoni (Hertlein, 1963) Acesta verdensis (Bartsch, 1913) Acesta virgo Habe & Okutani, 1968 Acesta vitrina Poppe, Tagaro & Stahlschmidt, 2015 †Acesta watanabei Nakano & Okamoto, 1982 (Miozän) †Acesta webbi Zinsmeister & Macellari, 1988 (Kreide/Paläogen) Das World Register of Marine Species behandelt Plicacesta Vokes, 1963 und Callolima Bartsch, 1913 als Synonyme von Acesta Adams & Adams, 1958."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321754356":"Limida","321754358":"Limidae"}},{"key":165497045,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Elimia","genusKey":165497045,"scientificName":"Elimia H.Adams & A.Adams, 1854","canonicalName":"Elimia","authorship":"H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"12653667","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Elimia is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Pleuroceridae. Various species are found in creeks throughout much of the eastern and central United States and the Great Lakes region of Canada. They were formerly included in the genus Goniobasis, together with the western Juga species."},{"description":"Species within the genus Elimia include: Elimia acuta mud elimia (Elimia alabamensis) black-crest elimia (Elimia albanyensis) Elimia ampla (Anthony, 1854) Lily Shoals elimia (Elimia annettae) Elimia aterina walnut elimia (Elimia bellula) flaxen elimia (Elimia boykiniana) short-spired elimia (Elimia brevis) Cahaba elimia (Elimia cahawbensis) spindle elimia (Elimia capillaris) closed elimia (Elimia clausa) lacy elimia (Elimia crenatella) Balcones elimia (Elimia comalensis) banded elimia (Elimia fascinans) fusiform elimia (Elimia fusiformis) Coldwater elimia (Elimia gerhardti) Elimia gibbera high-spired elimia (Elimia hartmaniana) silt elimia (Elimia haysiana) gladiator elimia (Elimia hydei) constricted elimia (Elimia impressa) knotty elimia (Elimia interrupta) slowwater elimia (Elimia interveniens) hearty elimia (Elimia jonesi) Elimia lachryma ribbed elimia (Elimia laeta) liver elimia (Elimia livescens) Elimia macglameriana round-rib elimia (Elimia nassula) caper elimia (Elimia olivula) rough-lined elimia (Elimia pilsbryi) Elimia porrecta pyramid elimia (Elimia potosiensis) pupa elimia (Elimia pupaeformis) Elimia pybasi pygmy elimia (Elimia pygmaea) compact elimia (Elimia showalteri) Elimia strigosa † Elimia tenera Elimia teres Elimia troostiana cobble elimia (Elimia vanuxemiana) puzzle elimia (Elimia varians) squat elimia (Elimia variata) piedmont elimia (Elimia virginica)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":8353220,"nameKey":17210406,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":8353220,"parentKey":7089173,"parent":"Polymeridium","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","order":"Trypetheliales","family":"Trypetheliaceae","genus":"Polymeridium","species":"Polymeridium corticatum","kingdomKey":5,"phylumKey":95,"classKey":183,"orderKey":7186734,"familyKey":4845,"genusKey":7089173,"speciesKey":8353220,"scientificName":"Polymeridium corticatum A.A.Menezes, M.Cáceres & Aptroot","canonicalName":"Polymeridium corticatum","authorship":"A.A.Menezes, M.Cáceres & Aptroot","publishedIn":"(2013). Lichenologist 45(4): 546.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:8353220","extinct":false,"habitats":["TERRESTRIAL"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"MYCOBANK. — MB 801913. EXAMINED MATERIAL. — Brazil • Pernambuco, Vale do Catimbau National Park, Buíque; alt. 900 m; on the bark of a tree in the Caatinga area; ISE [ISE 54424, ISE 54425, ISE 54485]."},{"description":"DISTRIBUTION IN BRAZIL. — CE (Menezes et al. 2013); PE (this paper)."},{"description":"NOTE Polymeridium corticatum is reported for the first time for Pernambuco, in the Vale do Catimbau National Park, Buíque."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"5":"Fungi","95":"Ascomycota","183":"Dothideomycetes","7186734":"Trypetheliales","4845":"Trypetheliaceae","7089173":"Polymeridium"},"class":"Dothideomycetes"},{"key":294005488,"nameKey":107301680,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":10990480,"parentKey":294005225,"parent":"Corallinaceae","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Rhodophyta","order":"Corallinales","family":"Corallinaceae","genus":"Chamberlainium","kingdomKey":293994071,"phylumKey":294004390,"classKey":294005056,"orderKey":294005058,"familyKey":294005225,"genusKey":294005488,"scientificName":"Chamberlainium A.A. Caragnano, A. Foetisch, G.W. Maneveldt & C.E. Payri in Caragnano et al., 2018","canonicalName":"Chamberlainium","authorship":"A.A.Caragnano, A.Foetisch, G.W.Maneveldt & C.E.Payri, 2018","publishedIn":"Caragnano, A.; Foetisch, A.; Maneveldt, G. W.; Millet, L.; Liu, L.-C.; Lin, S.-M.; Rodondi, G.; Payri, C. E. (2018). Revision of Corallinaceae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta): recognizing Dawsoniolithon gen. nov., Parvicellularium gen. nov. and Chamberlainoideae subfam. nov. containing Chamberlainium gen. nov. and Pneophyllum. Journal of Phycology. 54(3): 391-409.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":6,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"9KTXK","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"293994071":"Plantae","294004390":"Rhodophyta","294005056":"Florideophyceae","294005058":"Corallinales","294005225":"Corallinaceae"},"class":"Florideophyceae"},{"key":165410895,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":4874295,"parentKey":321769254,"parent":"Actinocrinitidae; Patelliocrinidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Echinodermata","order":"Monobathrida","family":"Actinocrinitidae; Patelliocrinidae","genus":"Aacocrinus","kingdomKey":165236969,"phylumKey":321768993,"classKey":321769111,"orderKey":321769253,"familyKey":321769254,"genusKey":165410895,"scientificName":"Aacocrinus Bowsher, 1955","canonicalName":"Aacocrinus","authorship":"Bowsher, 1955","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"26587549","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Aacocrinus is a genus of extinct sea lily from the Actinocrinitidae (or Patelliocrinidae) family.Crinoids from the Anchor Limestone (Lower Mississippian) of the Monte Cristo Group, southern Nevada.New Carboniferous crinoids from eastern Australia.The actinocrinitid genera Abactinocrinus, Aacocrinus and Blairocrinus.J. J. Sepkoski. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/M. Carrano]New genera of Mississippian camerate crinoids. Paleontological Contributions University of Kansas Echinodermata, art. 1 1955: 1-23. [Zoological Record Volume 92]Camerata. It has been shown that it was an attached stationary organism that blindly fed on passing organism. It was composed of Mg calcite and its habitat included the upper-level epifauna.Kiessling 2004Aberhan et al. 2004http://www.paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=31679&is_real_user=1 There are currently 14 species within this genus: Aacocrinus acylus (Webster & Jell 1999) Aacocrinus algeriaensis (Webster, Maples, Sevastopulo, Frest & Waters 2004)Carboniferous (Visean-Moscovian) echinoderms from the Bechar Basin area of western Algeria. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 368, December 30, 2004: 1-98. [Zoological Record Volume 142] Aacocrinus boonensis Aacocrinus chouteauensis Aacocrinus enigmaticus (Webster & Lane 1987) Aacocrinus milleri Aacocrinus nododorsatus (Bowsher 1955) Aacocrinus protuberoarmatus (Missouri) Aacocrinus sampsoni Aacocrinus senectus Aacocrinus spinosulus Aacocrinus spinulosus Aacocrinus tetradactylus (Missouri) Aacocrinus triarmatus"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165236969":"Animalia","321768993":"Echinodermata","321769111":"Crinoidea","321769253":"Monobathrida","321769254":"Actinocrinitidae; Patelliocrinidae"},"class":"Crinoidea"},{"key":165617356,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","parentKey":165617355,"parent":"Ancistrachne","genus":"Ancistrachne","species":"Ancistrachne maidenii","genusKey":165617355,"speciesKey":165617356,"scientificName":"Ancistrachne maidenii (A.A.Ham.) Vickery","canonicalName":"Ancistrachne maidenii","authorship":"(A.A.Ham.) Vickery","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"62097657","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Ancistrachne maidenii is a grass (in the family Poaceae) endemic to New South Wales. It is a scrambling perennial grass with slender, rigid horizontal stems and branches which ascend. The leaves have sheathes which are sparsely hairy and the ligule is fringed. The racemes are terminal or axillary, and about 4 cm long, with the lateral racemes being shorter and partially enclosed by the sheath. When mature the spikelets (2.5–3 mm long ) fall entirely. The upper glume has five nerves. The lower lemma (similar to the upper glume), has seven nerves and is sterile. The fertile florets are elliptic to lanceolate, with nerves which are obscure. It flowers in summer, and grows on sandstone soils, north of Sydney. The species was first described as Eriochloa maidenii by the botanist Arthur Hamilton in 1913, and in 1961 Joyce Vickery revised it to Ancistrachne maidenii. The specific epithet honours Joseph Maiden, In New South Wales, this species is listed as \"threatened\"."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165617355":"Ancistrachne"}},{"key":270047106,"nameKey":107301680,"datasetKey":"e007cc4a-8704-449d-8829-bb209d26d6c8","nubKey":10990480,"parentKey":270047084,"parent":"Corallinaceae","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Rhodophyta","order":"Corallinales","family":"Corallinaceae","genus":"Chamberlainium","kingdomKey":268656353,"phylumKey":293367348,"classKey":270046932,"orderKey":270046935,"familyKey":270047084,"genusKey":270047106,"scientificName":"Chamberlainium A.A. Caragnano, A. Foetisch, G.W. Maneveldt & C.E. Payri in Caragnano et al., 2018","canonicalName":"Chamberlainium","authorship":"A.A.Caragnano, A.Foetisch, G.W.Maneveldt & C.E.Payri, 2018","publishedIn":"Caragnano, A.; Foetisch, A.; Maneveldt, G. W.; Millet, L.; Liu, L.-C.; Lin, S.-M.; Rodondi, G.; Payri, C. E. (2018). Revision of Corallinaceae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta): recognizing Dawsoniolithon gen. nov., Parvicellularium gen. nov. and Chamberlainoideae subfam. nov. containing Chamberlainium gen. nov. and Pneophyllum. Journal of Phycology. 54(3): 391-409.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"9KTXK","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"268656353":"Plantae","293367348":"Rhodophyta","270046932":"Florideophyceae","270046935":"Corallinales","270047084":"Corallinaceae"},"class":"Florideophyceae"},{"key":165424157,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":10912313,"parentKey":321772413,"parent":"Buprestidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Coleoptera","family":"Buprestidae","genus":"Aaaaba","kingdomKey":165236969,"phylumKey":321769431,"classKey":321772077,"orderKey":321772355,"familyKey":321772413,"genusKey":165424157,"scientificName":"Aaaaba Bellamy, 2013","canonicalName":"Aaaaba","authorship":"Bellamy, 2013","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"26458911","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Aaaaba is a genus of beetles from the Buprestidae family. It inhabits locations along the east coast of Australia. It was described in 1864 by Achille Deyrolle as \"Alcinous\", a junior homonym of a genus of pycnogonids. In 2002, Charles Bellamy gave it the replacement name \"Aaaba\", but this proved to be another junior homonym, of a genus of sponges. In 2013, it was given a further replacement name, becoming Aaaaba. There are two species within this genus: Aaaaba nodosa (Deyrolle, 1865) Aaaaba fossicollis (Kerremans, 1903) The genus name is feminine under ICZN Article 30.2.4 (\"If no gender was specified or indicated, the name is to be treated as masculine, except that, if the name ends in -a the gender is feminine\").ICZN Article 30.2.4"},{"description":"Species of this genus are found in New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165236969":"Animalia","321769431":"Arthropoda","321772077":"Insecta","321772355":"Coleoptera","321772413":"Buprestidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":165712873,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","parentKey":144103338,"parent":"Anolis","genus":"Anolis","species":"Anolis carpenteri","genusKey":144103338,"speciesKey":165712873,"scientificName":"Anolis carpenteri A.A.Echelle, A.F.Echelle & Fitch, 1971","canonicalName":"Anolis carpenteri","authorship":"A.A. Echelle, A.F. Echelle & Fitch, 1971","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"30360586","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Anolis carpenteri, also known commonly as Carpenter's anole or the carpenter anole is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is endemic to Central America."},{"description":"A. carpenteri is a small, green lizard with an orange dewlap and smooth ventral scales."},{"description":"A. carpenteri feeds on arthropods, primarily insects.Chaco, Federico Munoz (2007). \"Norops carpenteri Echelle et al., 1971 (Lagartija, anolis; Inglés: Anole lizard)\". http://darnis.inbio.ac.cr/ubis/FMPro?-DB=UBIPUB.fp3&-lay=WebAll&-error=norec.html&-Format=detail.html&-Op=eq&id=3571&-Find . (in Spanish)."},{"description":"The specific name, carpenteri, is in honor of American herpetologist Charles Congden Carpenter.Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. . (Anolis carpenteri, p. 48)."},{"description":"A. carpenteri is found in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama. In Costa Rica it is found in Amistad Caribe, Huetar Norte, Cordillera Volcanica Central, Guanacaste, Tortuguero.Savage JM, Villa J (1986). \"An Introduction to the Herpetofauna of Costa Rica\". Soc. Stud. Amphib. Rept. Contrib. Herpetol. No. 3. viii + 207 pp. The type locality is Río Reventazón, Turrialba, Cartago Province, Costa Rica."},{"description":"Carpenter's anole prefers relatively open habitat in the lowland interface between land and watercourses, and is adapted for climbing on lichen-covered rocks, tree trunks, and shrubs."},{"description":"A. carpenteri is oviparous."}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"Carpenter's anole","language":"eng"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"144103338":"Anolis"}},{"key":165606436,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Aacanthocnema","genusKey":165606436,"scientificName":"Aacanthocnema Tuthill & Taylor, 1955","canonicalName":"Aacanthocnema","authorship":"Tuthill & Taylor, 1955","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"26534174","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Aacanthocnema is a genus of bugs from the jumping plant lice family (Triozidae).Australian genera of the family Psyllidae (Hemiptera: Homoptera). Australian Journal of Zoology, 3 1955: 227-257. [Zoological Record Volume 92]Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). external link London :BM(NH) The genus is endemic to Australia, and currently contains six species, found in all states and territories with the exception of the Northern Territory."},{"description":"Aacanthocnema burckhardti Taylor, 2011 Aacanthocnema casuarinae (Froggatt, 1901) Aacanthocnema dobsoni (Froggatt, 1903) Aacanthocnema huegelianae Taylor, 2011 Aacanthocnema luehmannii Taylor, 2011 Aacanthocnema torulosae Taylor, 2011"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":119407712,"datasetKey":"838af845-02e8-4e78-93f7-f1643e0e8b36","nubKey":2015390,"parentKey":321642239,"parent":"Triozidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Hemiptera","family":"Triozidae","genus":"Aacanthocnema","kingdomKey":321642235,"phylumKey":321642236,"classKey":321642237,"orderKey":321642238,"familyKey":321642239,"genusKey":119407712,"scientificName":"Aacanthocnema Tuthill and Taylor","canonicalName":"Aacanthocnema","authorship":"Tuthill and Taylor","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"8D30C212FF9432716EA7C10AFAB0C169.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Redescription. Adult. General colour pale ochraceous to dark brown with light orange-brown to black markings; vertex with orange-brown to dark brown marking in vicinity of fovea and often a transverse dark stripe on anterior margin; genal processes white to pale brown; antennae pale ochraceous to brown, progressively dark brown to black towards apex; pronotum, mesonotum, mesopraescutum and metascutum pale ochraceous to brown with pale orange-brown to black markings; fore wings clear or with brown infuscation along some wing veins; abdominal tergites brown to black; male terminalia ochraceous to black; female terminalia pale ochraceous with brown to black markings. Structure: antennae short, 0.7 – 1.3 mm in length, 0.9 – 1.8 times width of head, 10 - segmented, a single subapical rhinarium on each of segments 4, 6 and 9; segment 3 short, 0.2 – 0.5 mm; segment 10 with 1 long, pointed and 1 short, truncate apical setae; genal processes elongate with rounded apices 0.15 – 0.25 mm long, about 0.6 – 0.9 times length of vertex, slightly divergent distally, little declined ca. 40 ° to longitudinal axis of vertex, ca. 80 ° to longitudinal axis of body; anterior margin of vertex delineated by moderate ridge, overhanging median ocellus and genal processes; vertex short, broad, 0.4 – 0.7 times longer than wide with prominent medial suture and prominent fovea; occipital margin sharply defined; head wider than pronotum and mesoscutum; pronotum short, broad with prominent anterior, medial node; thorax rather flat dorsally; fore wings elongate-oval, 2.5 – 3.1 times longer than wide with broadly rounded to pointed apex, usually clear but sometimes with brown infuscation along some wing veins; Rs very short, terminating well short of wing apex; vein m 1 + 2 terminating little anterior of wing apex; M branch on or distal to Rs-Cu 1 a line; cells m 1 and cu 1 short, broad (m 1 cell value 0.7 – 1.4, cu 1 cell value 0.7 – 1.7); radular areas elongate triangular at margin of wing in cells m 2 and cu 1 not always in m 1 but if so often much reduced; meracanthus conical, pointed; apical hind tibia without spurs, but with corona of 6 – 10 setae; hind tarsi without spurs; hind tibia with basal genual node. Male proctiger unipartite, short, without lateral expansions; subgenital plate of male short, rounded; parameres thin, elongate, curved inward towards apex. Female proctiger short, 0.26 – 0.40 mm in length, 0.3 – 0.6 times width of head, broadly rounded, ovipositor short, stout and straight, subgenital plate short, narrow, broadly rounded from lateral aspect. Nymph (Figs 13, 26 – 28, 36, 58 – 59) elongate-narrow, heavily sclerotised, scale-like; body about 1.8 – 2.6 times longer than wide; antennae short; cephalothorax entire, with a single prominent depression on each of meso- and metathoracic tergites; fore wing pads produced anteriorly, confluent with lateral margin of head; abdominal tergites fused to form caudal plate; caudal plate elongate, narrow, about 0.8 – 1.2 times longer than wide; circum-anal pore field ventral and distant from posterior margin of abdomen; sectasetae very short, truncate on margin of head, fore and hind wing margins, and margin of caudal plate; dorsum without sectasetae."},{"description":"Diagnosis. Species of Aacanthocnema can be distinguished from all other triozids by the following combination of characters: antennae short, 0.8 – 1.8 times width of head, with single rhinarium present subapically on segments 4, 6 and 9, genal processes long, conical, 0.6 – 0.8 times length of vertex, produced ventrally and delineated from vertex by a prominent overhanging ridge, apex of fore wings broadly rounded, wings clear, sometimes with brown infuscation along wing veins, vein Rs short, medial and cubital cells short, broad, hind tibia without spurs but with a corona of 6 – 8 setae, male proctiger short, without lateral expansions, parameres simple, female proctiger short, broadly rounded with a rounded apex, nymphs elongate-narrow, heavily sclerotised and scale-like. It differs from Acanthocasuarina in the arrangement of antennal rhinaria (rhinarium absent on segment 8 in Aacanthocnema), status of spurs on apical hind tibia (absent in Aacanthocnema), shape of the female proctiger (short, rounded in Aacanthocnema, short, with an apical hook in Acanthocasuarina) and shape of the ovipositor (short, stout and straight in Acacanthocnema, long, thin and either straight or curved upward in Acanthocasuarina)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321642235":"Animalia","321642236":"Arthropoda","321642237":"Insecta","321642238":"Hemiptera","321642239":"Triozidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":165424497,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":1228684,"parentKey":321772422,"parent":"Curculionidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Coleoptera","family":"Curculionidae","genus":"Aades","kingdomKey":165236969,"phylumKey":321769431,"classKey":321772077,"orderKey":321772355,"familyKey":321772422,"genusKey":165424497,"scientificName":"Aades Schoenherr, 1823","canonicalName":"Aades","authorship":"Schoenherr 1823","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"26600765","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Aades is a genus of beetle from the family Curculionidae.Notes on the activities of Aedes larvae.Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington :Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971.Catalogus coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus, autoribus Dr. Gemminger et B. de Harold. Monachii,sumptu E.H. Gummi,1868-76.Curculionidum dispositio methodica, cum generum characteribus, descriptionibus atque observationibus variis, seu Prodromus ad Synonymiae, insectorum partem IV. auctore C.J. Schoenherr ... Lipsiae,apud Fridericum Fleischer,1826.Nomenclator zoologicus. An alphabetical list of all generic names that have been employed by naturalists for recent and fossil animals from the earliest times to the close of the year 1879 ... By Samuel H. Scudder. Washington,Govt. Print. Off.,1882.Australian weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Volume 1. Orthoceri Anthribidae to Attelabidae, the primitive weevils. There are currently 4 species within this genus: Aades bicristatus (Schoenherr, 1823)http://www.catalogueoflife.org/show_reference_details.php?record_id=4166845http://www.catalogueoflife.org/show_species_details.php?record_id=4166845http://www.eol.org/pages/674197 Aades bifoveifrons (Lea, 1916); an infrasubspecies of Aades bifoveifrons is Aades foveipennis bifoveifrons or Aades foveipennis var. bifoveifrons Aades cultratus (Schoenherr, 1823)http://www.eol.org/pages/662556http://www.catalogueoflife.org/show_species_details.php?record_id=4177731http://www.catalogueoflife.org/show_reference_details.php?record_id=4177731 Aades franklini (Heller, K.M., 1925); which is also known under a different genus, Aterpus, as Aterpus frankliniAnnotated checklist of weevils from the Papuan region (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea).http://www.eol.org/pages/651867"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165236969":"Animalia","321769431":"Arthropoda","321772077":"Insecta","321772355":"Coleoptera","321772422":"Curculionidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":2015390,"nameKey":30128,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":2015390,"parentKey":7631,"parent":"Triozidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Hemiptera","family":"Triozidae","genus":"Aacanthocnema","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":54,"classKey":216,"orderKey":809,"familyKey":7631,"genusKey":2015390,"scientificName":"Aacanthocnema Tuthill & Taylor, 1955","canonicalName":"Aacanthocnema","authorship":"Tuthill & Taylor, 1955","publishedIn":"Aust. J. Zool., 3","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":7,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:2015390","extinct":false,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Diagnosis. Species of Aacanthocnema can be distinguished from all other triozids by the following combination of characters: antennae short, 0.8 – 1.8 times width of head, with single rhinarium present subapically on segments 4, 6 and 9, genal processes long, conical, 0.6 – 0.8 times length of vertex, produced ventrally and delineated from vertex by a prominent overhanging ridge, apex of fore wings broadly rounded, wings clear, sometimes with brown infuscation along wing veins, vein Rs short, medial and cubital cells short, broad, hind tibia without spurs but with a corona of 6 – 8 setae, male proctiger short, without lateral expansions, parameres simple, female proctiger short, broadly rounded with a rounded apex, nymphs elongate-narrow, heavily sclerotised and scale-like. It differs from Acanthocasuarina in the arrangement of antennal rhinaria (rhinarium absent on segment 8 in Aacanthocnema), status of spurs on apical hind tibia (absent in Aacanthocnema), shape of the female proctiger (short, rounded in Aacanthocnema, short, with an apical hook in Acanthocasuarina) and shape of the ovipositor (short, stout and straight in Acacanthocnema, long, thin and either straight or curved upward in Acanthocasuarina)."},{"description":"Redescription. Adult. General colour pale ochraceous to dark brown with light orange-brown to black markings; vertex with orange-brown to dark brown marking in vicinity of fovea and often a transverse dark stripe on anterior margin; genal processes white to pale brown; antennae pale ochraceous to brown, progressively dark brown to black towards apex; pronotum, mesonotum, mesopraescutum and metascutum pale ochraceous to brown with pale orange-brown to black markings; fore wings clear or with brown infuscation along some wing veins; abdominal tergites brown to black; male terminalia ochraceous to black; female terminalia pale ochraceous with brown to black markings. Structure: antennae short, 0.7 – 1.3 mm in length, 0.9 – 1.8 times width of head, 10 - segmented, a single subapical rhinarium on each of segments 4, 6 and 9; segment 3 short, 0.2 – 0.5 mm; segment 10 with 1 long, pointed and 1 short, truncate apical setae; genal processes elongate with rounded apices 0.15 – 0.25 mm long, about 0.6 – 0.9 times length of vertex, slightly divergent distally, little declined ca. 40 ° to longitudinal axis of vertex, ca. 80 ° to longitudinal axis of body; anterior margin of vertex delineated by moderate ridge, overhanging median ocellus and genal processes; vertex short, broad, 0.4 – 0.7 times longer than wide with prominent medial suture and prominent fovea; occipital margin sharply defined; head wider than pronotum and mesoscutum; pronotum short, broad with prominent anterior, medial node; thorax rather flat dorsally; fore wings elongate-oval, 2.5 – 3.1 times longer than wide with broadly rounded to pointed apex, usually clear but sometimes with brown infuscation along some wing veins; Rs very short, terminating well short of wing apex; vein m 1 + 2 terminating little anterior of wing apex; M branch on or distal to Rs-Cu 1 a line; cells m 1 and cu 1 short, broad (m 1 cell value 0.7 – 1.4, cu 1 cell value 0.7 – 1.7); radular areas elongate triangular at margin of wing in cells m 2 and cu 1 not always in m 1 but if so often much reduced; meracanthus conical, pointed; apical hind tibia without spurs, but with corona of 6 – 10 setae; hind tarsi without spurs; hind tibia with basal genual node. Male proctiger unipartite, short, without lateral expansions; subgenital plate of male short, rounded; parameres thin, elongate, curved inward towards apex. Female proctiger short, 0.26 – 0.40 mm in length, 0.3 – 0.6 times width of head, broadly rounded, ovipositor short, stout and straight, subgenital plate short, narrow, broadly rounded from lateral aspect. Nymph (Figs 13, 26 – 28, 36, 58 – 59) elongate-narrow, heavily sclerotised, scale-like; body about 1.8 – 2.6 times longer than wide; antennae short; cephalothorax entire, with a single prominent depression on each of meso- and metathoracic tergites; fore wing pads produced anteriorly, confluent with lateral margin of head; abdominal tergites fused to form caudal plate; caudal plate elongate, narrow, about 0.8 – 1.2 times longer than wide; circum-anal pore field ventral and distant from posterior margin of abdomen; sectasetae very short, truncate on margin of head, fore and hind wing margins, and margin of caudal plate; dorsum without sectasetae."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","54":"Arthropoda","216":"Insecta","809":"Hemiptera","7631":"Triozidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":11605119,"nameKey":130309878,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":11605119,"parentKey":3033294,"parent":"Ranunculus","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Ranunculales","family":"Ranunculaceae","genus":"Ranunculus","species":"Ranunculus oblitus","kingdomKey":6,"phylumKey":7707728,"classKey":220,"orderKey":399,"familyKey":2410,"genusKey":3033294,"speciesKey":11605119,"scientificName":"Ranunculus oblitus Wiegleb, Desfayes & A.A.Bobrov","canonicalName":"Ranunculus oblitus","authorship":"Wiegleb, Desfayes & A.A.Bobrov","publishedIn":"Wiegleb, Desfayes, & Bobrov, A. A. (2022). In: Phytotaxa 559(2): 136.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:11605119","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Type. Argentina. Santa Cruz, Lago San Martín, in lacusculo, c. 600 m s. m, 09. III. 1905, P. Dusén s. n. (holotype, HBG [HBG- 526025]! (Fig. 2); isotypes, BA, BAF, K!, S 06 - 7195!)."},{"description":"Additional specimens of Ranunculus oblitus examined (paratypes). BOLIVIA. La Paz. Achacachi, [16 ° 03 ’ 28.90 ” S 68 ° 40 ’ 45.07 ” W], 3850 m (near Lake Titicaca), in a small stream, 10. X. 2001, M. Desfayes s. n. (G- 040110, duplicate in LMO-BOT 8389!, duplicate in WELT-SP 100372); La Paz, Prov. Murillo, Paso Las Animas, ca. 5 km east of CalaCota (sic!, = Cala Coto, La Paz), Laguna Las Animas, 24. XI. 1984, J. C. Solomon 12878 (MO). CHILE. Región VII. Prov. Concepción, Laguna rotunda (sic! = Laguna redonda), 13. I. 2004, M. Desfayes (G- 040113, LMO-BOT 8387); Isla Mocha, Westseite, in Lagune, undated, G. Kunkel 1737 (B); Región IX. Temuco: Iliga, 10 m, 20. XII. 1934, A. Garaventa s. n. (CONC!); Sierra de las Baguales, Cerro Santa Lucía, M. Arroyo s. n. (SGO); Región X. Prov. Valdivia, Trumao, Vega del Río Bueno Amarillo 73 / 74 ° 40 / 41 °, 8 m, 20. XII. 1932, A. Hollermayer 640, Herb. Aellen (B, G- 074233); Prov. Llanquihue, Lago de Todos Santos, II-III. 1911, L. L. Hauman 241 (B); Región XII. Prov. Magallanes, Salto Grande del Payne, 24. XII. 1969, E. Pisano 2376 (CONC, MO!); Punta Arenas [Sandy Point], 07. II. 1867, R. O. Cunningham s. n. (K!); Punta Arenas, Port Famine, 5. I. 1869, R. O. Cunningham 1866 - 69 (K!); Punta Arenas, 11. I. 1951, H. Pfister s. n. (CONC); Punta Arenas, 09. I. 1951, C. Cekalović (CONC!); Rio Guai [y] rabo, 06. II. 1971, E. Pisano 2924 (MO!); Canal Beagle, I. 1920, M. Gusinde (E- 203, duplicate in WU); abundant in a shallow pool on the east side of route 9, ca 60 km north of Punta Arenas, [52 ° 40 ’ 18 ” S 71 ° 05 ’ 53 ” W], 75 m, 31. I. 2001, M. Desfayes (G- 010131.15!, duplicate in LMO-BOT 8390!: Puerto Natales, pond near sea level, 30. I. 2001); 15 km south of Punta Arenas, shallow water of stream, 06. I. 1939, Eyerdam, Beetle, Grondona 24154 (MO); Punta Arenas, I. 1902, K. Wolffhügel (G!); Prov. Tierra del Fuego, Altos de Boquergon, 9 km E of Porvenir, [53 ° 18 ” S 70 ° 12 ’ W], by small lake, 14. XII. 1971, D. M. Moore, R. N. Goodall 81 (K!). Unknown part of Chile. Herbarium Chilense, purchased of Mr. E. C. Reed, XII. 1873 (K!). ARGENTINA. Prov. Neuquén. Parque Nacional Lanín, Lago Ruca Choroi SW, 30. I. 1968, Eskuche, Klein (G- 1383 - 3!); Prov. Santa Cruz. Patagonia australis, Rio Fósiles, in lacusсulo, c. 800 m s. m, III. 1905, P. Dusén (K!) (see type!); Lago Buenos Aires, 250 m, VI. 1941, Eyerdam, Beetle, Grondona (G!); Estancia Cerro Fitz Roy, Río de la Vueltas, 420 m, 26. XII. 1950, H. Stemmer (G- 7343!); Near Loma del Pliegue tumbado, Los Glaciares, El Chaltén, Cerro Fitz Roy (high resolution images, van den Brink 2021, 3. XII. 2014, van Herk 2021); Prov. Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. Lago Fagnano, Cabezera, Lago at the E end of Lago Fagnano, in a little lake close to Lago Fagnano, 30. III. 1940, R. Santesson 704 (K!); Ushuaia, La Peninsula, in a small lake, 01. XI. 1940, R. Santesson 375 (K!); Ushuaia, 23. XII. 1949, en un turbal, Hunziker (Z); Estancia Remolino, NW of settlement, stream above house, 54 ° 50 ’ S, 67 ° 52 ’ W, 22. II. 1968, D. M. Moore 2002 (K!)."},{"description":"Etymology. The epithet “ oblitus ” is derived from the Latin verb “ oblivisci ” and means “ forgotten ” or “ ignored ”."},{"description":"Distribution and habitat. Batrachium populations have been found in South America in the southern ranges of the Andean Region, extending over a total distance of ca. 5000 km (Fig. 5). A list of additional specimens examined (paratypes) is given below. The northernmost region comprises the pre-Andean mountains around Lima (Peru). Laminarleaved plants are missing in Peru and none of the populations matches the description of R. oblitus. Submerged plants from Peru belong to another species (see below). Such plants also occur further southward, partly in the same regions as R. oblitus populations."},{"description":"The known range of Ranunculus oblitus is divided into three parts. Northernmost sites are situated in the high mountain region around Lake Titicaca (Bolivia: Prov. La Paz and Prov. Oruro). There seems to be a gap in the northern regions of Chile. The central sites include the temperate regions in central Chile of Región V (Valparaiso) to X (Los Lagos) including RM, the newly formed regions XIV and XVI as well as the off-the-coast island of Mocha. Adjacent occurrences are found in the Argentinian provinces Neuquén and Chubut where high elevations are reached. R. oblitus may as well occur in between (provinces San Juan, Mendoza, and Río Negro) but may have been overlooked (see INTA 2021). Another gap exists in the Chilean Región XI (Aisén) and adjacent Argentinian provinces. San Martín’s et al. (2010) record of “ R. aquatilis ” applies to this region, but no comprehensible description is given. Southern sites are situated in the subarctic region of southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego in Chile (Región XII Magallanes y Antártica Chilena) and Argentina (prov. Santa Cruz, prov. Tierra del Fuego). Little is known about the ecology of R. oblitus. It has been reported from ponds, ditches, small streams, wetland marshes and lake margins from sea level to ca. 300 m above sea level in southern Chile and Argentina, from sea level to 4300 m above sea level in central Chile and Argentina, and from 3000 to 4500 m above sea level around Lake Titicaca. Climatic conditions are described as either cold-temperate to subarctic (Lumbreras et al. 2014) or dry highalpine (Raynal-Roques 1992). Humid climatic conditions seem to allow the formation of large stands of amphibious and terrestrial forms on organic substrate. Populations from central Chile and Argentina are more often found fully submerged producing less laminar leaves, which may explain that such forms were not reported by Lumbreras et al. (2014). Aquatic habitats are mostly oligotrophic. No specific preference for acid or calcareous water was found (Lumbreras et al. 2014). Occurrence near the seashore and in semiarid Alpine regions may suggest tolerance to slightly brackish conditions. Taken together, the species seems to be rare but not endangered. It mostly colonizes remote undisturbed habitats. Status and phytogeography. The new species is native to South America. It may have arisen in the past from an introduced North American taxon by genetic drift (founder effect) and subsequent rapid adaptation to the different environment. The range divided into three parts suggests that the species had a wider distribution in the past. A hybrid origin can be excluded due to normal fertility of studied plants and absence of additive polymorphism pattern at the ITS sequences. Rapid evolution of a new hybrid species would require that potentially interbreeding species be getting in contact after earlier isolation. This was assumed for species of the R. penicillatus complex having evolved within the past 250 years (Wiegleb 2020). Other new Batrachium species of hybrid origin such as North European R. schmalhausenii Luferov (1997: 57) and East Asian R. nipponicus have evolved in regions which became simultaneously colonizable for a variety of species after the last glaciation (Bobrov et al. 2015, Wiegleb et al. 2017). A close relationship between South and North American terrestrial Ranunculus species was found by Emadzade et al. (2011). The resulting “ North-South American Amphitropical Disjunction ” is a common pattern in American phytogeography (Wen & Ickert-Bond 2009). The pattern is usually explained by past long-range seed transport by birds. All known sites of the new species R. oblitus lie along the Pacific American bird flyway (EAAFP 2021). However, it cannot be introduced in recent times, as morphological differences to all potential source taxa are too large. Unintentional introduction suggested by Lumbreras et al. (2014), e. g., by ballast water, is highly unlikely as the first Batrachium specimens have already been collected in 1828 by C. Bertero (Lourteig 1951)."},{"description":"Nomenclature. The newly described species was never considered a separate species before the collections of M. Desfayes in 2001 (annotated as ‘ Ranunculus “ aquatilis ” auct. ’ and ‘ Ranunculus, 2001 ’, in G). It has been overlooked or confused for such a long time. Originally, all plants were assigned to R. aquatilis due to the occasional presence of laminar leaves (Reiche 1894, Spegazzini 1896). This was largely accepted both in taxonomic (Cook 1966, Ruiz 2001) and phytosociological works (e. g., San Martín et al. 2011, Urrutia Contreras 2016). Also, the name R. trichophyllus was used instead (e. g., Lourteig 1951, Raynal-Roques 1992, Flora de la Argentina 2018, INTA 2021, Teillier 2021). Both species were recognized by Lumbreras et al. (2014). They used the name “ R. aquatilis ” roughly in the circumscription of the new taxon in present paper. The new species has been wrongly associated with North American R. mongolicus by Wiegleb et al. (2017). All available synonyms are informal names or misapplications. The usage of names such as “ R. aquatilis auct. non L. ” (Zuloaga & Morone 1999, INTA 2021) and “ R. aquatilis auct. div. argent. non L. ” (Lourteig 1984: 320, pro syn.) did not imply that the respective authors had an undescribed species in mind but assumed identity with R. trichophyllus instead."},{"description":"Diagnosis. Ranunculus oblitus is characterized by the combination of the small size, the reddish color of the stem and laminar leaves (in fresh state), the 3 - 5 lobed laminar leaves, the low number of terminal segments in capillary leaves (<30), the short sepals (<2 mm), the circular to elongated nectar pits, the low number (<20) of glabrous achenes, and the hairy receptacle."},{"description":"Description. Annual or wintergreen perennial hydrophyte; aquatic state prostrate or erect, with capillary and laminar leaves (batrachid); terrestrial state prostrate, creeping, with rigid fleshy capillary leaves. Shoots up to 20 cm long, (1 ‒) 2.0 ‒ 2.5 mm in diameter, with a brownish or reddish tinge, glabrous, rooting at all nodes; internodes 20 ‒ 30 mm long, approximately equally long as the adjacent leaf. Laminar leaves present or absent, alternate, (6 ‒) 10 ‒ 18 mm wide, glabrous, often with a reddish tinge, with 3 (‒ 5) primary lobes, dissected to less than 1 / 2 of the lamina, margin of secondary lobes dentate or crenate in 3 - lobed leaves, entire and rounded in 5 - lobed leaves; petioles 10 ‒ 23 (‒ 40) mm long. Intermediate leaves sometimes present, alternate, with 2 ‒ 3 cuneate, deeply divided main lobes, with 3 ‒ 4 - dentate secondary lobes. Capillary leaves present, alternate, 10 ‒ 30 mm long, flaccid, rarely rigid (after regrowth from terrestrial state), glabrous, number of terminal segments 20 ‒ 30; petioles (5 ‒) 10 ‒ 15 mm long, slightly longer in the lower part. Stipules ca. 2 / 3 ‒ 3 / 4 adnate to petiole, free portion convex, glabrous or sparsely hairy. Pedicels 7 ‒ 20 (‒ 30) mm long, opposite to laminar or capillary leaves, 0.8 ‒ 1.2 mm wide, mostly recurved, glabrous. Sepals 5, 1 ‒ 2 mm long, blue-tipped, reflexed. Petals 5 ‒ 6 (‒ 8), 2 ‒ 4.5 (‒ 5.5) mm long, spathulate to ellipsoid, obtuse, white with small yellow claw, not contiguous in anthesis. Nectar pits 1 per petal, circular or elongated. Stamens 10 ‒ 15. Carpels 10 ‒ 20, 1.5 ‒ 1.8 mm long, with scattered dorsal hairs, glabrous at maturity, style short, caducous. Receptacle globose, not elongating in fruit, puberulent to pubescent. Chromosome number unknown. Icons. Drawings of the species are found in Lourteig (1951, p. 451, Fig. 14, based on a specimen of the type collection); and Ruiz (2001, p. 65, lamina 10 g, h). Photographs are found in Lumbreras et al. (2014, p. 24, Fig. 2 d); Marijn van den Brink’s photos (2021, Argentina Marijn- 0068); Kok van Herk photo database (2021, Argentina Pa 2599). The photographs by M. van den Brink and K. van Herk are reproduced in this paper as Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, respectively."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"6":"Plantae","7707728":"Tracheophyta","220":"Magnoliopsida","399":"Ranunculales","2410":"Ranunculaceae","3033294":"Ranunculus"},"class":"Magnoliopsida"},{"key":165606427,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Aaadonta","genusKey":165606427,"scientificName":"Aaadonta Solem, 1976","canonicalName":"Aaadonta","authorship":"Solem, 1976","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"10223291","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Aaadonta is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Endodontidae.Namebank Record Detail. Ubio.org (12 October 2005). Retrieved 27 September 2010.ION: Index to Organism Names. Organismnames.com. Retrieved 27 September 2010.micro*scope – version 6.0 – March, 2006 . Starcentral.mbl.edu. Retrieved 27 September 2010. Specimens from this genus are endemic to Palau."},{"description":"The habitat where Aaadonta were typically found ranged from primary forests to secondary forests, and even to mountain bases. However, they usually resided on the underside of natural resources. Moreover, they were found under rocks or stones, and under leaves. Some species were found living on dead plants and low levels of trees, as well as on the moss of some boulders."},{"description":"While single localities had been found before Alan Solem established the genus, such as Aaadonta angaurana in 1936, the six species were first defined in Solem's 1976 paper. Solem defined the genus' and species qualities in 8 rules defining shell shape. But since the genus was established, many of the species within it have been difficult to keep track of. A report in 2005 only found Aaandonta constricta and Aaandonta kinlochi."},{"description":"Species in the genus Aaadonta include: Aaadonta angaurana Solem, 1976 Aaadonta constricta Semper, 1874; Type speciesAnimalBase: Genus taxon summary for Aaadonta Aaadonta fuscozonata (E.H. Beddome, 1889) Aaadonta irregularis Semper, 1874 Aaadonta kinlochi Solem, 1976 Aaadonta pelewana Solem, 1976 The genus was given its unusual name by the biologist Alan Solem, who wanted it to appear first in any alphabetical list of endodontid genera.\"Aaadonta and Zyzzyxdonta (terrestrial snails) both named by the late Alan Solem with the idea of being the first and the last entries in any list of endodontoid snails.\" – Shimek, R.L. in The Mollis Clans – A Celebration of Molluscan DiversityZoologische Mededelingen. Dpc.uba.uva.nl. Retrieved 27 September 2010. For animal genera, the first alphabetically listed name is Aaaaba, which is a genus of beetles from Australia. The current conservation status, according to the IUCN Red List, varies depending on species, though they all fall into the larger category of being threatened. One cause of a low population stated by Solem could be that ant colonies that come into the area can prey on eggs of the various species, thus wiping out a large number of snails, potentially without harming the adult snails. Some species, like the fuscozonata, have not been found recently and leads researchers to believe that they may already be extinct."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165829612,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","species":"Roscoea ngainoi","speciesKey":165829612,"scientificName":"Roscoea ngainoi A.A.Mao & Bhaumik","canonicalName":"Roscoea ngainoi","authorship":"A.A.Mao & Bhaumik","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"36790647","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Roscoea ngainoi is a perennial herbaceous plant occurring in the Ukhrul district of Manipur state, India. Most members of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae), to which it belongs, are tropical, but like other species of Roscoea, R. ngainoi grows in much colder mountainous regions."},{"description":"Like all members of the genus Roscoea, R. ngainoi grows from a short vertical rhizome, to which are attached the tuberous roots. These produce \"pseudostems\": structures which resemble stems but are actually formed from the tightly wrapped bases (sheaths) of leaves. Plants are around 14 cm tall when in flower with up to six leaves. The first two or three consist only of sheaths; the remaining leaves have a blade 2.3–18.5 cm long by 1.6–3.5 cm wide. At the junction of the sheath and blade there is a small ligule, extending to 1.5–2 mm. The flower spike (inflorescence) is held within the leaves with generally one flower emerging at a time on a long corolla tube of up to 9.5 cm. The general flower colour is deep purple. The bracts which subtend the flowers are shorter than the calyx. Each flower has the typical structure for Roscoea (see the diagrams in that article). There is a tube-shaped outer calyx, about 6 cm long, with a three-lobed apex. Next the three petals (the corolla) form a tube, longer than the calyx, terminating in three lobes, an upright central lobe, about 2.6–3.0 cm long by 1.0–1.2 cm wide, and two somewhat narrower side lobes, 2.2–2.5 cm long by 0.5–0.7 cm wide. Inside the petals are structures formed from four sterile stamens (staminodes): two lateral staminodes form what appear to be small upright petals, which are 1.5–2.0 cm by 0.6–0.8 cm, with a short narrowed part (a \"claw\") at the base; two central staminodes are partially fused at the base to form a lip or labellum, 2.0–2.3 cm long by 1.2–1.6 cm wide. The labellum divides to form two separated lobes, each 2.2–2.4 cm long at the central edge, shorter at the outer edge. Two or three white lines extend from the base of each lobe, sometimes more than halfway to its finely toothed (serrulate) apex. The single functional stamen has a white anther, about 5–6 mm long, with 2–3 mm long spurs, formed from the connective tissue between the two capsules of the anther. The species resembles R. tibetica, but the leaf blades are smaller, the corolla tubes much longer, exceeding the calyx, and the labellum is differently shaped and has white lines at the base. It was found on hills at elevations of 2,200 to 3,000 m, in open grassy areas, where plants such as Lilium mackliniae were also present."},{"description":"The family Zingiberaceae is mainly tropical in distribution. The unusual mountainous distribution of Roscoea may have evolved relatively recently and be a response to the uplift taking place in the region in the last 50 million years or so due to the collision of the Indian and Asian tectonic plates. Species of Roscoea that have been subjected to molecular phylogenetic analysis divide into two clear groups, a Himalayan clade and a \"Chinese\" clade (which includes some species from outside China). R. nganoi was discovered after the analysis by so that its phylogenetic position is unknown. Manipur, where it was found, lies between the main distributions of the two clades."},{"description":"R. ngainoi was first described by A.A. Mao and M. Bhaumik in a paper published in 2008 (but dated 2007). The specific epithet ngainoi is derived from the Ngaino peak in Manipur, where the species was first found; the type specimen was collected in March 2005 at an altitude of 2,840 m. R. ngainoi resembles R. tibetica and R. auriculata."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":144106970,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","genus":"Aa","genusKey":144106970,"scientificName":"Aa Rchb.f., 1854","canonicalName":"Aa","authorship":"Rchb.f., 1854","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"364524","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"DISPLAYTITLE Aa is a genus of plants of the family Orchidaceae. Species in this genus can be found growing terrestrially in cold habitats near the snowline in the Andes and also in Costa Rica; they are usually found close to small streams. The elongated inflorescence grows from a basal rosette of leaves, terminating in a small white non-resupinate flower. This lip is fringed and hood-shaped. The flower gives off a pungent smell that attracts flies. This genus has often been included in the orchid genus Altensteinia. The first scientific description of a species of this genus was made in 1815 by Karl Sigismund Kunth, naming it first Ophrys paleacea Kunth (1806)., and later Altensteinia paleacea. In 1854 Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach separated Aa from Altensteinia, to include two species Aa argyrolepis and Aa paleacea. The genus name apparently was rendered by the author to always appear first in alphabetical listings. Another - disputed - explanation, is that Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach named this genus after Pieter van der Aa; the printer of the Dutch botanist Paul Herman's \"Paradisus Batavus\". A few years later, Reichenbach reviewed the name of the genus and named it again Altensteinia. Finally in 1912 Rudolf Schlechter switched the name again to Aa, as more species were being discovered making the new name more significant."},{"description":"The following species of Aa are accepted Aa achalensis Schltr. 1920 (Argentina) Aa argyrolepis Rchb.f. 1854 (Colombia to Ecuador) Aa aurantiaca D.Trujillo (Peru)The Plant List: AaTropicos: Aa aurantiaca Aa calceata (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1912 (Peru to Bolivia) Aa colombiana Schltr. 1920 (Colombia to Ecuador) Aa denticulata Schltr. 1920 (Colombia to Ecuador) Aa erosa (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1912 (Peru) Aa fiebrigii (Schltr.) Schltr. 1912 (Bolivia) Aa figueroi Szlach. & S. Nowak, 2014 Tropicos: Aa figueroi Aa hieronymi (Cogn.) Schltr. 1912 (Argentina) Aa lehmanii Rchb. f. ex Szlach. & Kolan., 2014Tropicos: Aa lehmanii Aa leucantha (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1920 (Colombia to Ecuador) Aa lorentzii Schltr. 1920 (Argentina) Aa lozanoi Szlach. & S. Nowak, 2014 Tropicos: Aa Lozanoi Aa macra Schltr. 1921 (Ecuador) Aa maderoi Schltr. 1920 (Venezuela; Colombia; Ecuador) Aa mandonii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1912 (Peru to Bolivia) Aa matthewsii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1912 (Peru) Aa microtidis Schltr. 1922 (Bolivia) Aa paleacea (Kunth) Rchb.f. 1854 (Costa Rica to Bolivia) Aa riobambae Schltr. 1921 (Ecuador) Aa rosei Ames 1922 (Peru) Aa schickendanzii Schltr. 1920 (Argentina) Aa sphaeroglossa Schltr. 1922 (Bolivia) Aa trilobulata Schltr. 1922 (Bolivia) Aa weddelliana (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1912 (Peru to NW Argentina) Synonyms: Aa hartwegii Garay 1978 (Ecuador; Colombia; Venezuela); syn., → Aa maderoi Schltr.,World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) Aa gymnandra (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1912 a synonym of Myrosmodes gymnandra (Rchb.f.) C.A.VargasThe Plant List: Aa gymnandra Aa inaequalis (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1912 (Peru to Bolivia); a synonym of Myrosmodes inaequalis (Rchb.f.) C.A.VargasThe Plant List: Aa inaequalis Aa nervosa (Kraenzl.) Schltr. 1912 (Chile); accepted name Myrosmodes nervosa (Kraenzl.) Novoa, C.A.Vargas & CisternasWCSP Aa nervosa (Kraenzl.) Schltr."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":165561018,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","parentKey":321795625,"parent":"Urocystis","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Basidiomycota","order":"Urocystidales","family":"Urocystidiaceae","genus":"Urocystis","species":"Urocystis agropyri","kingdomKey":165526959,"phylumKey":321794857,"classKey":321795616,"orderKey":321795620,"familyKey":321795623,"genusKey":321795625,"speciesKey":165561018,"scientificName":"Urocystis agropyri (Preuss) A.A.Fisch.Waldh","canonicalName":"Urocystis agropyri","authorship":"(Preuss) A.A. Fisch. Waldh., (1867)","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"11128703","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Urocystis agropyri is a fungal plant pathogen that causes flag smut on wheat."},{"description":"The flag smut fungus, U. agropyri, is a basidiomycete. It produces basidiospores and teliospores. This pathogen is found globally, but is most problematic in Australia and India. Hosts Urocystis agropyri infects wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), among other grass species. Relatives of U. agropyri infect other grasses and are frequently identified as the causal organism of flag smut on wheat, but there is debate still as to whether they are the same organism or different strains. Symptoms Flag smut is a systemic disease that starts in young tissues. Early symptoms include \"leprous\" spots and bending or twisting of coleoptiles. Older plant leaves have white striations that eventually turn silvery gray, which is evidence of the pathogen's impending sporulation. Additionally, infected plants may have stunted growth, increased leaf production, sterile seeds, and failure to produce heads or have successful leaf expansion. Diagnosis Leaves will appear streaked with stripes, which are white, gray or black. The leaf discoloration is due to fungal structures called sori, which are clusters of spore-bearing structures. During sporulation, sori burst through leaves releasing teliospores and cause leaves to appear tattered. These spores are reddish brown, smoothly rounded, and they tend to be in clumps of 5-6 with sterile cells around them. The clumped spores are often referred to as \"spore balls\" and measure about 20-50 microns. Large quantities of U. agropyri spores look like brown or black dust."},{"description":"U. agropyri produces teliospores, which may be wind dispersed or distributed through soils via machinery or animals. In soil, a dikaryotic teliospore germinates, meiosis occurs, then mitosis, and this gives rise to up to four basidiospores, each containing a single nucleus. Basidiospores germinate on seedlings, and each hypha undergoes plasmogamy with a compatible hypha. In this, one nucleus transfers to the other hypha, reestablishing the dikaryotic state of the fungus. The hyphae form appressoria which penetrate the coleoptile of an emerging seeds' shoot through the epidermal tissue, then hyphae grow between vascular bundles of the leaves. Some hyphal cells give rise to smut sori, bearing teliospores, which emerge through the leaf tissue for wind dispersal. Teliospores come to rest in soils, and when conditions are right, they give rise to more basidiospores, further spreading the infection. Alternatively, teliospores can form in seeds when the mycelia grows throughout the plant, in which case they germinate within the seed to give rise to new infection, again via basidiospore production. Teliospores overwinter in the soil, senescent plant tissues, and in seeds. These spores maintain germination viability for 3–7 years."},{"description":"Generally, strategies to prevent flag smut include use of disease resistant cultivars, chemical seed treatments, and crop rotation to reduce amount of inocula present. Since U. agropyri spores germinate in dry soils, maintaining wetter soils helps to diminish their viability. Carboxin is a commonly used fungicide on seeds, which works well to prevent onset of disease. In addition to seed treatments, application of systemic fungicides early in the growing season and at low doses is effective at controlling the disease. Sowing seeds shallowly in soil also helps to reduce disease occurrence."},{"description":"This pathogen prefers arid summers, moderate temperatures, and mild winters. Flag smut fungi germinate in dry soils when the temperature ranges from 40-80 °F. Flag smut has been reported in Australia, the United States, Canada, South Africa, China, Japan, India, Egypt, and Pakistan. Cultivation practices that leave plant debris on soil surfaces enhances U. agropyri's success, as does sowing wheat in winter rather than spring. Mild winters improves the pathogen's ability to establish infections for seeds sown in autumn or winter; spring plantings give the fungus less opportunity to establish."},{"description":"Yield loss Losses from flag smut are usually considered on a field by field basis. Fields planted with susceptible cultivars that happen to become infected will generally be total losses. Australia is among a handful of places that still suffer losses resulting from flag smut. Average losses in Australia are greater than AUS$50 million. Australia experienced the greatest loss known early in the 20th century due to susceptibility of popular wheat varieties and lack of fungicides at the time. In the 1960s, new varieties were planted, which supported a resurgence of disease. Occasionally, total crop losses still occur, but the typical loss range is 5-20%. Losses may be either direct or indirect, as affected plants may be more susceptible to other biotic or abiotic stresses. India reported losses from flag smut in the 1940s through the 1970s, and this averaged about 15,000 tons each year. India and the United States currently have low incidence of this disease due to deployment of resistant cultivars. The occurrence of the disease in the United States was limited to the Pacific Northwest and was the result of the introduction of susceptible cultivars in the mid-twentieth century. Historical Urocystis agropyri is a global problem in wheat-growing regions, especially where environmental conditions suit the fungus. The first reports of flag smut's presence came from Australia in 1868. Later, other countries identified it as the pathogen that was introduced to world crops through trading of seeds and infected cultivars. The development of flag smut in Australia in the nineteenth century, followed by the United States in the twentieth century, is likely due to the spread and exchange of contaminated seeds. Quarantine regulations restricted the movement of infected seed, chaff, and farm machinery from endemic areas. They were first enacted in the USA in the twentieth century to effectively inhibit the spread of disease. Similar regulations were later adopted in Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and many other countries. Flag smut is widespread across Australia and was particularly problematic in the 1920s until resistant cultivars were discovered and put into use. Between 1955 and 1971, flag smut damage and distribution increased in the Pacific Northwest of the United States when the use of several susceptible wheat cultivars was coupled with deep seeding in early autumn planting. Through use of resistant cultivars, the Pacific Northwest's flag smut issue no longer poses a significant threat to yields."}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"Urocystis agropyri (flag smut)","language":"eng"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165526959":"Fungi","321794857":"Basidiomycota","321795616":"Ustilaginomycetes","321795620":"Urocystidales","321795623":"Urocystidiaceae","321795625":"Urocystis"},"class":"Ustilaginomycetes"},{"key":182387672,"datasetKey":"51bab0c0-d141-4448-a899-615a71f2967d","nubKey":1725827,"parentKey":321302740,"parent":"Haglidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Orthoptera","family":"Haglidae","genus":"Aancistroger","kingdomKey":321302734,"phylumKey":321302735,"classKey":321302736,"orderKey":321302737,"familyKey":321302740,"genusKey":182387672,"scientificName":"Aancistroger : Bey-Bienko 1957","canonicalName":"Aancistroger","authorship":": Bey-Bienko 1957","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"03FB87C3FFB1FFD2FF6AFA87FA5883E2.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Key to the known species of Aancistroger (except A. inarmatus) 1 The shape of female seventh abdominal tergite similar to other abdominal tergites, nearly rectangular, longer than broad, basal area with short transverse copulatory depressions, apical area without membranous area; ovipositor straight, apex obtusely rounded; hooks of male ninth abdominal tergite thin, curved inwards, tenth abdominal tergite with 1 pair of heavily sclerotized hooks, its basal area slightly swollen and apices directing backward and slightly outward................... A. primitivus - The shape of female seventh abdominal tergite obviously different from other sternites, wider than long, between the apical area and basal area of subgenital plate with membranous area...................................................... 2 2 Basal area of female seventh abdominal sternite with 1 folded process, apical area with narrow membranous area, which indistinctly separated from subgenital plate; posterior margin of female subgenital plate obtusely rounded, slightly concave in the middle; male ninth abdominal tergite long, curved ventrad, posterior margin of subgenital plate medially projected.................................................................................................. A. elbenioides - Basal area of female seventh abdominal sternite with central depression, distinctly separated from subgenital plate by wide membranous......................................................................................... 3 3 Posterior margin of female subgenital plate with deeply acute-angled concavity, lateral margins of basal area convex.................................................................................................... A. similis - Posterior margin of female subgenital plate with shallowly obtuse-angled concavity, lateral margins of basal area slightly convex................................................................................................ 4 4 Basal area of female seventh abdominal sternite with membranous area, posterior margin of subgenital plate truncate; male ninth abdominal tergite with 1 pair of short spines on lateral margin, posterior margin of subgenital plate angular concave............................................................................................... A. sinicus - Basal area of female seventh abdominal sternite without membranous area; posterior margin of seventh abdominal sternite concave....................................................................................... A. vietus"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321302734":"Animalia","321302735":"Arthropoda","321302736":"Insecta","321302737":"Orthoptera","321302740":"Haglidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":299668045,"nameKey":37567631,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":8141799,"parentKey":304170668,"parent":"Ilyonectria","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","family":"Nectriaceae","genus":"Ilyonectria","species":"Ilyonectria robusta","kingdomKey":299629601,"phylumKey":299629951,"classKey":299655227,"familyKey":304170350,"genusKey":304170668,"speciesKey":299668045,"scientificName":"Ilyonectria robusta (A.A. Hildebr.) A. Cabral & Crous","canonicalName":"Ilyonectria robusta","authorship":"(A.A.Hildebr.) A.Cabral & Crous","publishedIn":"(2012). Mycol. Progr. 11(3): 680.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":1,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"3PHDX","extinct":false,"habitats":["TERRESTRIAL"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"299629601":"Fungi","299629951":"Ascomycota","299655227":"Sordariomycetes","304170350":"Nectriaceae","304170668":"Ilyonectria"},"class":"Sordariomycetes"},{"key":273546098,"nameKey":37567631,"datasetKey":"e007cc4a-8704-449d-8829-bb209d26d6c8","nubKey":8141799,"parentKey":273546034,"parent":"Ilyonectria","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","genus":"Ilyonectria","species":"Ilyonectria robusta","kingdomKey":273525503,"phylumKey":273525506,"classKey":273526068,"genusKey":273546034,"speciesKey":273546098,"scientificName":"Ilyonectria robusta (A.A. Hildebr.) A. Cabral & Crous","canonicalName":"Ilyonectria robusta","authorship":"(A.A.Hildebr.) A.Cabral & Crous","publishedIn":"(2012). Mycol. Progr. 11(3): 680.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"3PHDX","extinct":false,"habitats":["TERRESTRIAL"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"273525503":"Fungi","273525506":"Ascomycota","273526068":"Sordariomycetes","273546034":"Ilyonectria"},"class":"Sordariomycetes"},{"key":142441112,"datasetKey":"61a5f178-b5fb-4484-b6d8-9b129739e59d","nubKey":8141799,"parentKey":142441104,"parent":"Ilyonectria","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","order":"Hypocreales","family":"Nectriaceae","genus":"Ilyonectria","species":"Ilyonectria robusta","kingdomKey":142364921,"phylumKey":142398082,"classKey":142425906,"orderKey":142438280,"familyKey":142441079,"genusKey":142441104,"speciesKey":142441112,"scientificName":"Ilyonectria robusta (A.A. Hildebr.) A. Cabral & Crous","canonicalName":"Ilyonectria robusta","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"152780","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"142364921":"Fungi","142398082":"Ascomycota","142425906":"Sordariomycetes","142438280":"Hypocreales","142441079":"Nectriaceae","142441104":"Ilyonectria"},"class":"Sordariomycetes"},{"key":165832147,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","species":"Selaginella cinerascens","speciesKey":165832147,"scientificName":"Selaginella cinerascens A.A.Eaton","canonicalName":"Selaginella cinerascens","authorship":"A.A.Eaton","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"28038765","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Selaginella cinerascens is a species of spikemoss known by the common names mesa spikemoss, gray spikemoss, and ashy spikemoss. It is native to Baja California as well as some locations just north of the border in San Diego County, California. It grows in dry habitat, often on clay soil, both in open areas and in the shade of larger plants. This lycophyte forms mats of spreading, forking stems up to 18 centimeters long. The plant is often gray or brown in color, forming a dull-colored carpet on the substrate. The linear or lance-shaped leaves are 1 to 3 millimeters long and lack bristles at the tips. The leaves are green when new or moist. They are flattened to the stem or stick out just a little. The strobili borne at the leaf bases are yellow in color and no more than 4 to 5 millimeters long."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":7964712,"nameKey":40959931,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":7964712,"parentKey":7255841,"parent":"Synarthonia","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","order":"Arthoniales","family":"Arthoniaceae","genus":"Synarthonia","species":"Synarthonia sarcographoides","kingdomKey":5,"phylumKey":95,"classKey":313,"orderKey":1273,"familyKey":8363,"genusKey":7255841,"speciesKey":7964712,"scientificName":"Synarthonia sarcographoides Aptroot, A.A.Menezes, E.L.Lima & M.Cáceres","canonicalName":"Synarthonia sarcographoides","authorship":"Aptroot, A.A.Menezes, E.L.Lima & M.Cáceres","publishedIn":"(2013). Lichenologist 45(5): 616.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:7964712","extinct":false,"habitats":["TERRESTRIAL"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"NEW REPORT. — Parque Nacional de Brasília, on bark, leg. J. A. R. Silva, ISE 52665. New to Distríto Federal."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"5":"Fungi","95":"Ascomycota","313":"Arthoniomycetes","1273":"Arthoniales","8363":"Arthoniaceae","7255841":"Synarthonia"},"class":"Arthoniomycetes"},{"key":194175466,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","species":"Crypthonia lichexanthonica","speciesKey":194175466,"scientificName":"Crypthonia lichexanthonica A.A.Menezes, M.Cáceres & Aptroot, 2013","canonicalName":"Crypthonia lichexanthonica","authorship":"A.A.Menezes, M.Cáceres & Aptroot (2013)","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"69998574","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Crypthonia lichexanthonica is a species of crustose and corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Found in Brazil, it was formally described as a new species in 2013 by Aline Anjos Menezes, Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres, and André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected from the Chapada do Araripe (Ceará), at an altitude of 900 m. Here, in Caatinga forest, it was found growing on the smooth bark of a tree. Crypthonia lichexanthonica is the only species in its genus to contain lichexanthone, a secondary chemical that causes the lichen to fluoresce yellow when shone with a UV light."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":11904548,"nameKey":130281927,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":11904548,"parentKey":2564526,"parent":"Remispora","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","order":"Microascales","family":"Halosphaeriaceae","genus":"Remispora","species":"Remispora submersa","kingdomKey":5,"phylumKey":95,"classKey":320,"orderKey":1059,"familyKey":8424,"genusKey":2564526,"speciesKey":11904548,"scientificName":"Remispora submersa M.Gonçalves, A.Abreu & A.Alves","canonicalName":"Remispora submersa","authorship":"M.Gonçalves, A.Abreu & A.Alves","publishedIn":"(2021). Mycologia: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1875710, 4.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":1,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:11904548","extinct":false,"habitats":["TERRESTRIAL"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"This new species was described based on the close phylogenetic relationship with Remispora quadri-remis and R. stellata in a phylogenetic tree of 28 S and ITS rDNA (Gonçalves et al. 2021). This is an asexual fungus producing white mycelia and abundant cylindrical conidia. The conidiogenesis was unclear although it was described as “ conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells ”. This type of asexual morphology is unusual in the Halosphaeriaceae, as they generally have brown, septate conidia. A wider range of taxa should have been included in the phylogenetic analysis, especially the type species of Remispora, R. maritima. Holotype material was requested, especially slides of the conidiophores and conidia, but these were not available. A culture of R. submersa was provided, but failed to sporulate, despite growth on three different media and wood picks (Figure 5). The culture was re-sequenced, grouping in the Sarocladium clade and the species S. kiliense with high statistical support (Figure 6), a species with hyaline conidia as in those reported for R. submersa. Further studies are required to resolve this anomaly."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"5":"Fungi","95":"Ascomycota","320":"Sordariomycetes","1059":"Microascales","8424":"Halosphaeriaceae","2564526":"Remispora"},"class":"Sordariomycetes"},{"key":299180141,"nameKey":439898821,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":2288829,"parentKey":299179631,"parent":"Teredininae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","family":"Teredinidae","genus":"Lyrodus","kingdomKey":296374190,"phylumKey":298785287,"classKey":302118926,"familyKey":299179571,"genusKey":299180141,"scientificName":"Lyrodus A. A. Gould, 1870","canonicalName":"Lyrodus","authorship":"A.A.Gould, 1870","publishedIn":"Gould, A. A. (1870). Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts. Second edition, comprising the Mollusca. Edited by W.G. Binney. Wright and Potter, Boston, v + 524 pp., pls. 16–27. 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HKAS 125765) living culture KUNCC 22 - 12508."},{"description":"Known distribution: Unites States (Chaverri et al. 2001, Arx 1987), New Zealand (Kindermann et al. 1998), Poland (Mulenko et al. 2008), Brazil (Hanada et al. 2010), China (Zeng et al. 2016, This study)."},{"description":"Notes: Morphologically, our isolate KUNCC 22 - 12508 well fits the concept of Trichoderma virens by fastforming typical green sporulation in vitro, with obovoid, hyaline to olivaceous, slightly roughened conidia (Arx 1987, Chaverri et al. 2001). In addition, its chlamydospores were easily formed between the hyphae or formed terminally in the hyphae tip, similar results were also observed by Abd-Aziz et al. (2008). Phylogenetically, KUNCC 22 - 12508 has placed within Trichoderma virens strains, and separated well with neighbor species T. crassum and T. neocrassum with high statistical supports (100 % ML / 1 BYPP) (Figure 3). Moreover, the BLASTn results of ITS, LSU, tef 1 - α and rpb 2 expect our isolate KUNCC 22 - 12508 100 % similar to Trichoderma virens strains (LZ 002, LZ 012, Z 051). Therefore, our isolate KUNCC 22 - 12508 is identified as Trichoderma virens, a new host record based on morphological features and phylogenetic evidence."},{"description":"Isolated from intestinal contents of dead American bullfrog larvae. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph on PDA: Aerial mycelium abundant on PDA, fast-growing, forming cream-yellow to green sporulation with maturity, with a distinctive odour, sometimes producing a farinose to granular mat. Conidiophores 20 – 30 μm high, irregularly branched in a dendriform structure. Vegetative hyphae 4 – 8 μm wide (x ̅ = 6 μm, n = 30), branched, hyaline, smooth and thick-walled, septate, narrow and flexuous, terminal branched, often curved. Conidiogenous cells 5.5 – 8 × 3 – 5 μm (x ̅ = 6.5 × 4 μm, n = 20), occurring in lateral and terminal clusters, pyramidal. Conidia 4 – 6 × 3 – 4 μm (x ̅ = 5 × 3.5 μm, n = 20), catenated, obovoid to globose, hyaline to olivaceous, delicately roughened, aseptate, smooth-walled. Chlamydospores 8 – 11 × 7 – 9 μm (x ̅ = 9.5 × 8.5 μm, n = 20), hyaline, thick-walled, globose to subglobose, terminal."},{"description":"Culture characteristics: Colonies growing on PDA reach 70 – 80 mm in diameter after one week at 27 ° C, forming the hyaline to olivaceous to green sporulation in PDA. Obverse: aerial, fluffy, hyaline mycelium, peripheral fertile, creamy green to dark green. Reverse olivaceous to pale brown. Without pigments produced in PDA. Known substratum: Theobroma cacao (Hanada et al. 2010), Betula pendula & Pinus sylvestris (Mulenko et al. 2008), Soil samples (Arx 1987, Kindermann et al. 1998, Chaverri et al. 2001, Zeng et al. 2016), intestinal contents of dead bullfrog larvae (This study)."},{"description":"Distribution. China, United States."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"5":"Fungi","95":"Ascomycota","320":"Sordariomycetes","1290":"Hypocreales","8419":"Hypocreaceae","7703803":"Trichoderma"},"class":"Sordariomycetes"},{"key":299668032,"nameKey":37567637,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":8141732,"parentKey":304170668,"parent":"Ilyonectria","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","family":"Nectriaceae","genus":"Ilyonectria","species":"Ilyonectria mors-panacis","kingdomKey":299629601,"phylumKey":299629951,"classKey":299655227,"familyKey":304170350,"genusKey":304170668,"speciesKey":299668032,"scientificName":"Ilyonectria mors-panacis (A.A. Hildebr.) A. Cabral & Crous","canonicalName":"Ilyonectria mors-panacis","authorship":"(A.A.Hildebr.) A.Cabral & Crous","publishedIn":"(2012). Mycol. Progr. 11(3): 676.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":1,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"3PHDQ","extinct":false,"habitats":["TERRESTRIAL"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"299629601":"Fungi","299629951":"Ascomycota","299655227":"Sordariomycetes","304170350":"Nectriaceae","304170668":"Ilyonectria"},"class":"Sordariomycetes"},{"key":273744546,"nameKey":37545614,"datasetKey":"e007cc4a-8704-449d-8829-bb209d26d6c8","nubKey":10836211,"parentKey":273744545,"parent":"Neopuccinia","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Basidiomycota","order":"Pucciniales","genus":"Neopuccinia","species":"Neopuccinia bursa","kingdomKey":273525503,"phylumKey":273735358,"classKey":273740096,"orderKey":273741113,"genusKey":273744545,"speciesKey":273744546,"scientificName":"Neopuccinia bursa A. Martins, A.A. Carvalho & J.F. Hennen","canonicalName":"Neopuccinia bursa","authorship":"A.Martins, A.A.Carvalho & J.F.Hennen","publishedIn":"(2019). In Martins, Sakuragui, Hennen & Carvalho, Phytotaxa 406(3): 175.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"46RGT","extinct":false,"habitats":["TERRESTRIAL"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"273525503":"Fungi","273735358":"Basidiomycota","273740096":"Pucciniomycetes","273741113":"Pucciniales","273744545":"Neopuccinia"},"class":"Pucciniomycetes"},{"key":165843306,"datasetKey":"a498fa04-36a2-403f-9014-d3f75231e5e1","nubKey":10952861,"parentKey":321363211,"parent":"Amphicyonidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Carnivora","family":"Amphicyonidae","genus":"Morphotype","kingdomKey":321363207,"phylumKey":321363208,"classKey":321363209,"orderKey":321363210,"familyKey":321363211,"genusKey":165843306,"scientificName":"Morphotype a","canonicalName":"Morphotype","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"17167930FFA8FFCAFEC1FCD0C7319FB1.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Dorsal view The sagittal groove is rather marked. The proximal part of the tuber calcanei is rather mediolaterally wide. It is rather proximodistally elongated, as is the ectal facet. This facet is highly convex. Its edges are rather well pronounced, except the distal one, which merges with the body of the calcaneus (and therefore is difficult to delimit). The sustentacular facet is well-rounded, very slightly concave, and extends on the proximal edge of the sustentaculum tali. The peroneal process is quite broad and its proximal edge is well-defined. The cuboid facet is inclined with respect to the mediolateral axis and its lateral edge rises slightly on the body of the calcaneus. This articular surface is strongly concave. Lateral view The dorsal and ventral edges of the tuber calcanei are slightly concave. A cavity – probably for the insertion of the lateral collateral ligament – is clearly visible proximal to the ectal facet. Medial view The tendinous plantar groove is well excavated. The sustentaculum tali is dorsoventrally quite thick, even more so than in Cynodictis lacustris and Morphotype B. The plantar tubercle does not form a distally directed tip as seen in Cynodictis lacustris. Distal view The plantar tubercle is ventrally broad. The edge separating the plantar tubercule and the cuboid facet is more visible than in Cynodictis lacustris. Proximal view The proximal part of the tuber calcanei has a sub-spherical surface. The groove is slightly more pronounced than in Cynodictis lacustris."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321363207":"Animalia","321363208":"Chordata","321363209":"Mammalia","321363210":"Carnivora","321363211":"Amphicyonidae"},"class":"Mammalia"},{"key":154006668,"nameKey":20164770,"datasetKey":"d4f59460-4248-4d5b-91e9-641d803f5890","parentKey":157168765,"parent":"Trichomycteridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Siluriformes","family":"Trichomycteridae","genus":"Ochmacanthus","kingdomKey":157168596,"phylumKey":157168608,"classKey":157168613,"orderKey":157168764,"familyKey":157168765,"genusKey":154006668,"scientificName":"Ochmacanthus A","canonicalName":"Ochmacanthus","authorship":"A","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"399","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"157168596":"Animalia","157168608":"Chordata","157168613":"Actinopterygii","157168764":"Siluriformes","157168765":"Trichomycteridae"},"class":"Actinopterygii"},{"key":315560561,"nameKey":231494031,"datasetKey":"1ec61203-14fa-4fbd-8ee5-a4a80257b45a","parentKey":315560560,"parent":"#N/A","kingdom":"#N/A","phylum":"#N/A","order":"#N/A","family":"#N/A","genus":"#N/A","kingdomKey":315560556,"phylumKey":315560557,"classKey":315560558,"orderKey":315560559,"familyKey":315560560,"genusKey":315560561,"scientificName":"#N/A","authorship":"","nameType":"NO_NAME","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"DENORMED_CLASSIFICATION","numDescendants":1,"numOccurrences":0,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"315560556":"#N/A","315560557":"#N/A","315560558":"#N/A","315560559":"#N/A","315560560":"#N/A"},"class":"#N/A"},{"key":299983282,"nameKey":37545614,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":10836211,"parentKey":304180560,"parent":"Neopuccinia","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Basidiomycota","order":"Pucciniales","genus":"Neopuccinia","species":"Neopuccinia bursa","kingdomKey":299629601,"phylumKey":299863690,"classKey":299964576,"orderKey":299965626,"genusKey":304180560,"speciesKey":299983282,"scientificName":"Neopuccinia bursa A. Martins, A.A. Carvalho & J.F. Hennen","canonicalName":"Neopuccinia bursa","authorship":"A.Martins, A.A.Carvalho & J.F.Hennen","publishedIn":"(2019). In Martins, Sakuragui, Hennen & Carvalho, Phytotaxa 406(3): 175.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"46RGT","extinct":false,"habitats":["TERRESTRIAL"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"299629601":"Fungi","299863690":"Basidiomycota","299964576":"Pucciniomycetes","299965626":"Pucciniales","304180560":"Neopuccinia"},"class":"Pucciniomycetes"},{"key":300146888,"nameKey":380939789,"datasetKey":"668282c7-8d71-4c2b-b9ba-f9ab705c88d5","nubKey":11025313,"parentKey":300146837,"parent":"Hesperiidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Lepidoptera","family":"Hesperiidae","genus":"Agyllia","kingdomKey":300113602,"phylumKey":300115467,"classKey":300123128,"orderKey":300136990,"familyKey":300146837,"genusKey":300146888,"scientificName":"Agyllia a","canonicalName":"Agyllia","authorship":"","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":2,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"WN","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"300113602":"Animalia","300115467":"Arthropoda","300123128":"Insecta","300136990":"Lepidoptera","300146837":"Hesperiidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":273546115,"nameKey":37567637,"datasetKey":"e007cc4a-8704-449d-8829-bb209d26d6c8","nubKey":8141732,"parentKey":273546034,"parent":"Ilyonectria","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","genus":"Ilyonectria","species":"Ilyonectria mors-panacis","kingdomKey":273525503,"phylumKey":273525506,"classKey":273526068,"genusKey":273546034,"speciesKey":273546115,"scientificName":"Ilyonectria mors-panacis (A.A. Hildebr.) A. Cabral & Crous","canonicalName":"Ilyonectria mors-panacis","authorship":"(A.A.Hildebr.) A.Cabral & Crous","publishedIn":"(2012). Mycol. Progr. 11(3): 676.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"3PHDQ","extinct":false,"habitats":["TERRESTRIAL"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"273525503":"Fungi","273525506":"Ascomycota","273526068":"Sordariomycetes","273546034":"Ilyonectria"},"class":"Sordariomycetes"},{"key":10611828,"nameKey":19872280,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"0e61f8fe-7d25-4f81-ada7-d970bbb2c6d6","nubKey":10611828,"parentKey":7854,"parent":"Staphylinidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Coleoptera","family":"Staphylinidae","genus":"Deinopsis","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":54,"classKey":216,"orderKey":1470,"familyKey":7854,"genusKey":10611828,"scientificName":"Deinopsis A","canonicalName":"Deinopsis","authorship":"A","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"DOUBTFUL","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:10611828","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","54":"Arthropoda","216":"Insecta","1470":"Coleoptera","7854":"Staphylinidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":10952861,"nameKey":33146268,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"a498fa04-36a2-403f-9014-d3f75231e5e1","nubKey":10952861,"parentKey":3240054,"parent":"Amphicyonidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Carnivora","family":"Amphicyonidae","genus":"Morphotype","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":44,"classKey":359,"orderKey":732,"familyKey":3240054,"genusKey":10952861,"scientificName":"Morphotype A","canonicalName":"Morphotype","authorship":"A","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"DOUBTFUL","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:10952861","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Dorsal view The trochlea is somewhat shallow. Its medial and lateral edges are more or less parallel to each other and are of different proximodistal lengths, the lateral edge being much shorter than the medial one. The proximal plantar tuberosity is present and slightly broad. The neck is thin, short and more mediolaterally extended than the head. The head is broad and projected on the medial side. It has strongly pronounced edges, rising on the neck at the medial side of the astragalus and reaching the level of the most distal edge of the trochlea. Ventral view The medial and lateral edges of the ectal facet have fairly strong curvatures. The foramen at the proximal level of this sinus is visible on some specimens. The sustentacular facet is quite large and occupies a large part of the neck width. It looks almost rhomboidal and its edges are strongly marked. The facet is slightly convex except on its proximomedial extension, where it becomes concave. Lateral view The proximomedial edge of the fibular facet forms a nearly right angle with the distal edge. The distal edge is flat, giving the facet a rectangular appearance. The ectal facet is shallow. Distal view The head has a groove in the center. The axis of elongation of the head is in the mediolateral axis of the astragalus. The lateral process is poorly broad. Proximal view The proximoventral part of the medial edge of the trochlea forms a ventral tip. The trochlear foramen is absent. The tendinous plantar groove is strongly excavated, rather mediolaterally thin, inclined with respect to the axis of the trochlea, and very deep."},{"description":"Dorsal view The trochlea is deeply excavated. The medial and lateral edges are relatively equal. The trochlea extends a little distally on the neck, almost forming a squatting facet. The proximal plantar tuberosity is weakly broad. The neck is thin and more mediolaterally extended than the head. The neck is longer than that of Morphotype 1. The head is a little projected on the medial side (much less than in Morphotype 1) and its edges are not pronounced. It rises strongly on the medial edge of the neck, up to the level of the distal edge of the medial lip. Ventral View The ectal facet has little curvature on its medial and lateral margins. The foramen at the proximal level of this sinus is visible. The sustentacular facet is proximodistally elongated. Its lateral edge is rather marked, contrary to the other edges. The facet is slightly convex except on its proximomedial extension, where it becomes concave. Lateral view The edges of the fibular facet are relatively rounded, giving this facet a half-moon shape. The ectal facet is sharply convex. Distal view The axis of elongation of the head is inclined relative to the mediolateral axis of the astragalus. The lateral process is weak or absent. Proximal view The trochlear foramen is wide. The tendinous plantar groove is weakly excavated and is inclined almost 90 ° with respect to the axis of the trochlea."},{"description":"Dorsal view The trochlea is weakly excavated. The medial and lateral lips are of different proximodistal length, the lateral being shorter than the medial. The proximal plantar tuberosity is very slightly broad. The neck is short. In two specimens (MNHN. F. Qu 10042 and MNHN. F. Qu 10367), the neck is slightly longer than in the others, but these two specimens do not differ enough to represent another morphotype. The head is broad and projected on the medial side. It has more pronounced edges on the lateral side than on the medial one and rises strongly on the medial edge of the neck, reaching the level of the most distal edge of the trochlea. Ventral View The medial and lateral edges of the ectal facet are curved (more on the medial than on the lateral edge). A foramen is visible at the proximal level. The sustentacular facet has a rhomboidal area. Its edges are marked. The facet is slightly convex except on its proximomedial extension, where it becomes concave. In two specimens (MNHN. F. Qu 10042 and MNHN. F. Qu 10367), the sustentacular facet is slightly less elongated and more proximally positioned on the body than in the others. Lateral view The edges of the fibular facet are relatively rounded, giving this facet a half-moon look, as in Morphotype 2. The ectal facet is sharply convex. Distal view The axis of elongation of the head is slightly inclined with respect to the mediolateral axis of the astragalus. The lateral process is only slightly broad. Proximal view The trochlear foramen is absent in some specimens and present in others. The proximoventral edge of the medial lip of the trochlea (trochlea tali proximalis) forms a small ventral point. The tendinous plantar groove is present but weakly excavated and is well inclined relative to the axis of the trochlea."},{"description":"Dorsal view The trochlea is shallow. The medial and lateral lips are more or less parallel to each other, but of different proximodistal lengths, and have a distal edge of the medial lip that is more proximal than the lateral lip. The proximal plantar tuberosity is a little broader than in Morphotype 3. The neck is longer than in Morphotype 3. The head is quite large and a little projected on the medial side. It has more pronounced edges than in Morphotype 3 and extends much less on the neck of the medial side of the astragalus. The medial edge of the head is well separated from the distal edge of the medial lip of the trochlea. Ventral view The medial and lateral edges of the ectal facet have a strong curvature. The sustentacular facet has a rhomboidal area. Its edges are well pronounced. This facet is slightly convex except on its proximomedial extension, where it becomes concave. Lateral view The proximomedial edge of the fibular facet is less rounded than in Morphotype 3 and therefore displays a somewhat rectangular shape. The ectal facet is sharply convex. ll ml A B ppt tr sf n sit C D ef lp ff E h ptg F G H I J K L P Q f M N O R S T Distal view The axis of elongation of the head is along the mediolateral axis of the astragalus. The lateral process is very little broad. Proximal view The trochlear foramen is absent. The proximoventral edge of the medial lip of the trochlea forms a ventral tip. The plantar tendon groove is well marked, very inclined relative to the axis of the trochlea, and well excavated. CALCANEUS DESCRIPTIONS For all morphotypes, the medial process of the tuber calcanei is proximally longer than the lateral process. A groove on the proximal surface of the tuber calcanei, positioned rather ventrally, is clearly visible. The cuboid facet is larger mediolaterally than proximodistally. Three different morphotypes have been determined based on differences in size and morphology."},{"description":"Dorsal view The sagittal groove is poorly defined. The tuber calcanei is proximodistally quite elongated. The ectal facet is convex in the middle and very slightly concave in its proximal part. The edges of this facet are rather clear, except the distal edge, which merges with the body of the calcaneus (and is therefore difficult to delimit). The sustentaculum tali has a rounded articular surface, as in Morphotypes A and B, and extends slightly on the proximal edge. The peroneal process is not broad and merged with the ridge extending up on the tuber calcanei. The cuboid facet is concave and inclined with respect to the mediolateral axis, but its lateral edge does not extend up the body of the calcaneus as seen in Morphotypes A and B. Lateral view The dorsal and plantar edges of the tuber calcanei are very slightly concave. The cavity, which is proximal to the ectal facet, is not very deep. Medial view The tendinous plantar groove is not very marked. The sustentaculum tali is dorsoventrally quite thick, as in Morphotype A. Distal view The plantar tubercle is ventrally well broad. Proximal View The edges of the proximal part of the tuber calcanei are quite irregular. COMPARISON These morphotypes exhibit morphological differences from tarsal bones of Hyaenodonta, such as G. chronius (Zack & Rose 2015) and Hyaenodon (Bastl 2012). The neck of the astragalus is mediolaterally thinner and the medial edge of the head is more pronounced in these morphotypes. The plantar tendon groove is less pronounced, the proximal plantar tuberosity and the lateral processes are slenderer. The calcaneus of the morphotypes has a much less inclined cuboid facet than in I. raoi (Rana et al. 2015) and G. chronius (Zack & Rose 2015). In comparison with Nimravidae, such as H. primaevus and N. brachyops (Barrett 2016), all astragalus morphotypes have a longer neck and the head extends less on the medial side of this neck. The calcanei have a thinner sustentaculum tali and a shallower plantar tendon groove than in Nimravidae. Compared to Miacidae such as Vulpavus (Heinrich & Rose 1997), the tarsal bones of the morphotypes are smaller, and the four astragalar morphotypes have a shorter neck, which is less medially projected, and a less pronounced plantar tendon groove, which is less dorsally extended. Moreover, the sustentaculum tali is medially thinner and not as distally positioned as in Vulpavus. These morphotypes are also very different from those of Ursoidea such as Ursus spelaeus (Santi et al. 2005) and Ursus arctos (Baryshnikov 2015). They have less robust tarsal bones, the neck of the astragalus is much longer and the trochlea is mediolaterally thinner. The tuber calcanei is mediolaterally narrower, the sustentaculum tali is less distally positioned and its sustentacular facet is more rounded, not as elongated, and not inclined in the medioproximal-laterodistal direction as observed in ursoids. Compared to the ailurid Simocyon batalleri (Salesa et al. 2008), the morphotypes have a less flattened astragalar head, and a mediolaterally broader sustentacular facet. The sustentaculum tali is proximodistally thinner, the peroneal process is mediolaterally and proximodistally thinner and the plantar tendon groove is less marked than in S. batalleri. Compared to mustelids such as M. sansaniensis, I. zibethoides and T. sansaniensis (Peigné 2012), the astragalar neck of the morphotypes is shorter and less medially projected, and he sustentacular facet is mediolaterally broader. The calcaneus morphotypes are larger with a more rounded sustentaculum tali. All these differences exclude an assignment of the bones to Hyaenodonta, Nimravidae, Miacidae, Ursidae, Ailuridae or Mustelidae and indicate a close relationship to amphicyonids. The astragalus of Morphotypes 1, 3, and 4 is very similar to that generally observed in Amphicyonidae such as Amphicyon major (Argot 2010), Amphicyon galushai (Hunt 2009), and the North American Ysengrinia americana Wortman, 1901 (Oligo- Miocene) (Hunt 2002). The head is relatively projected on the medial side of the astragalus and quite broad; the trochlea is asymmetrical and its mediolateral width is greater than its proximodistal length. Futhermore, Morphotype 1 displays a relatively large trochlea, just as Morphotype 2, which also features a deep trochlear articulation. These characteristics are present in large amphicyonids such as Amphicyon giganteus (Miocene of Europe and Africa; Gagnaison et al. 2017). Despite these morphological similarities, these three morphotypes display some differences from these amphicyonids (i. e., A. major, A. galushai, and Y. americana). The neck of Morphotype 1 is mediolaterally thinner and proximodistally shorter, and the fibular facet is dorsoventrally thicker than in Morphotypes 3 and 4. Moreover, Morphotype 1 is taller than the two others. The neck of Morphotype 3 is proximodistally longer and the head edges are less marked than in the others. In Morphotype 4, the distal edge of the trochlea medial lip is more proximal than the lateral lip and the plantar tendon groove is more marked. Morphotype 2 is assigned to Amphicyonidae because of its strong resemblance to the amphicyonid Daphoenodon robustum (North America, Miocene) (Hunt 2009). Indeed, the shape of the trochlea, relatively well excavated, the elongated neck, and the shape of the head, which is not mediolaterally wide in comparison to the width of the neck, are observed in Daphoenodon robustum. The morphology of the calcaneus Morphotype A is closely similar to that of Amphicyon galushai (Hunt 2009), which also has a broad tubercle on its proximal part that is much thinner on its distal part. Moreover, the sustentacular facet is rounded and distally placed. Morphotype B is similar to the specimen of Daphoenodon robustum illustrated in Hunt (2009). The sustentaculum tali is more proximally located than in the other morphotypes. The plantar tubercle is ventrally and distally long, forming a tip at the cuboid facet. Morphotype C is morphologically similar to the calcaneus of the European Amphicyon lathanicus Ginsburg, Cheneval, Janvier, Pouit & Sen, 2000 (Miocene) (Ginsburg 2002). The sustentaculum tali is distally located, the cuboid facet is inclined with respect to the mediolateral axis and is distally strongly concave. Its morphology is also strongly similar to that of Cynelos lemanensis Pomel, 1846 (Peigné & Heizmann 2003), Afrocyon ginsburgi Morales, Pickford, Soria & Fraile, 1998 (Morales et al. 2016) and Amphicyon longiramus White, 1942 (Olsen 1960). The four amphicyonids share the following features: the peroneal process is poorly broad, the sustentaculum tali is distally positioned and the cuboid facet is concave. Moreover, the sustentacular facet is rounded in both C. lemanensis and Morphotype C. At the opposite side, the sagittal groove is more defined and the tuber calcanei is distally a little thinner in C. lemanensis. Relative abundance and body mass (see below) support the attribution of these morphotypes to amphicyonids, but they cannot be further assigned to infra-familial ranks. RELATIVE ABUNDANCES In almost all collections studied here, amphicyonids are by far the most abundant group (Table 2). This is also true for the dental specimens of this carnivoran group in the ULiege collection, with 30.73 %. Amphicyonids are not the most abundant carnivorans in the KUL collection, but still represent 31.03 % of the assemblage, making it the second most abundant group in this collection after Ursoidea (39.66 %). The high relative abundance of amphicyonid tarsal bones is thus congruent with the high relative abundance of amphicyonids based on dental remains. BODY MASS ESTIMATION The body mass estimated for Cynodictis lacustris based on its astragalus (1 to 2 kg; Table 4) is lower than the values obtained from dental material (c. 5 kg; Table 3). For the European amphicyonids, the body mass estimated from the lower first molar varies between 4 and 134 kg (Table 3). This range is very broad and is greater than the values obtained for the four astragalar morphotypes. Morphotypes 1 and 2 fall within this range, but Morphotypes 3 and 4 are just outside this range with values below 3 kg; one can note that the latter case is similar to that of C. lacustris (Table 4). Among the amphicyonids recorded in the Paleogene of Europe (Table 3), body masses between 5 and 10 kg correspond to the genera Cynodictis, Symplectocyon Springhorn, 1979, and “ Cynodictis ” (C. exilis Teilhard de Chardin, 1915 and “ C. ” palmidens Teilhard de Chardin, 1915). Therefore, Morphotypes 3 and 4 might correspond to these genera. Morphotype 1 groups heavier specimens (between 8 and 17 kg based on astragalus; Table 4). Because it seems that the body masses estimated from the astragalus are lower than those estimated from the m 1, Morphotype 1 could correspond to the smallest species of Cynelos, Cynelos rugosidens Schlosser, 1899 or Cynelos crassidens Filhol, 1876 (≈ 23 - 24 kg). Some specimens could also correspond to the Oligocene amphicyonid Goupilictis Ginsburg, 1969 (13 kg). Finally, Morphotype 2 could also include specimens that correspond to the genus Cynelos Jourdan, 1862. It may also include representatives of the genera Pseudocyonopsis Kuss, 1965 and Haplocyon Schlosser, 1901 (Table 3). Interestingly these new tarsal bones indicate significant differences in body mass within the same family (Table 4), as does the dental material (Table 3). Furthermore, there are no specimens that may correspond to the largest European amphicyonids Brachycyon Filhol, 1872, Harpagocyon Springhorn, 1977, Ysengrinia Ginsburg, 1965, Haplocyonopsis Bonis, 1973, and Crassidia Heizmann & Kordikova, 2000. It is worth noting that these genera are only known in the Chattian (MP 26 - MP 30). Thus, the astragali studied here might come from Priabonian and Rupelian localities, except if some belong to Goupilictis. LOCOMOTION Posture and locomotion significantly affect the morphology of the tarsal bones (Szalay & Decker 1974; Jenkins & McClearn 1984; Taylor 1989). The crurotarsal joint, where the tibia and astragalus are in contact, is the main axis of flexion of the foot. The posture is therefore related to the morphology of this articulation (Wang 1993). The calcaneus, which articulates with the astragalus, also has an important role in the movement of the hindlimb because of the insertion of the m. gastrocnemius and m. soleus. They attach to its distal end via the achilles tendon, which constitutes the main lever of plantar flexion (Barone 2000). Among the Carnivora, two postures are recognized: plantigrady and digitigrady. Some authors define an intermediate state present in many extant Mustelidae and Viverridae: semi-digitigrady (Wang 1993; Polly 2008). It appears that the absence of the trochlear foramen and a tendinous groove in digitigrade predators allows the tibia to rotate over the entire surface of the trochlea and thus to have a greater amplitude of flexion-extension (Wang 1993). According to Ginsburg (1961), an elongated astragalus is associated with digitigrade locomotion. Carrano (1997) remarked that the orientation of the astragalus head is a distinctive element between digitigrade and plantigrade postures: the head is oriented in the same direction as the body in dorsal view in a plantigrade mammal, whereas in a digitigrade mammal, it is inclined relative to the direction of the body of the astragalus. According to Polly (2008), in a digitigrade animal the calcaneal ectal facet is sharply convex, the peroneal process is small, the sustentaculum tali is more proximally and posteriorly positioned, and the astragalar ectal facet is sharply curved. In plantigrade animals: the calcaneal ectal facet is rounded, the peroneal process is long, the sutentaculum tali is larger and distally positioned, the astragalar neck is narrow, and the astragalar ectal facet is shallow. Finally, the presence of large and flat facets on these two bones causes a reduction of intertarsal mobility (Polly 2008). All the postures and locomotion hypothesized for the sample presented herein are listed in Table 6. Morphotype 1 has a plantar tendinous groove, and the head is not inclined towards the mediolateral axis. The ectal facet is shallow, as for Ailurus fulgens Cuvier, 1825 (Ailuridae) and Bassaricyon gabbii Allen, 1876 (Procyonidae), two plantigrade species (Polly 2008). It has a narrow neck and an ectal facet that is shallow. These characters suggest that Morphotype 1 corresponds to a plantigrade animal. Morphotype 2 has a longer neck than in Morphotype 1, and a head that is slightly inclined towards the mediolateral axis. The neck is also larger and the ectal facet is sharply curved, as observed in Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 (Canidae), Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758, Leptailurus serval (Schreber, 1776), and Lynx rufus (Schreber, 1777) (Felidae), which are all digitigrade (Polly 2008). Morphotype 2 therefore better corresponds to a digitigrade animal. Moreover, it strongly resembles the astragalus of the North American amphicyonid Daphoenodon robustum, which was considered a digitigrade animal capable of powerful propulsive force (Hunt 2009). However, Morphotype 2 has a tendinous groove, which is placed fairly ventrally on the trochlea and weakly excavated. Flexion-extension should therefore have moderate amplitude, but more than a plantigrade animal with a strongly defined tendinous groove. Daphoenodon robustum does not appear to have a tendinous groove (Hunt 2009 does not mention this structure, which is also not visible on the illustrations). Because of this morphology, Morphotype 2 is probably better characterized as a semi-digitigrade animal. Morphotypes 3 and 4 have a head that is oriented on the mediolateral axis as well as a plantar tendon groove, like in the plantigrade species used in Carrano’s (1997) analyses and Procyon lotor Linnaeus, 1758 (Procyonidae) (Wang 1993). The neck is long and narrow and the ectal facet is well curved (deeper in Morphotype 3 than in Morphotype 4), as in B. gabbii and A. fulgens, which are plantigrade mammals (Polly 2008). Morphotypes 3 and 4 are therefore interpreted as plantigrade, but the latter displays a larger range of movements enabled by a less deep trochlear surface. Morphotypes A and C have a rounded sutentaculum tali that is rather distal; this structure is even more distal in Morphotype C, as observed in A. fulgens and B. gabbii, which are plantigrade (Polly 2008). This would therefore be characteristic of a plantigrade animal. However, in Morphotype C, the peroneal process is poorly broad, which seems to be a digitigrade feature (e. g., L. serval; Polly 2008). The gear ratio for morphotype A is 1.23 (Table 5), which is similar to that of Vulpes velox (Say, 1823) (Canidae; digitigrade, terrestrial), Spilogale gracilis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mephitidae; plantigrade, terrestrial), Taxidea taxus (Schreber, 1777) (Mustelidae; plantigrade, semifossorial), and Nasua narica (Linnaeus, 1766) (Procyonidae; plantigrade, scansorial) (Polly 2010; Polly et al. 2017). The gear ratio for Morphotype C (1.18; Table 5) is similar to that of Tremarctos ornatus (Cuvier, 1825) (Ursidae; Plantigrade, scansorial), Potos flavus (Schreber, 1774) (Procyonidae; plantigrade, arboreal) and Galictis vittata (Schreber, 1776) (Mustelidae; plantigrade, semi-fossorial) (Yensen & Tarifa 2003; Polly 2010; Polly et al. 2017). Morphotypes A and C may therefore correspond to plantigrade amphicyonids. Morphotype B has a more proximal sustentaculum tali, as in F. catus and L. rufus (Polly 2008). In addition, its morphology is close to that of the calcaneus of Daphoenodon robustum, which is digitigrade as indicated above (Hunt 2009). It also resembles the specimen of the Miocene digitigrade Plithocyon ursinus Cope, 1875 in North America (Paleontological Collection of MNHN), which also has a proximal sustentaculum tali and a distally long plantar tubercle. On the other hand, the peroneal process is well broad and the sustentaculum tali is located a little more dorsally, which seem to be plantigrade features (e. g., A. fulgens; Polly 2008). Even if the sustentaculum tali is more proximal than the other morphotypes, it is still far distal relative to extant digitigrade carnivorans (e. g., F. catus; Polly 2008). The gear ratio for Morphotype B is 1.25 (Table 5), which is close to P. lotor (semi-digitigrade, scansorial), Martes americana (Turton, 1806) (Mustelidae; plantigrade, scansorial) and Conepatus chinga (Molina, 1782) (Mephitidae; semi-digitigrade, terrestrial) (Polly 2010; Polly et al. 2017). Morphotype B would therefore rather be a semidigitigrade and terrestrial or scansorial animal, but probably not cursorial (gear ratio less than 1.22). The head of the astragalus of Cynodictis lacustris is inclined with respect to the mediolateral axis and the tendinous groove seems to merge with the trochlea, as in the digitigrade Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Schreber, 1775) (Wang 1993). However, the neck is quite short and the astragalar ectal facet is well curved, as in F. catus and L. rufus which are digitigrade and scansorial. In addition, the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus is not placed very distally, as can be observed in a digitigrade animal (e. g., C. lupus; Polly et al. 2017). The gear ratio is 1.27 for C. lacustris (Table 5), which is similar to Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) (Canidae; digitigrade, terrestrial), Canis latrans Say, 1823 (Canidae; digitigrade, terrestrial), Canis rufus Audubon & Bachman, 1851 (Canidae; digitigrade, terrestrial), and Panthera onca Linnaeus, 1758 (Felidae; digitigrade, scansorial) (Polly et al. 2017). The canid species (i. e., Canis Linnaeus, 1758 and Vulpes Frisch, 1775) are all cursorial (Polly et al. 2017). Therefore, Cynodictis lacustris can be considered as digitigrade and cursorial. Interpretations are more contentious regarding locomotion. Based on the model of Polly & MacLeod (2008), the calcaneus of Cynodictis morphology is intermediate between the terrestrial and the scansorial morphologies. Morphotypes A and C are between the arboreal and terrestrial morphologies. But the specimens used for the implementation of this model are all extant animals and, in the case of plantigrady, the majority of the specimens are arboreal. Therefore, Polly & MacLeod’s (2008) model links plantigrady and arborality. While it is true that arboreal animals are often plantigrades (Taylor 1989; Panciroli et al. 2017), plantigrades are not necessarily arboreal (Wang 1993). Morphotypes A and C do not exhibit a large sustentaculum tali, in contrast to arboreal animals. Therefore, Morphotypes A and C may represent terrestrial predators."},{"description":"Dorsal view The sagittal groove is rather marked. The proximal part of the tuber calcanei is rather mediolaterally wide. It is rather proximodistally elongated, as is the ectal facet. This facet is highly convex. Its edges are rather well pronounced, except the distal one, which merges with the body of the calcaneus (and therefore is difficult to delimit). The sustentacular facet is well-rounded, very slightly concave, and extends on the proximal edge of the sustentaculum tali. The peroneal process is quite broad and its proximal edge is well-defined. The cuboid facet is inclined with respect to the mediolateral axis and its lateral edge rises slightly on the body of the calcaneus. This articular surface is strongly concave. Lateral view The dorsal and ventral edges of the tuber calcanei are slightly concave. A cavity – probably for the insertion of the lateral collateral ligament – is clearly visible proximal to the ectal facet. Medial view The tendinous plantar groove is well excavated. The sustentaculum tali is dorsoventrally quite thick, even more so than in Cynodictis lacustris and Morphotype B. The plantar tubercle does not form a distally directed tip as seen in Cynodictis lacustris. Distal view The plantar tubercle is ventrally broad. The edge separating the plantar tubercule and the cuboid facet is more visible than in Cynodictis lacustris. Proximal view The proximal part of the tuber calcanei has a sub-spherical surface. The groove is slightly more pronounced than in Cynodictis lacustris."},{"description":"Dorsal view The sagittal groove is rather visible. The tuber calcanei is proximodistally quite elongated. The ectal facet is more inclined relative to the proximodistal axis than in other morphotypes, as well as in Cynodictis lacustris. It is strongly convex in the middle and very slightly concave in its proximal part. The edges of this facet are rather well pronounced, except the distal edge, which merges with the body of the calcaneus and is therefore difficult to delimit. The sustentacular facet is rounded and extends slightly on the proximal edge of the sustentaculum tali. It is placed more proximal on the body of the calcaneus than in the other two calcaneal morphotypes. The peroneal process and its proximal and distal edges are quite well defined. The cuboid facet is inclined with respect to the mediolateral axis and its lateral edge rises over the body of the calcaneus. The plantar tubercle is distally very long and clearly visible in dorsal view. It is longer than that of Cynodictis lacustris. Lateral view The dorsal and ventral edges of the tuber calcanei are very slightly concave. The cavity, proximal to the ectal facet, is deep and positioned higher on the tuber than in Morphotype A. Medial view The tendinous plantar groove is quite excavated. Distal view The cuboid facet is smaller than in Morphotype A. The plantar tubercle is ventrally quite broad. The edge separating these two structures is not very clear. Proximal view The proximal part of the tuber calcanei has a rather oval surface that is slightly dorsoventrally elongated."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","44":"Chordata","359":"Mammalia","732":"Carnivora","3240054":"Amphicyonidae"},"class":"Mammalia"},{"key":302372473,"datasetKey":"27dffb96-f2ae-4042-82d3-cec961fa260a","parentKey":321860247,"parent":"Nautilida","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Nautilida","genus":"? genus","kingdomKey":321860244,"phylumKey":321860245,"classKey":321860246,"orderKey":321860247,"genusKey":302372473,"scientificName":"genus A","canonicalName":"? genus","nameType":"BLACKLISTED","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"03D4F01AFFC19E003C36F91DFEC8E703.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Description Both specimens are fragmentary and only allow the geometry of the conch to be studied. Both have been sectioned and show that the inner whorls are largely crushed and partially dissolved. With a diameter of 72 mm, specimen MB. C. 32023 is the smaller of the two (Fig. 15). The reconstruction shows a thinly discoidal, subinvolute conch (ww / dm = 0.43; uw / dm = 0.19) with an inverted trapezoidal whorl profile. The venter is concave and bordered by a skid-like sharpened ventrolateral shoulder. The convergent flanks are almost flat with a slightly concave outer region; the umbilical margin is angular and the umbilical wall is flattened and ventrally directed. The surface of the shell appears smooth; the internal form shows no sculpture. The second specimen MB. C. 32024 has a conch diameter of approximately 120 mm and is more strongly deformed and dissolved. It agrees with the smaller specimen in terms of the sharp-edged shape of the umbilical margin."},{"description":"Fig. 15; Table 7"},{"description":"Remarks The two specimens from the Aras Valley appear to be very similar to the type species from central Iran in terms of the proportions of the venter. However, there seems to be a difference in the arrangement of the umbilical wall, which is vertical in the type species, but oriented towards the venter in the specimens from NW Iran."},{"description":"Material examined IRAN – West Azerbaijan • 1 specimen; Aras Valley; Zal Member of the Ali Bashi Formation (early Changhsingian); 2018; Ghaderi leg.; illustrated in Fig. 15; MB. C. 32023 • 1 specimen; same data as for preceding; MB. C. 32024."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321860244":"Animalia","321860245":"Mollusca","321860246":"Cephalopoda","321860247":"Nautilida"},"class":"Cephalopoda"},{"key":155643692,"datasetKey":"2d59e5db-57ad-41ff-97d6-11f5fb264527","nubKey":10306637,"parentKey":155643684,"parent":"Orthomyxoviridae","kingdom":"Viruses","family":"Orthomyxoviridae","genus":"Influenzavirus A","kingdomKey":155643048,"familyKey":155643684,"genusKey":155643692,"scientificName":"Influenzavirus A","nameType":"VIRUS","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:600303","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"155643048":"Viruses","155643684":"Orthomyxoviridae"}},{"key":272887358,"nameKey":439896146,"datasetKey":"e007cc4a-8704-449d-8829-bb209d26d6c8","nubKey":2300049,"parentKey":272887192,"parent":"Amnicolidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Littorinimorpha","family":"Amnicolidae","genus":"Amnicola","kingdomKey":270195436,"phylumKey":272646029,"classKey":300746459,"orderKey":300747528,"familyKey":272887192,"genusKey":272887358,"scientificName":"Amnicola A. 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Agassiz, 1881","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"FAMILY","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"10773826","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Die Pourtalesiiden (Pourtalesiidae) sind eine Familie der irregulären Seeigel, die in der Tiefsee leben. Sie sind sekundär bilateral-symmetrisch und von länglicher Gestalt. Vertreter dieser Familie wurden erstmals von Louis-François de Pourtalès entdeckt. Nach ihm wurde die Gattung Pourtalesia benannt, nach der wiederum die Familie benannt ist. Bei ihnen, wie bei den übrigen Holasteroida fehlt die für die meisten Seeigel charakteristische Laterne des Aristoteles. Die Familie ist bereits aus der oberen Kreidezeit (Maastrichtium) bekannt und weltweit verbreitet."},{"description":"Derzeit sind 28 rezente und 5 ausgestorbene Arten der Pourtalesien bekannt, die in 10 Gattungen aufgeteilt werden. Gattung Ceratophysa Pomel, 1883 Ceratophysa ceratopyga (A. Agassiz, 1879) Ceratophysa rosea (A. Agassiz, 1879) Gattung Cystocrepis Mortensen, 1907 Cystocrepis setigera (A. Agassiz, 1898) Gattung Echinocrepis A. Agassiz, 1879 Echinocrepis cuneata A. Agassiz, 1879 Echinocrepis rostrata Mironov, 1973 Gattung Echinosigra Mortensen, 1907 Echinosigra (Echinogutta) amphora Mironov, 1974 Echinosigra (Echinogutta) antarctica Mironov, 1974 Echinosigra (Echinogutta) fabrefacta Mironov, 1974 Echinosigra (Echinogutta) valvaedentata Mironov, 1974 Echinosigra (Echinosigra) mortensi Mironov, 1974 Echinosigra (Echinosigra) phiale (Thomson, 1873) Echinosigra (Echinosigra) porrecta Mironov, 1974 Echinosigra (Echinosigra) vityazi Mironov, 1997 Gattung Galeaster Seunes, 1889 † Galeaster carinatus Ravn, 1927 † Galeaster dagestanensis Poslavskaya & Moskvin, 1960 † Galeaster minor Poslavskaya, in Moskvin & Poslavskaya, 1949 † Galeaster muntshiensis Tzaghareli, 1949 † Galeaster sumbaricus Poslavskaya, in Moskvin & Poslavskaya, 1949 † Gattung Helgocystis Mortensen, 1907 Helgocystis carinata (A. Agassiz, 1879) Gattung Pourtalesia A. Agassiz, 1869 Pourtalesia alcocki Koehler, 1914 Pourtalesia aurorae Koehler, 1926 Pourtalesia debilis Koehler, 1926 Pourtalesia heptneri Mironov, 1978 Pourtalesia hispida A. Agassiz, 1897 Pourtalesia jeffreysi Thomson, 1873 Pourtalesia laguncula A. Agassiz, 1879 Pourtalesia miranda A. Agassiz, 1869 Pourtalesia tanneri A. Agassiz, 1898 Pourtalesia thomsoni Mironov, 1976 Pourtalesia vinogradovae Mironov, 1995 Gattung Rictocystis Mironov, 1996 Rictocystis jensenae Mironov, 1996 Gattung Solenocystis Mironov, 2008 Solenocystis imitans Mironov, 2008 Gattung Spatagocystis A. Agassiz, 1879 Spatagocystis challengeri A. Agassiz, 1879"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321761289":"Echinoidea","321761318":"Holasteroida"},"class":"Echinoidea"},{"key":9966660,"nameKey":3984368,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"0938172b-2086-439c-a1dd-c21cb0109ed5","nubKey":9966660,"parentKey":1937,"parent":"Poxviridae","acceptedKey":10549178,"accepted":"Alphaentomopoxvirus","kingdom":"Viruses","phylum":"Nucleocytoviricota","order":"Chitovirales","family":"Poxviridae","genus":"Alphaentomopoxvirus","kingdomKey":8,"phylumKey":10873822,"classKey":10871541,"orderKey":10830117,"familyKey":1937,"genusKey":10549178,"scientificName":"Entomopoxvirus A","authorship":"","nameType":"VIRUS","taxonomicStatus":"SYNONYM","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:9966660","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":true,"higherClassificationMap":{"8":"Viruses","10873822":"Nucleocytoviricota","10871541":"Pokkesviricetes","10830117":"Chitovirales","1937":"Poxviridae","10549178":"Alphaentomopoxvirus"},"class":"Pokkesviricetes"},{"key":165524116,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","nubKey":9672403,"parentKey":578416,"parent":"Calliostoma","acceptedKey":165524101,"accepted":"Calliostoma jujubinum (Gmelin, 1791)","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","family":"Calliostomatidae","genus":"Calliostoma","species":"Calliostoma jujubinum","kingdomKey":165236969,"phylumKey":321769259,"classKey":165471537,"familyKey":321773784,"genusKey":321773820,"speciesKey":165524101,"scientificName":"Calliostoma prejujubinum Olsson, A.A. & A. 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MERRILLII, SEE ABOVE)","kingdomKey":321059333,"phylumKey":321059334,"classKey":321059335,"orderKey":321059336,"familyKey":321059337,"genusKey":268647274,"scientificName":"Amorphophallus (EXCL. A. LONGISPATHACEUS, A. LUZONIENSIS AND A. MERRILLII, SEE ABOVE)","authorship":"","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"025E87B54D4EFFDE4F79FC7338F8A594.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"KEY TO THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF AMORPHOPHALLUS (EXCL. A. LONGISPATHACEUS, A. LUZONIENSIS AND A. MERRILLII, SEE ABOVE) 1. Inflorescence short pedunculate, spathe sessile on the soil or almost so................................... 2 1. Inflorescence long pedunculate; peduncle longer than spathe ............................................. 5 2. Spathe hooded (fornicate), hiding the spadix........................................... 1. A. fornicatus 2. Spathe campanulate, opening widely exposing the spadix ............................................ 3 3. Spadix far exceeding the spathe, appendix narrowly elongate, smooth, style slender, stigma entire..... 5. A. yaoi 3. Spadix as long as or at most 10 cm longer than spathe, appendix (broadly) conical or fusiform-conical, smooth or irregularly wrinkled/folded, style sturdy or slender, stigma shallowly or strongly lobed....................... 4 4. Spadix shorter than or slightly longer than spathe, appendix broadly conical-triangular, base cuneate or overarching, surface usually wrinkled/folded, spathe margin not rolled inwards, style slender, at least twice as long as ovary..................................... A. paeoniifolius 4. Spadix as long as or at most 10 cm longer than spathe, more or less distinctly appendix fusiform-conical, base more or less constricted, surface inside smooth or very shallowly rugulose, spathe margin narrowly rolled inwards, style sturdy, almost as long as ovary or slightly longer. 4. A. urceolatus 5. Spathe small, not longer than 10 cm, purple on both sides................................. A. palawanensis 1 National Tree Museum Gimborn,Velperengh13,3941 BZ Doorn, The Netherlands; corresponding author e-mail: hetter@xs4all.nl. 5. Spathe considerably longer than 10 cm, purple, white, green or multi-coloured............................... 6 2 Biological Sciences Department, De La Salle University – Dasmariñas, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4115, The Philippines. 3 Philippine National Herbarium, P. Burgos St., Ermita, Manila 1000, The Philippines. 6 Appendix densely set with long, thin hairs; spathe limb near uniformly white with or without a pink-purplish hue............................................. A. natolii 4 P. O. Box 37456, Raleigh, NC 27627, USA . 6. Appendix smooth or verrucose, spathe limb mostly partly white but more usually purple, never pink.......... 7 7. Sterile zone between female and male zone present, covered with broadly flattened, shield-like staminodes..... 8 7 Sterile zone between female and male zones absent. 9 8. Spadix shorter or only slightly longer than spathe; appendix surface heavily verrucose............. A. salmoneus 8. Spadix far outreaching the spathe; appendix smooth or shallowly rugulose...................... 3. A. rayongii 9. Spadix shorter than spathe; appendix fusiform; stigmas with 4–5 prominent, rod-like extensions... 2. A. cidarioides 9. Spadix distinctly longer than spathe;appendix narrowly elongate conical, stigmas without extensions.......... 10 10. Style 1 mm or shorter......................... 11 10. Style 2 mm or longer.......................... 12 11. Stigma trilobed, lobes equal, tuber developing numerous small globose offsets each year, leaf blade without intercalary bulbils; spathe base inside heavily verrucate, sometimes slightly confluent forming shallow ridges.......................................... A. declinatus 11. Stigma one- or trilobed and then one lobe much larger than the other two; tuber not developing offsets; mature leaf blade with a central half-intercalary bulbil at the junction of the petiole and the lamina and sometimes at the first major branching points of the main segments; spathe base inside heavily verrucate, verrucae often confluent forming very prominent ridges.................. A. rostratus 12. Spathe broadly triangular, almost as broad as long; spadix at most twice as long as the spathe; leaflets more or less gradually narrowing to a short, acuminate tip............................................ A. dactylifer 12. Spathe elongate triangular, twice longer than broad; spadix at least 2.5 times longer than spathe; leaflets abruptly narrowed into a long, narrow acuminate tip. A. adamsensis"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321059333":"Plantae","321059334":"Tracheophyta","321059335":"Liliopsida","321059336":"Alismatales","321059337":"Araceae"},"class":"Liliopsida"},{"key":257138573,"nameKey":13335625,"datasetKey":"c8227bb4-4143-443f-8cb2-51f9576aff14","nubKey":1057512,"basionymKey":128496181,"basionym":"Rhizotrogus A. A. Berthold in Latreille, 1827","genus":"Rhizotrogus","genusKey":257138573,"scientificName":"Rhizotrogus A. A. Berthold in Latreille, 1827","canonicalName":"Rhizotrogus","authorship":"A.A.Berthold, 1827","publishedIn":"Latreille, Pierre A. 1827. Latreille’s Naturliche Familien des Thierreichs aus dem Franzosischen, mit Anmerkungen und Zusätzen, von Arnold Adolph Berthold. Verlage des Gr. H.S. priv. Landes-Industrie- Comptoirs, Weimar.: i-x+1-606.","accordingTo":"Muscarella, Calogero & Ignazio Sparacio. 2024. Rhizotrogus tatianae a new species from Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy) (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Melolonthinae). Biodiversity Journal 15(2): 135-141.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":1,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"8fc25729-8d75-4120-8acf-781700fd1959","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":272924336,"nameKey":71836155,"datasetKey":"e007cc4a-8704-449d-8829-bb209d26d6c8","nubKey":3245545,"parentKey":272924229,"parent":"Cerithiidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","family":"Cerithiidae","genus":"Bogatschevia","kingdomKey":270195436,"phylumKey":272646029,"classKey":300746459,"familyKey":272924229,"genusKey":272924336,"scientificName":"Bogatschevia A. A. Ali-Zade & Kabakova, 1969","canonicalName":"Bogatschevia","authorship":"A.A.Ali-Zade & Kabakova, 1969","publishedIn":"Ali-Zade, A. A. (1969). 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Four varieties have been discovered: Exophiala jeanselmei var. heteromorpha, E. jeanselmei var. lecanii-corni, E. jeanselmei var. jeanselmei, and E. jeanselmei var. castellanii. Other species in the genus Exophiala such as E. dermatitidis and E. spinifera have been reported to have similar annellidic conidiogenesis and may therefore be difficult to differentiate."},{"description":"Exophiala jeanselmei is commonly found in soil, plants, water, and can also be isolated from decaying wood as this fungus is a saprotroph in nature. This species has world-wide occurrence but are particularly noted in Asia and more commonly in tropical and subtropical regions. The genus Exophiala has been isolated from hydrocarbon rich environments as well as from hot, humid, and oligotrophic environments such as dishwashers, steam bath facilities and bathrooms that only provide low levels of nutrients. It has been proposed that the conditions usually found within dishwashers such as high temperature, moisture and alkaline pH can provide an alternative habitat for human pathogenic species. The fungus has optimal growth at 30 °C but growth is inhibited at 40 °C. Most strains isolated from soil cannot grow at temperatures higher than 30 °C while strains isolated from humans can grow at higher temperatures such as 37 °C of the human body. This adaptation of E. jeanselmei had developed evolutionarily in order to survive on their human hosts. This is a distinguishing factor that helps in determining the pathogenicity of a particular strain. A feature that distinguishes E. jeanselmei from Cladosporium which forms very similar colonies is that E. jeanselmei is not proteolytic. It is able to assimilate glucose, galactose, maltose, and sucrose, but not lactose."},{"description":"Exophiala jeanselmei was first isolated in 1928 by Jeanselme from a case of black mycetoma on the foot. The nomenclature was based on the fungus' morphological characteristics, hence, it was originally classified as Torula jeanselmei because of its yeast like shape when grown in culture. It was later reclassified by McGinnis and Padhye in 1977 as Exophiala jeanselmei after further research on conidiogenesis."},{"description":"The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fluconazole for E. jeanselmei is very high, flucytosine and miconazole also have relatively high MICs which indicate that the fungus is fairly resistant to these drugs. Amphotericin B, ketoconazole, and voriconazole have lower MICs, and E. jeanselmei is most susceptible to itraconazole and terbinafine. Novel drugs such as echinocandin and caspofungin also have favorable antifungal activity against Exophiala jeanselmei isolates. However, in vitro susceptibility in comparison to the efficacy of antifungal agents in clinical manifestations of this fungus is currently unknown, that in vitro success may or may not directly correlate clinically. Previous cases of black grain mycetoma caused by E. jeanselmei were clinically treated and cases of phaeohyphomycosis caused by this fungus were completely cured where both cases were remedied by administering itraconazole. E. jeanselmei also showed some susceptibility to being treated with antifungal agents such as amphotericin B, voriconazole and posaconazole. Amphotericin B used to be the most potent antifungal treatment for severe fungal infections, but due to its strong association with severe side effects such as nephrotoxicity, its use is now often replaced with azoles and echinocandins. The use of combinations of surgical excision and pharmacological treatments for severe infections is usually the preferred way to treat diseases caused by this fungus."},{"description":"In culture, E. jeanselmei produces slow growing colonies that are green black in color. Cultures manifest a combination of mycelial and yeast-like growth forms, however the yeast-like typically predominates. Black aerial mycelium develops on the colony surface that consists of hyphae with swellings at regular intervals. Conidia are variable in size and are often formed in clusters at the tip of annellidic conidiogenous cells. The conidia are narrowly ellipsoidal in shape and 2.6-5.9 µm × 1.2-2.5 µm in size. Immature sexual fruiting bodies called ascomata have been reported but their rare occurrence are thought to be due to the lack of mating compatibility. Exophiala jeanselmei is affiliated with the ascomycete genus Capronia."},{"description":"Exophiala jeanselmei has versatile adaptability and acts as an opportunistic pathogen. Infections are more common in immunocompromised people and can also have manifestations in healthy people with wounded skin via traumatic implantation. Chronic steroid use has been found to increase the severity of inflammation. There were also cases where infections by E. jeanselmei occurred during solid organ transplants. Infections frequently cause inflammation in the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues of the skin, causing phaeomycotic cyst, chromoblastomycosis and can occasionally cause eumycetoma which is a chronic granulomatous disease in the form of black grains. Mycetoma, a common form of clinical manifestation of E. jeanselmei, is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease that forms abscess and draining sinuses in more advanced stages. In mycotic mycetoma, vesicles of cyst like structures are formed. Dissemination, endocarditis and arthritis could arise from an opportunistic infection by E. jeanselmei, and it was also isolated from phaeohyphomycosis with sclerotic round bodies. There have been several cases of E. jeanselmei being the etiological agent of phaeohyphomycosis in domesticated cats where diagnoses were confirmed by sequencing the fungus' ribosomal RNA. The grains of this fungus are small, black in color and have soft centers. Rare cases of keratitis, infection of the cornea, have also identified E. jeanselmei as the etiological agent."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"165526959":"Fungi","321795686":"Ascomycota","321796669":"Eurotiomycetes","321796702":"Chaetothyriales","321796704":"Herpotrichiellaceae","321796708":"Exophiala"},"class":"Eurotiomycetes"},{"key":272673150,"nameKey":71836829,"datasetKey":"e007cc4a-8704-449d-8829-bb209d26d6c8","nubKey":3247563,"parentKey":272672949,"parent":"Mactridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Venerida","family":"Mactridae","genus":"Caspimactra","kingdomKey":270195436,"phylumKey":272646029,"classKey":300759826,"orderKey":300761892,"familyKey":272672949,"genusKey":272673150,"scientificName":"Caspimactra A. A. Ali-Zade & Kabakova, 1969","canonicalName":"Caspimactra","authorship":"A.A.Ali-Zade & Kabakova, 1969","publishedIn":"Ali-Zade, A. A. (1969). 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Rhoicosphenula Lange-Bert. to the genus level, and description of a new Gomphosphenia s. s. species from Puerto Rico. Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (13): 217-229, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2021v42a13, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2021v42a13","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:12215708","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"TYPE MATERIAL. — Unites States. Puerto Rico, Cupeyes Stream, National Forest, south-western part of the Island of Puerto Rico, lithology: serpentinites (metamorphic rocks), (18 ° 06 ’ 48.65 ” N, 66 ° 59 ’ 12.30 ” W, 166 m a. s. l.), 3. II. 2016 (holo-, ANSP, slide NEON 00303 b, partly shown here in Fig. 4; iso-, BM, slide BM 81900; iso-: TR, slide cLIM 004 DIAT 3904; NEON Biorepository, Arizona State University’s Natural History Collection in Tempe, AZ, slide NEON 00303 a; diatom collection of the Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Egypt, slide PBA – DIAT 2001)."},{"description":"ETYMOLOGY. — The specific epithet “ patrickiana ” is named in honor of the United States phycologist and limnologist specializing in diatoms and hydrobiology, Ruth M. Patrick (1907 - 2013). She developed innovative ways to assess the quality of freshwater ecosystems, in particular using diatoms, authored> 200 scientific papers, and established numerous research facilities, in particular the Phycology Section at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP, part of Drexel University since 2011). We consider this last achievement notable in the international museological context, as a bright example of a part of the research division (ANSP’s Patrick Center for Environmental Research) of a science museum that obtains most of its funding from tenders, consulting, and ecological assessment projects, many carried out at a nation-wide scale."},{"description":"REGISTRATION. — http: // phycobank. org / 102720"},{"description":"MORPHOLOGY Light microscopy (Fig. 4 M-U) Frustules wedge-shaped in girdle view (Fig. 4 M - U). Valves linearclavate in larger specimens to clavate in smaller ones, slightly broader at the central area in the larger specimens, the headpoles rounded whilst the footpoles are narrowly rounded (Fig. 4 A-L), 8.0 - 17.5 µm long, 2.5 - 4.0 µm wide, L / W ratio: 3.4 - 4.8. Axial area lanceolate to moderately narrower in the smaller specimens, in general narrow at the poles and gradually widening towards the central part. Central area ± rhombic, mostly with 2 - 4 shortened striae, and in some specimens transversely expanded to the valve margin on one side forming a unilateral fascia (Fig. 4 C). The raphe straight, filiform with distinct proximal endings. Striae radiate throughout the valve, becoming almost parallel near the head- and footpole, 23 - 27 in 10 µm. Scanning electron microscopy (Figs 5; 6) The valve face is flat, without stigma. Striae on the valve exterior composed of single radiate slit-like areolae ‘ foramina’, becoming almost round poroids near the poles, particularly the footpole (Fig. 5 A, B). Central area in some specimens with a broad unilateral fascia (Fig. 5 A), and slightly broader in the larger specimens (Fig. 5 B). Raphe straight, filiform with distinctly dilated proximal raphe endings, and distal raphe fissures terminating on the valve face, not extending into the valve mantle, with teardrop-shaped pores (Fig. 5 A, B). The valve mantle bears a single row of areolae which are slit-like at the upper valve half and the headpoles but rounded in shape near the mid-valve and towards the footpole (Fig. 6 C, D). Internally, septa and pseudosepta at both poles are absent (Fig. 5 C; 6 F, G). Internal foramina have almost the same size as the external areolae, and are occluded by hymenes (Fig. 5 C, D). Central nodule is slightly raised (Fig. 5 D). Internal proximal raphe endings are T-shaped (Fig. 5 C, D), while the internal terminal raphe fissures terminate in relatively large helictoglossae (Fig. 6 A, B). In girdle view, frustules typically wedge-shaped, with cingulum composed of seven open bands, each bearing one row of small round pores. Apical pore fields absent (Fig. 6 C, D, E)."},{"description":"(Figs 4 - 6)"},{"description":"ECOLOGY AND CO- OCCURRING DIATOM SPECIES So far, G. patrickiana has been observed only as a Neotropical epilithic species in the two rivers Rio Cupeyes and Rio Guilarte, located in southwest Puerto Rico. It was reported in 27 out of the 37 samples investigated from Rio Cupeyes, and in 21 out of the 45 samples from Rio Guilarte. Maximum relative abundance was distinctly higher in Rio Cupeyes (43 %) compared to Rio Guilarte (3 %). The Rio Cupeyes is, in general, characterized by a water quality much better than that of the agricultureimpacted Rio Guilarte stream, in terms of average TDN and TDP values (Fig. 1). Only epilithon samples were available for this study but they were collected from different habitats and stream reaches (within the same station). Table 1 shows the distribution of the species (using per cent relative abundance) with respect to stream and microhabitat, showing that it was clearly more abundant and frequent in the Rio Cupeyes (Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared “ streams ” = 14.37, d. f. = 1, p = 0.0001). Similar results were obtained for microhabitats (Kruskal-Wallis chisquared “ habitats ” = 11.01, d. f. = 2, p = 0.004) and seasons (Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared “ seasons ” = 10.92, d. f. = 2, p = 0.004). However, a three-way ANOVA showed that the interaction among these three factors is significant (factor = river × season, d. f. = 2, F = 8.20, p = 0.001; factor = season x habitat, d. f. = 4, F = 3.95, p = 0.006). The predominant diatom species (relative abundance> 5 %) of the most common genera at the type locality (Rio Cupeyes) during the whole period of study were: Gogorevia constricta (Torka) Kulikovskiy & Kociolek, Achnanthidium jackii Rabenhorst, Adlafia neoniana Cantonati, Denticula occidentalis Østrup, Gomphonema neotropicum N. Abarca & D. Mora, Nitzschia paleacea (Grunow) Grunow, Sellaphora saugerresii (Desmazières) C. E. Wetzel & D. G. Mann, and Ulnaria lanceolata (Kützing) Compère. Predominant species (rel. ab.> 5 %) at the Rio Guilarte were: Achnanthidium eutrophilum (Lange-Bert.) Lange- Bert., Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta (Ehrenberg) Grunow, C. placentula var. lineata (Ehrenberg) Van Heurck, Craticula subminuscula (Manguin) C. E. Wetzel & Ector, and Cymbella turgidula Grunow, Gomphonema kobayasii Kociolek & J. C. Kingston, Halamphora veneta (Kützing) Levkov, Nitzschia cf. palea (Kützing) W. 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Rachis terminal, erect or rarely curved, few- to densely many-flowered. Floral bracts small, usually as long or longer than the ovary. Ovary pedicellate, fusiform or oblong, generally twisted (except Benthamia bosseri). Flowers small, resupinate (except one species with non-resupinate and pendent flowers), arranged in a narrow rachis, white, green or yellow; sepals and petals free or almost free, entire; labellum entire or trilobed; spur cylindrical (nine species) or short and scrotiform, entire or bilobed at apex, or a small hollow only in one species (B. boiteaui). Column short and massive, subterete, erect; anther erect to slightly deflexed, placed above the rostellum, apiculate or not, bilocular, locules parallel, without anther canals; pollinia two, ellipsoid, granular, 2 caudiculae rudimentary, with two viscidia, detachable, flat, ovate or subelliptic; rostellum small, tridentate or trilobed at the anterior edge; stigma always very short, cushion-shaped, with short convex lobes; auricles two, generally conspicuous, subspathulate or falciform, sometimes lacerated, on lateral sides of column. Fruit a dehiscent capsule, with floral parts persistent on the fruit."},{"description":"(Figs 1; 2)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321050721":"Plantae","321050722":"Tracheophyta","321050723":"Liliopsida","321050724":"Asparagales","321050725":"Orchidaceae"},"class":"Liliopsida"},{"key":156129605,"nameKey":10597202,"datasetKey":"3f8a1297-3259-4700-91fc-acc4170b27ce","nubKey":9792913,"parentKey":156129604,"parent":"Lycopodioideae","order":"Lycopodiales","family":"Lycopodiaceae","genus":"Spinulum","classKey":100000038,"orderKey":100000146,"familyKey":100000147,"genusKey":156129605,"scientificName":"Spinulum A. Haines","canonicalName":"Spinulum","authorship":"A.Haines","accordingTo":"Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group. 2016. A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 54 (6): 563-603","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":3,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"31525","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"herb"}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"clubmoss","language":"eng"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"100000038":"Equisetopsida","100000146":"Lycopodiales","100000147":"Lycopodiaceae","156129604":"Lycopodioideae"},"class":"Equisetopsida"},{"key":258011288,"nameKey":319324457,"datasetKey":"f95250e7-49f4-4d2e-a04e-35533dee3318","nubKey":7600333,"parentKey":258011271,"parent":"Bacillariaceae","kingdom":"Chromista","phylum":"Bacillariophyta","order":"Bacillariales","family":"Bacillariaceae","genus":"Hantzschia","kingdomKey":258006425,"phylumKey":258006486,"classKey":258006955,"orderKey":258011270,"familyKey":258011271,"genusKey":258011288,"scientificName":"Hantzschia A. Grunow","canonicalName":"Hantzschia","authorship":"A.Grunow","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":9,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"http://tun.fi/MX.4980588","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"258006425":"Chromista","258006486":"Bacillariophyta","258006955":"Bacillariophyceae","258011270":"Bacillariales","258011271":"Bacillariaceae"},"class":"Bacillariophyceae"},{"key":132622791,"nameKey":9453525,"datasetKey":"2b94a042-fe01-4d9f-8995-d996c21d33cd","nubKey":2586939,"parentKey":132622788,"parent":"Lichinaceae","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","order":"Lichinales","family":"Lichinaceae","genus":"Psorotichia","kingdomKey":132618233,"phylumKey":132622713,"classKey":132622783,"orderKey":132622784,"familyKey":132622788,"genusKey":132622791,"scientificName":"Psorotichia A. Massal.","canonicalName":"Psorotichia","authorship":"A.Massal.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":1,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"63024","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"132618233":"Fungi","132622713":"Ascomycota","132622783":"Lichinomycetes","132622784":"Lichinales","132622788":"Lichinaceae"},"class":"Lichinomycetes"},{"key":221340636,"nameKey":6487558,"datasetKey":"630b1996-1df6-4bc0-986a-859bb4cd01d4","nubKey":2608790,"parentKey":321131095,"parent":"Sarrameanaceae","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","order":"Sarrameanales","family":"Sarrameanaceae","genus":"Loxospora","kingdomKey":321131091,"phylumKey":321131092,"classKey":321131093,"orderKey":321131094,"familyKey":321131095,"genusKey":221340636,"scientificName":"Loxospora A. Massal.","canonicalName":"Loxospora","authorship":"A.Massal.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"43353D097EF9501BAEBDF1378F3D9546.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Loxospora A. Massal. Loxospora Ric. Auton. Lich. Crost.: 137 (1852). Notes. Three species, L. cyamidia (Stirt.) Kantvilas, L. septata (Sipman & Aptroot) Kantvilas and L. solenospora ( Müll . Arg.) Kantvilas (syn. Sarrameana tasmanica Vězda & Kantvilas), from the Southern Hemisphere have not been sequenced so far. However, they have ascospores similar in shape to other Loxospora spp. (although, in L. cyamidia and L. solenospora, they are rarely septate), asci with an amyloid apical dome and contain thamnolic acid (although L. solenospora may sometimes contain additionally gyrophoric acid or only the latter substance) (Kantvilas 2000, 2004). Given the morphological and chemical similarities to the type species L. elatina and other members of Loxospora s.str., they are treated here as belonging to this genus. Loxospora isidiata Kalb (described from the Philippines) and L. ochrophaeoides Kalb & Hafellner (described from Madeira), introduced by Kalb and Hafellner (1992) and L. glaucomiza (Nyl.) Kalb & Staiger (described from Japan) treated by Staiger and Kalb (1995) are also treated as belonging to Loxospora s.str. due to the production of thamnolic acid. The name Loxospora pustulata (Brodo & W.L. Culb.) Egan was applied to a common and widespread pustulose-sorediate crustose species with thamnolic acid that occurs throughout eastern North America (Brodo and Culberson 1986; Lendemer and Noell 2018). The discovery of fertile material led to its being transferred to the genus Lepra Scop. as L. pustulata (Brodo & W.L. Culb.) Lendemer & R.C. Harris (Lendemer and Harris 2017)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321131091":"Fungi","321131092":"Ascomycota","321131093":"Ascomycetes","321131094":"Sarrameanales","321131095":"Sarrameanaceae"},"class":"Ascomycetes"},{"key":132626754,"nameKey":1495719,"datasetKey":"2b94a042-fe01-4d9f-8995-d996c21d33cd","nubKey":7251265,"parentKey":132626693,"parent":"Teloschistaceae","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","order":"Teloschistales","family":"Teloschistaceae","genus":"Blastenia","kingdomKey":132618233,"phylumKey":132622713,"classKey":132626402,"orderKey":132626692,"familyKey":132626693,"genusKey":132626754,"scientificName":"Blastenia A. 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Grav","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"38CCFFDB3B5616D6ECC7F3C0278A36D7.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Annual, succulent herb, monoecious. Flowers in clusters, the staminate ones at the end of the branches; perianth 3 - 4 lobed, almost globose, lobes unequal; stamens 3 - 4; pistillate flowers axillary, 2 - bracteolate; bracteoles folded, or keeled, later winged, often connate up to the middle; stigmas 2. Pericarp free from the globose seeds; embryo horseshoe-shaped; radicle pointing upward. One sp., S. suckleana (Torr.) Rydb., USA, Rocky Mountains, Montana to Colorado."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321723977":"Plantae","321723978":"Tracheophyta","321723979":"Magnoliopsida","321723980":"Caryophyllales","321723981":"Chenopodiaceae"},"class":"Magnoliopsida"},{"key":119270747,"datasetKey":"155b33d2-84b1-4a31-9287-9d9e900bc6c8","nubKey":7255968,"parentKey":119270722,"parent":"Roccellaceae","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","order":"Arthoniales","family":"Roccellaceae","genus":"Leciographa","kingdomKey":132749574,"phylumKey":119257951,"orderKey":119270720,"familyKey":119270722,"genusKey":119270747,"scientificName":"Leciographa A. 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Volume 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press, New York.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":11,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"1547","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"tree"}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"spruce","language":"eng"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"100000038":"Equisetopsida","100028129":"Pinales","100028130":"Pinaceae","191712052":"Piceoideae"},"class":"Equisetopsida"},{"key":258030099,"nameKey":319325265,"datasetKey":"f95250e7-49f4-4d2e-a04e-35533dee3318","nubKey":7528084,"parentKey":258030098,"parent":"Pyrenulaceae","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","order":"Pyrenulales","family":"Pyrenulaceae","genus":"Pyrenula","kingdomKey":258008568,"phylumKey":258021348,"classKey":258029680,"orderKey":258030094,"familyKey":258030098,"genusKey":258030099,"scientificName":"Pyrenula A. 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Volume 8: Magnoliophyta: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae. Oxford University Press, New York.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":2,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"1730","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"herb"}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"suksdorfia","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"mock brookfoam","language":"eng"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"100000038":"Equisetopsida","100027167":"Saxifragales","100027481":"Saxifragaceae"},"class":"Equisetopsida"},{"key":142425633,"datasetKey":"61a5f178-b5fb-4484-b6d8-9b129739e59d","nubKey":2607454,"parentKey":142425614,"parent":"Catillariaceae","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","order":"Lecanorales","family":"Catillariaceae","genus":"Solenopsora","kingdomKey":142364921,"phylumKey":142398082,"classKey":142416957,"orderKey":142422454,"familyKey":142425614,"genusKey":142425633,"scientificName":"Solenopsora A. 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DC.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"0674F073AA025FD8B63E9DC4BA4240D2.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Miliusa Lesch. ex A. DC. in Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 5: 213 (1832) Miliusa Lesch. ex A. DC. in Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 5: 213 (1832); Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 147 (1855); Fl. Brit. India 1: 86 (1872); Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 1: 46 (1877); Finet & Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 1: 109 (1907); J. Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Singapore 14: 377 (1955); Y. Tsiang & P. T. Li, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 30 (2): 39 (1979); N. T. Ban, Fl. Vietnam 1: 305 (2000); Mols & Kessler, Blumea 48: 421 (2003); P. T. Li & M. G. Gilbert in C. Y. Wu et al., Fl. China 19: 679 (2011); Fl. Thailand 16 (1): 167 (2022). Type: Miliusa indica Lesch. ex A. DC. (holotype: G! [G 00402293]; isotypes: P! [P 00432374, P 00432375]). Hyalostemma Wall., Numer. List 6434 (1832). Type: Hyalostemma roxburghiana Wall., nom. illegit, superfl. (≡ Miliusa dioeca (Roxb.) Chaowasku). Saccopetalum Benn., Pl. Jav. Rar. 165, t. 35 (1840). Type: Saccopetalum horsfieldii Benn. Description. Shrubs, small to medium-sized trees, rarely large trees, 2–40 (– 55) m tall, evergreen, rarely deciduous or semi-deciduous. Annual branches predominantly pubescent to varying degrees, sparsely pubescent to tomentose, becoming glabrescent with age; older branches mostly glabrous, with or without sparse lenticels, longitudinally wrinkled. Leaves chartaceous to subcoriaceous, rarely membranaceous, elliptic, ovate-elliptic, obovate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, rarely ovate, obovate, lanceolate or oblong, 1.8–36 cm long (mostly 5–13 cm), 1–18 cm wide (mostly 2–5 cm), length: width ratio 1.8–3.3; base obtuse-rounded to cuneate, rarely cordate or subcordate, usually asymmetrical; apex mostly acuminate or acute, rarely rounded or mucronate; midvein adaxially flat, slightly impressed or raised, abaxially prominently raised; lateral veins 4–22 per side (mostly 6–15), straight to arching, anastomosing near the margin; tertiary venation reticulate; adaxial leaf surface glabrous, pubescent, or pubescent only along the midvein; abaxial surface usually hairy; petioles 0–7 (– 15) mm long, adaxially grooved or flat, abaxially wrinkled, rarely thickened at the base. Inflorescences simple cymes with 1–10 flowers, axillary, subaxillary, or rarely terminal; inflorescence rachis very short or absent; peduncle present, 0.5–2 mm long, rarely up to 20 mm long, thickened during fruiting; pedicels 0.4–33 cm long (mostly 1–3 cm), 0.5–1 mm in diam., thickened to 0.7–2 (– 3.5) mm during fruiting; bracts and bracteoles usually present, 1–2 (– 4) of each, triangular-ovate, 1–3 × 1–2 mm, pubescent. Flowers bisexual, occasionally unisexual. Calyx valvate, sepals free, rarely slightly connate at base, ovate, triangular to broadly ovate-triangular, rarely lanceolate or linguiform, 0.5–3 (– 10) mm long, 0.5–2 (– 3.5) mm wide, length: width ratio 0.7–3, persistent in fruit; outer petals valvate, free, ovate, triangular or narrowly ovate-triangular, slightly longer than sepals, 1–4 (– 13) mm long, 1–3 (– 6) mm wide, length: width ratio 1.5–5, not persistent in fruit; inner petals yellow, red, purplish red or pale yellowish white, ovate, ovate-triangular or ovate-elliptic, 2.3–42 mm long, 2–15 mm wide, appressed or free from base to middle, saccate or nearly flat, with glands and coloured spots, colourless translucent “ window-like ” regions, or with a coloured patch along the midvein. Androecium of the “ miliusoides ” type; stamens 3–232, usually 20–70, with 1–6 sterile stamens occasionally present. Anthers 2 - locular, ellipsoid, 0.5–1.3 (– 1.8) mm long, 0.5–1 (– 1.3) mm wide, with a longitudinal groove; connective curved, apex obtuse or rarely acute, slightly exceeding the anther; filaments conspicuous, 0.2–0.5 (– 0.9) mm long. Carpels 3–80, usually 10–40; ovaries ellipsoid, (0.5 –) 1–2 (– 2.5) mm long, 0.5–1 mm in diam., glabrous or pubescent; ovules lateral, mostly 1–2 per carpel, rarely 4–12, in 1 or 2 rows; style absent; stigmas ellipsoid, cylindrical, capitate or subglobose, 0.3–2 mm long, 0.3–0.5 mm in diam., glabrous or pubescent. Torus pubescent, conical, subglobose or hemispherical, 1.5–2.5 mm long, 2–3 mm in diam., enlarging to subglobose in fruit. Fruiting pedicel 0.4–33 cm long (mostly 1–7 cm), 0.7–2 mm in diam.; fruit with 1–40 monocarps; monocarps generally spherical, subglobose to ellipsoid, base asymmetric, apex rounded or mucronate, base rounded or tapering to the enlarged pedicel apex, 6–19 mm long, 6–14 mm wide; immature fruits green, maturing red, purplish red, purplish black or black, berry-like, usually smooth, with minute tubercles when dry; pericarp thin, ca. 0.5 mm thick; stipe terete, occasionally slightly quadrangular, 0–50 (– 65) mm long. Seeds 1–10 per monocarp, subglobose or ellipsoid (flattened on 1–2 faces when several), 6–9 × 4–8 mm or 11–17 × 7–15 mm; endosperm ruminate, with lamellate ruminations divided into four parts. Phenology. Most species flower from February to May, rarely from September to December, with a few species flowering in multiple seasons. Fruits typically mature 1–5 months after flowering. Distribution. Tropical and subtropical regions of Asia to Oceania, including Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, the Nicobar and Andaman Islands, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. Habitat. Tropical and subtropical lowland regions, mainly in humid and warm conditions; numerous species also occur at higher elevations (up to 2000 m) or in seasonally dry limestone karst. 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Juss.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"E062209A92665246B64F06A827D15CC9.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"1.3. 2. Spachea A. Juss. in Deless., Icon. Sel. Pl. 3: 19. 1838 [1837]. = Lophanthera A. Juss., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 13: 328. 1840, syn nov. Type species: Lophanthera kunthiana A. Juss., nom. superfl. [≡ Spachea longifolia (Kunth) R. F. Almeida & M. Pell.]. = Spachea sect. Meckelia Mart. ex A. Juss., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 13: 326. 1840 ≡ Meckelia (Mart. ex A. Juss.) Griseb. in Martius, Fl. Bras. 12 (1): 25. 1858. Type species: Spachea tricarpa A. Juss. = Andersoniella C. Davis & Amorim, Harvard Pap. Bot. 25 (1): 51–56. 2020, nom. illeg., non Andersoniella K. J. F. Schmitz (1897) ≡ Andersoniodoxa C. Davis & Amorim, Phytotaxa 470 (1): 121–122. 2020, syn. nov. Type: Andersoniodoxa spruceana (Nied.) C. Davis & Amorim [≡ Lophanthera spruceana (Nied.) R. F. Almeida & M. Pell.]. Type. Spachea elegans (G. Mey.) A. Juss. Notes. Spachea was described by Jussieu (1837) to accommodate the species previously placed in Byrsonima with unisexual flowers. Lophanthera was initially described by Jussieu (1840) based on L. kunthiana A. Juss., an illegitimate renaming of Galphimia longifolia Kunth. Grisebach (1858) transferred G. longifolia to Lophanthera and placed L. kunthiana in synonymy. Niedenzu (1914) described the second species of Lophanthera, L. spruceana Nied., ca. 50 years after Grisebach. With the expansion of the Amazonian frontier in Brazil, Ducke described the third and fourth new species of the genus almost two decades later (1925, 1937). Finally, Davis et al. (2020 a, b) proposed Andersoniodoxa for the three species of Lophanthera with white to pink flowers and winged anthers. This was, in theory, strongly supported by molecular data. Nonetheless, the authors never made the sequences used in their article available in public repositories, and the analysis produced by us includes the type species of the three genera and recovers them as a strongly supported clade. Thus, we propose the recognition of a broadly circumscribed but morphologically cohesive Spachea, including all species of Lophanthera and Andersoniodoxa . In the expanded circumscription presented here, Spachea includes 12 species (five threatened species; Suppl. material 1) of large trees distributed in flooded to non-flooded rainforests from the Amazon basin and Central America (POWO 2024). The highly unusual structure of the fruits in S. longifolia and S. spruceana is worth mentioning, as it might be a water dispersal adaptation that enables buoyancy in the mericarp. For an identification key for Spachea, see Anderson (1981) for the Guyana Highland, Almeida et al. 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Apothecia prominently elevated above the thallus, sharply to slightly delimited in outline .......................... 3 — Apothecia slightly elevated above the thallus, semi-immersed to immersed, not sharply delimited in outline .. .................................................................................................................................................................... 6 3. Thallus with irregular and partly confluent verrucae; apothecial margin warty and irregular ........................... ...................................................................................................... M. viridescens (Fée) Aptroot & M.Cáceres — Thallus slightly verrucose or almost smooth; apothecial margin crenulate .................................................... 4 4. Epihymenium with crystals ......................................................................................................................... 5 — Epihymenium lacking crystals ............................................................... M. bruguierae A.Sakata & H.Harada 5. Thallus slightly verrucose; apothecia prominently elevated above the thallus, slightly delimited in outline .................................................................................................... M. carnea (Eckfeldt) Aptroot & M.Cáceres — Thallus smooth; apothecia prominently elevated above the thallus, sharply delimited in outline ..................... .......................................................................................................................... M. endonigra (Nyl.) Sparrius 6. Ascospores (15-)18-20 × 3-4 µm ............................................................... M. japonica A.Sakata & H.Harada — Ascospores larger ......................................................................................................................................... 7 7. Ascospores (17-)19-25(-27) × 4-5.5(-6.5) µm; thallus with psoromic acid ..................... M. corticola Kantvilas — Ascospores (22-)28-35 × 4-7 µm; thallus lacking psoromic acid .......................... M. leptosticta (Nyl.) 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In the past, several species of Pleurastrum were reassigned to Leptosira based on examination of morphology and later molecular data (Friedl 1996). Li et al. (2021) places this genus close to Xylochloris and Dictyochloropsis . However, this placement remains uncertain (Sanders & Masumoto 2021). The genus currently includes seven taxonomically accepted species (Guiry & Guiry 2022), two of which, L. obovata and L. thrombii, enter lichen symbiotic associations (Tschermak-Woess 1988; Roldán et al. 2004). 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The sutures are impressed. The 6 to 7 whorls are convex, the last with a tendency to be flattened around the middle. The entire surface is covered with sharp close uneven spiral riblets with deeply incised interstices, and very fine, close, longitudinal growth lamellae, forming compressed beads on the lirae, and generally lamellae in the interstices. The oblique aperture is rounded-quadrangular, with 10 or 11 plicae within, which attain the edge of the lip. The short columella is toothed below, concave and somewhat expanded above. The umbilicus contains within a smooth, not very prominent, funicle.H. 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Milne-Edwards & A. Grandidier, 1878","canonicalName":"Myzopoda","authorship":"A.Milne-Edwards & A.Grandidier, 1878","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":2,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"5WY4","extinct":false,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"270195436":"Animalia","273083630":"Chordata","300784252":"Mammalia","300784918":"Chiroptera","273243487":"Myzopodidae"},"class":"Mammalia"},{"key":181734843,"nameKey":13335625,"datasetKey":"c8227bb4-4143-443f-8cb2-51f9576aff14","nubKey":1057512,"basionymKey":128496181,"basionym":"Rhizotrogus A. A. Berthold in Latreille, 1827","genus":"Rhizotrogus","genusKey":181734843,"scientificName":"Rhizotrogus A. A. Berthold in Latreille, 1827","canonicalName":"Rhizotrogus","authorship":"A.A.Berthold, 1827","publishedIn":"Latreille, Pierre A. 1827. Latreille’s Naturliche Familien des Thierreichs aus dem Franzosischen, mit Anmerkungen und Zusätzen, von Arnold Adolph Berthold. Verlage des Gr. H.S. priv. Landes-Industrie- Comptoirs, Weimar.: i-x+1-606.","accordingTo":"Buquet, Jean B. L. 1840. Note sur sept espèces algèriennes du genre Rhizotrogus. Revue Zoologique, par la Société Cuvierienne 3: 171-172.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":1,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"fe2e2cc6-9e47-4bf3-857d-4067f08e740a","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":299455136,"nameKey":227428433,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":2432150,"parentKey":299455135,"parent":"Geogalinae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Afrosoricida","family":"Tenrecidae","genus":"Geogale","kingdomKey":296374190,"phylumKey":299312263,"classKey":302160612,"orderKey":302162171,"familyKey":299455097,"genusKey":299455136,"scientificName":"Geogale A. Milne-Edwards & A. Grandidier, 1872","canonicalName":"Geogale","authorship":"A.Milne-Edwards & A.Grandidier, 1872","publishedIn":"Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. vol.15 (art. 19) p.2","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":1,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"4MX7","extinct":false,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"Koca Kulaklı Tenrekgil","language":"tur"},{"vernacularName":"Земляные тенреки","language":"rus"},{"vernacularName":"Uszorek","language":"pol"},{"vernacularName":"큰귀텐렉속","language":"kor"},{"vernacularName":"ジネズミテンレック属","language":"jpn"},{"vernacularName":"Tenrec dalle grandi orecchie","language":"ita"},{"vernacularName":"Large-eared Tenrec","language":"eng"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"296374190":"Animalia","299312263":"Chordata","302160612":"Mammalia","302162171":"Afrosoricida","299455097":"Tenrecidae","299455135":"Geogalinae"},"class":"Mammalia"},{"key":11574931,"nameKey":75129865,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"a97f36e5-ded1-49cc-bdec-ac6170fc7b9c","nubKey":11574931,"parentKey":10878041,"parent":"Micrarchaeaceae","kingdom":"Archaea","phylum":"Micrarchaeota","order":"Micrarchaeales","family":"Micrarchaeaceae","genus":"A-MIC-10","kingdomKey":2,"phylumKey":10781292,"classKey":10734162,"orderKey":10702512,"familyKey":10878041,"genusKey":11574931,"scientificName":"A-MIC-10","authorship":"","nameType":"NO_NAME","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":1,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:11574931","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"2":"Archaea","10781292":"Micrarchaeota","10734162":"Micrarchaeia","10702512":"Micrarchaeales","10878041":"Micrarchaeaceae"},"class":"Micrarchaeia"},{"key":158525321,"datasetKey":"37b2a078-3f92-4ec2-b892-d3e0a567f7d8","parentKey":321439285,"parent":"Acanthogorgiidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Cnidaria","order":"Alcyonacea","family":"Acanthogorgiidae","genus":"Acanthogorgia species","kingdomKey":321439280,"phylumKey":321439281,"classKey":321439282,"orderKey":321439283,"familyKey":321439285,"genusKey":158525321,"scientificName":"Acanthogorgia species A","canonicalName":"Acanthogorgia species","authorship":"species A","nameType":"BLACKLISTED","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"C2CFA9B83F11C6880C2B823D2474A970.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Description. Colonies (two) generally in one plane; one measures 7.0 cm x 5.5 cm (length to width); second (Figure 13) measures 9.0 cm x 4.5 cm, at widest, halfway up colony. Thin, delicate-looking branches (round to slightly square in shape); branching more or less dichotomous; closely monopodial. No flattening at branch origins. Base 2.0 mm wide, main branch 1.0 mm wide; branchlets vary between 0.5 - 0.75 mm wide and tips of branchlets very thin, thread-like; all branches quite stiff. Coenenchyme very thin (very little still present in these specimens); axis predominantly exposed, yellow-gold to rusty-brown. Of the few polyps present on a few branches, most located near branch tips (Figure 14 A); coenenchyme and polyps creamy-white. Polyps primarily sit lateral to branch, at distance of ~ 1.0 mm or less from each other; closer to branch tip sitting literally side by side; some few branches indicate that polyps can be found on all sides. There are marked, longitudinal grooves / ridges at distal ends of polyps; there is barely apparent a very short little spiny crown at their very tip (Figure 14 B). The ridges, eight in number, are each formed by a parallel collection of two or three bent spindle-type sclerites. Polyp surface densely covered with sclerites; no calyx apparent. Polyp height 3.0 mm, 2.0 mm from base to area of longitudinal grooves with another 1.0 mm of height when area of grooves / ridges included. All approximately 1.0 mm wide, distal end slightly wider, somewhat obvious, ~ 1.5 mm wide. No expanded tentacles readily visible (contracted over mouth); all heavily covered or encased by sclerites. Sclerites (Figures 15, A particularly) predominantly bent spindles; all tuberculated across entire surface, averaging 0.5 mm long by 0.08 mm wide. The largest (~ 0.7 mm x ~ 0.1 mm), decidedly bent spindles; these form the eight ridges mentioned above; others appear to lie in longitudinal direction up to and beyond upper edge of polyp, barely showing as short points of a crown. Bent spindles, somewhat smaller, almost tend to the formation of the en chevron, double-row pattern at the proximal end of ridges and down on to lower end of polyp. Also, less bent ones, seemingly very narrow spindles (0.6 mm x 0.05 mm); few appear slightly club-shaped (average 0.4 mm x 0.06 mm), primarily from lower polyp wall and coenenchyme. Sclerites with boomerang shape scarce or not present. From initial light microscopy examination, apparent that many of these spindles can be broken; many odd-shaped bits seen in arrays, with some of the spindles having oddly truncated ends, where some aspect of the sclerites likely had broken off. All forms quite densely arrayed on specimen's surface, giving polyp and branch coenenchyme a distinct white to glassy appearance; all sclerites colorless. Inner coenenchyme radiates not found."},{"description":"Material examined. 1 lot (see Appendix 1: List of material examined)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321439280":"Animalia","321439281":"Cnidaria","321439282":"Anthozoa","321439283":"Alcyonacea","321439285":"Acanthogorgiidae"},"class":"Anthozoa"},{"key":158407455,"datasetKey":"d128e9f8-454c-478d-8e95-c214a66fd63a","parentKey":321440073,"parent":"Empidoidea","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Diptera","family":"Empidoidea","genus":"Stuckenbergomyia species","kingdomKey":321440069,"phylumKey":321440070,"classKey":321440071,"orderKey":321440072,"familyKey":321440073,"genusKey":158407455,"scientificName":"Stuckenbergomyia species A","canonicalName":"Stuckenbergomyia species","authorship":"species A","nameType":"BLACKLISTED","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"DB4C01B8813F80A3AE6EF364060061AC.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Description. Head: Dichoptic without enlarged facets. Frons parallel-sided with dense grey pruinescence; brownish stripe medially; ocellar triangle blacking. Antenna with scape and pedicel paler than dark brown postpedicel; postpedicel length less than 4 x basal width; stylus cylindrical, shorter than basal width of postpedicel; apical mechanoreceptor one-third length of stylus. Thorax: Dense grey pruinescence. Scutum with pair of narrow dark brown vittae between acrostichals and dorsocentral rows (viewed anteriorly) (Fig. 21); broader brown stripe extending along supra-alar region; anterior margin of postpronotal lobe shiny, lacking pruinescence; prescutellar depression with light brown stripe medially. Chaetotaxy whitish; acrostichals multi-serial anteriorly, biserial on prescutellar depression; dorsocentral setae multi-serial and short anteriorly, longer and 4 - serial at prescutellar depression; postpronotal setae numerous and long; numerous presutural and postsutural supra-alar setae; 3 - 4 notopleural setae; 1 postalar seta; 7 pairs of scutellar setae, slightly longer than length of scutellum. Proepisternum with several pale setae. Legs: Brown, apex of femora, base of tibiae and proximal half of tarsomere 1 yellowish; apical tarsomeres increasingly darker (Fig. 20). Wing (2.6 - 3 mm): Broad, anal lobe nearly right-angled; alula well-developed. Costal margin at humeral crossvein expanded, costal cell broad; costa gradually reduced beyond M 1; spur vein arising from cell bm. Halter knob pale. Abdomen: Brown with thin grey pruinescence; setae pale. Female terminalia (undissected): Cercus short, truncate; hypoproct paler than cercus."},{"description":"Diagnosis. This species is characterised by a narrow pair of vittae between acrostichals and dorsocentrals and broader brown vittae along supra-alars; broad wings and 7 pairs of whitish scutellar setae."},{"description":"Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: 2 ♀, [Northern Cape], Farm Glenlyon, Camel Koppie, MT, 781 m elev., 31.41324 ° S 19.15802 ° E [31 ° 24 ' 47.664 \" S 19 ° 9 ' 28.872 \" E], 3 - 24. x. 2005, J. Schmidt, leg. (CNC) (Fig. 22)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321440069":"Animalia","321440070":"Arthropoda","321440071":"Insecta","321440072":"Diptera","321440073":"Empidoidea"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":128696888,"datasetKey":"e2f4b6e8-d909-4231-867a-08808dfc66ca","parentKey":321529874,"parent":"Hydrophilidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Coleoptera","family":"Hydrophilidae","genus":"Tobochares sp.A","kingdomKey":321529870,"phylumKey":321529871,"classKey":321529872,"orderKey":321529873,"familyKey":321529874,"genusKey":128696888,"scientificName":"Tobochares sp. A","canonicalName":"Tobochares sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"052959C9FB4D39D1C553F393CFF2BFD0.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Material examined (1). VENEZUELA: Amazonas: Tobogan de la Selva, leg. M. Balke (1 female, SEMC; DNA voucher SLE 526)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321529870":"Animalia","321529871":"Arthropoda","321529872":"Insecta","321529873":"Coleoptera","321529874":"Hydrophilidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":182224056,"datasetKey":"32e97a1f-e04c-4b8e-b808-287e70627ee4","parentKey":321304141,"parent":"Tenthredinidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Hymenoptera","family":"Tenthredinidae","genus":"Waldheimia sp.A","kingdomKey":321304132,"phylumKey":321304133,"classKey":321304134,"orderKey":321304135,"familyKey":321304141,"genusKey":182224056,"scientificName":"Waldheimia sp. A","canonicalName":"Waldheimia sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"2138314E829F042FB0C0F2912601BCED.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Material. Mindo, Hacienda San Vicente, 00 ° 02 ' S, 078 ° 46 ' W, 1420 m, 23.11.2016, on leaf along pasture, P 4227. A (1 ♂), 1470 m, 23.11.2016, on fern along forest path, P 4227. B (1 ♂), leg. J. - L. Boeve, 1480 m, 23.11.2016, P 4231. A (1 ♂), leg. D. F. Dominguez, J. - L. Boeve, 1420 m, 23.11.2016, by sweeping along pasture, P 4232. A (1 ♂), leg. A. Pauly, J. - L. Boeve; Pacto, 00 ° 09 ' N, 078 ° 46 ' W, 1105, 24.11.2016, flying or on leaf, P 4233. A, P 4233. B, P 4233. C, P 4233. D, P 4233. E, P 4233. F (6 ♂), leg. J. - L. Boeve, P 4233. G, P 4233. H (2 ♂), leg. A. Pauly, J. - L. Boeve; Nanegal, Reserva Biologica Maquipucana, 00 ° 08 ' N, 078 ° 38 ' W, 1260 m, 25.11.2016, flying above low plants, P 4235. A, P 4237. B (2 ♂), leg. J. - L. Boeve; Mindo, Hacienda San Vicente, 00 ° 03 ' S, 078 ° 46 ' W, 1375, 26.11.2016, flying above and on low plants along pasture, P 4239. B, P 4239. C (2 ♂), 1415 m, 26.11.2016, flying along pasture, P 4239. D (1 ♂), leg. J. - L. Boeve."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321304132":"Animalia","321304133":"Arthropoda","321304134":"Insecta","321304135":"Hymenoptera","321304141":"Tenthredinidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":165827112,"datasetKey":"cbb6498e-8927-405a-916b-576d00a6289b","species":"Pseudominolia biangulosa","speciesKey":165827112,"scientificName":"Pseudominolia biangulosa (A.Adams, 1854) A.Adams","canonicalName":"Pseudominolia biangulosa","authorship":"(A. Adams, 1854) A. Adams, Proceedings of the Zoological Society 1854, p. 40.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"37726977","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Pseudominolia biangulosa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.Bouchet, P. (2012). Pseudominolia biangulosa (A. Adams, 1854). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=701820 on 2012-11-23Bosch D.T., Dance S.P., Moolenbeek R.G. & Oliver P.G. (1995) Seashells of eastern Arabia. Dubai: Motivate Publishing. 296 pp."},{"description":"The size of the shell attains 2 mm. The broadly umbilicate, smooth shell has an orbicular-conical shape. Its color is brown, closely painted with longitudinal undulating lines. The planulate whorls are angulate above, the body whorl biangulate. The sutures are margined. The convex base of the shell is concentrically cingulate. The umbilicus is perspective, its margin crenulated, its interior elegantly decussated by transverse and radiating lines.H. Pilsbry (1889), Manual of Conchology XI, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (described as Minolia biangulosa)"},{"description":"This species occurs in the Red Sea and off Thailand."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":258032802,"nameKey":10065844,"datasetKey":"f95250e7-49f4-4d2e-a04e-35533dee3318","nubKey":2577718,"parentKey":258032783,"parent":"Thelocarpaceae","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","order":"Thelocarpales","family":"Thelocarpaceae","genus":"Sarcosagium","kingdomKey":258008568,"phylumKey":258021348,"classKey":258031391,"orderKey":258032782,"familyKey":258032783,"genusKey":258032802,"scientificName":"Sarcosagium A. 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Arts 7","accordingTo":"Cichorieae Portal editors 2006+","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"ebf1b17c-81d7-4311-9518-9f2921721e6f","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"The genus name is a compositum of the classical Greek “phalakros” (φαλακρός) for bald-headed, apparently alluding to achenes without pappus, and “seris” (σέρις) for endive salad."},{"description":"Diploid, x = 9."},{"description":"Phalacroseris is a monospecific genus endemic to wet montane and subalpine habitats of the Sierra Nevada in California. It was placed by Stebbins (1953) and subsequent authors in the subtribe Microseridinae. Molecular phylogenetic analyses by Lee & al. (2003), however, resolved the genus as sister group to a clade containing both Microseridinae and Stephanomeriinae sensu Stebbins (1953) and hence all other endemic American genera. Lee & Baldwin (2004) therefore established a subtribe of its own for Phalacroseris. In the ITS phylogeny of the entire tribe by Kilian & al. (2009) Phalacroseris then was found nested in the Cichoriinae clade as sister to the clade of Cichorium and Erythroseris. The placement of Phalacroseris in the Cichoriinae finds some support in achene and pappus features."},{"description":"Perennial rosette herb with fleshy taproot and caudex. Stems one to several, erect, scapelike with a single head, glabrous. Leaves in basal rosette(s), fleshy, linear to oblanceolate, with entire margin. Involucre with phyllaries of ± equal length and basally connate; phyllaries 8-25, linear-lanceolate, herbaceous, acute. Receptacle smooth, glabrous, epaleate. Heads with 13-35 flowers. Flowers with yellow corolla, anthertube and style. Achenes columnar, truncate, with 4-5 faint ribs, smooth, glabrous, brown with darker spots. Pappus absent or paleaceous, coroniform.\\r\\radapted from: Chambers (2006)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"100308512":"Cichoriinae"}},{"key":11201469,"nameKey":37868080,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"a97f36e5-ded1-49cc-bdec-ac6170fc7b9c","nubKey":11201469,"parentKey":10763106,"parent":"UTPLA1","kingdom":"Bacteria","phylum":"Planctomycetota","order":"UBA1845","family":"UTPLA1","genus":"ECT2AJA-110-A","kingdomKey":3,"phylumKey":10815135,"classKey":8211192,"orderKey":10788733,"familyKey":10763106,"genusKey":11201469,"scientificName":"ECT2AJA-110-A","authorship":"","nameType":"NO_NAME","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":1,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:11201469","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"3":"Bacteria","10815135":"Planctomycetota","8211192":"Phycisphaerae","10788733":"UBA1845","10763106":"UTPLA1"},"class":"Phycisphaerae"},{"key":183909156,"datasetKey":"b742af22-42bf-4218-aee3-0a827439adc7","parentKey":321287289,"parent":"Trichomycteridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Siluriformes","family":"Trichomycteridae","genus":"Trichomycterus sp.A","kingdomKey":321287237,"phylumKey":321287242,"orderKey":321287277,"familyKey":321287289,"genusKey":183909156,"scientificName":"Trichomycterus sp. 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Upper rio Santo Antonio, rio Doce basin."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321287237":"Animalia","321287242":"Chordata","321287277":"Siluriformes","321287289":"Trichomycteridae"}},{"key":180747428,"datasetKey":"14903b53-e0b4-4811-a2c8-5b33259d4dac","parentKey":321313507,"parent":"Brachycentridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Trichoptera","family":"Brachycentridae","genus":"Micrasema spec","kingdomKey":321313501,"phylumKey":321313502,"classKey":321313503,"orderKey":321313504,"familyKey":321313507,"genusKey":180747428,"scientificName":"Micrasema spec. A","canonicalName":"Micrasema spec","authorship":"spec. 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Mey, (pinned)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321313501":"Animalia","321313502":"Arthropoda","321313503":"Insecta","321313504":"Trichoptera","321313507":"Brachycentridae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":299169682,"nameKey":45894110,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":8630978,"parentKey":299169619,"parent":"Adacnini","acceptedKey":299169621,"accepted":"Didacnoides Astaf'yeva, 1960","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Cardiida","family":"Cardiidae","genus":"Didacnoides","kingdomKey":296374190,"phylumKey":298785287,"classKey":302118926,"orderKey":299142316,"familyKey":299158395,"genusKey":299169621,"scientificName":"Neodidacnomya A. A. Ali-Zade, 1973","canonicalName":"Neodidacnomya","authorship":"A.A.Ali-Zade, 1973","publishedIn":"Ali-Zade, A. A. (1973). Apsheron Azerbaydzhana [Apsheronian of Azerbaijan]. Moskva: Nedra, 228 pp., 47 pls. https://www.molluscabase.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=225500","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"SYNONYM","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"7P9MP","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":true,"higherClassificationMap":{"296374190":"Animalia","298785287":"Mollusca","302118926":"Bivalvia","299142316":"Cardiida","299158395":"Cardiidae","299169621":"Didacnoides","299169619":"Adacnini"},"class":"Bivalvia"},{"key":2611844,"nameKey":17213047,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":2611844,"parentKey":2568060,"parent":"Dothiorella","basionymKey":2611845,"basionym":"Sphaeria sarmentorum Fr.","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","order":"Botryosphaeriales","family":"Botryosphaeriaceae","genus":"Dothiorella","species":"Dothiorella sarmentorum","kingdomKey":5,"phylumKey":95,"classKey":183,"orderKey":1032,"familyKey":4791,"genusKey":2568060,"speciesKey":2611844,"scientificName":"Dothiorella sarmentorum (Fr.) A.J.L.Phillips, A.Alves & J.Luque","canonicalName":"Dothiorella sarmentorum","authorship":"(Fr.) A.J.L.Phillips, A.Alves & J.Luque","publishedIn":"(2005). Mycologia 97(2): 522.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"SPECIES","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":1,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:2611844","extinct":false,"habitats":["TERRESTRIAL"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Material examined: — ITALY. Collina di Forlì (province of Forlì-Cesena [FC]): on dead branch of Humulus lupulus (Cannabaceae), 8 January 2019, Erio Camporesi, (MFLU 19 - 0437, new host record), living culture MFLUCC 22 - 0060."},{"description":"Known hosts and distribution: — Dothiorella sarmentorum has a cosmopolitan distribution and has been isolated from 34 different host species, including Malus, Menispermum, Prunus, Pyrus, Ulmus, etc. (Phillips et al. 2013). However, Dissanayake et al. (2016) mentioned that D. sarmentorum was described from only 17 woody hosts based on molecular studies."},{"description":"Notes: — The morphology of the specimen from this study is similar to the holotype of Dothiorella sarmentorum collected from Menispermum canadense in Sweden (Phillips et al. 2013). Both specimens have many similar characteristics with solitary and globose conidiomata, a conidiomata wall composed of brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis, conidiogenous cells that are holoblastic and hyaline, and conidia that are initially hyaline and aseptate, becoming brown and 1 - septate often while attached to conidiogenous cells, with a similar L / W ratio (2.2) (Phillips et al. 2013). Based on phylogenetic analyses, our strain (MFLUCC 22 - 0060) clustered with the ex-type and other isolates of D. sarmentorum (CBS 115041, CBS 128309, CBS 141587, CBS 392.80, CBS 725.79, IMI 63581 b, IRAN 1579 C, IRAN 1583 C, MFLUCC 13 - 0498, MFLUCC 17 - 0242 and MFLUCC 17 - 0951) with relatively high 99 % ML bootstrap and 1.00 PP support (Fig. 1). Previously, D. sarmentorum has been recorded from Italy on different hosts (Dissanayake et al. 2016). Considering the morpho-molecular data analysis, we conclude that our new collection is a new host record of D. sarmentorum in Italy."},{"description":"Saprobic on twig of Humulus lupulus. Sexual morph: See Phillips et al. (2013) Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Conidiomata 70 – 105 μm high × 16 – 30 μm diam. (x ̄ = 76 × 19 μm, n = 10), pycnidial, solitary or gregarious, globose to subglobose, formed in uniloculate stromata, immersed, becoming erumpent at maturity. Conidiomata wall 1.9 – 3.8 μm diam. composed of thin-walled, brown cells of textura angularis, inner layer thin, hyaline. Conidiophores usually reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 11 – 18 × 3 – 5 μm (x ̄ = 14.5 × 4.4 μm, n = 15), lining the pycnidial cavity, holoblastic, hyaline, cylindrical, discrete, determinate, smooth-walled. Conidia 25 – 31 × 10 – 15 μm (x ̄ = 28 × 12.4 μm, n = 20), oblong to ovoid, straight, rounded at both ends, initially hyaline and aseptate, becoming brown and 1 - septate often while attached to conidiogenous cells, slightly constricted at the septum."},{"description":"Culture characteristics: — Conidia germinating on PDA within 24 h. Germ tubes produced from one side of the conidium. Colonies on PDA reaching 2.0 – 2.5 cm diam. after 5 days at 16 ° C, circular, medium dense, flat or effuse, slightly raised, fluffy to fairly fluffy, grey colour in upper side and black on the lower side."},{"description":"Materials examined. China, Sichuan Province, Chengdu City, Pidu District, 30 ° 19 ' 57 \" N, 103 ° 59 ' 47 \" E, elevation 442 m, on dead branches of Pistacia chinensis, 19 th March 2021, W. L Li, 072 (HUEST 22.0077), living culture UESTCC 22.0076; ibid., Guangyuan City, Qingchuan County, 32 ° 40 ' 38 \" N, 105 ° 28 ' 57 \" E, elevation 638 m, 20 th April 2021, W. L Li, A 189 (HUEST 22.0078), living culture UESTCC 22.0077. Additional sequences: LSU: OQ 164837 (UESTCC 22.0076), OQ 164838 (UESTCC 22.0077)."},{"description":"Fig. 13"},{"description":"Description. Saprobic on decaying branches of Pistacia chinensis. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Conidiomata 278 - 338 x 240 - 280 μm (x ̄ = 308 x 260 μm, n = 10), immersed, erumpent, forming split-like opening on the host, gregarious, globose to subglobose, dark brown to black, unilocular or multilocular, papillate, ostiolate. Ostiole 52 - 57 μm diam., conical or circular, centrically located. Peridium 28.5 - 44 μm, comprising 5 - 8 layers of thick-walled, dark brown to hyaline cells arranged in a textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 2.5 - 3.5 x 6 - 9 μm (x ̄ = 3 x 7.5 μm, n = 20), holoblastic, discrete, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth, indeterminate, proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, or rarely proliferating percurrently to form one or two close, indistinct annellations. Conidia 21.5 - 24 x 9 - 10 μm (x ̄ = 22.5 x 9.5 μm, n = 30), L / W ratio = 2.4, ellipsoid to obovoid, with rounded ends, initially hyaline and aseptate becoming pigmented brown and 1 - septate often while still attached to conidiogenous cell, brown walled, slightly constricted at the septum."},{"description":"Culture characteristics. Conidia germinate on PDA within 12 h. Colonies growing on PDA, reaching a diameter of 4 cm after three days at 25 ° C, effuse, velvety, with entire to slightly undulate edge. Surface initially white and later turning dark olivaceous from the surrounding of the colony and dark gray in reverse."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"5":"Fungi","95":"Ascomycota","183":"Dothideomycetes","1032":"Botryosphaeriales","4791":"Botryosphaeriaceae","2568060":"Dothiorella"},"class":"Dothideomycetes"},{"key":132626515,"nameKey":7676075,"datasetKey":"2b94a042-fe01-4d9f-8995-d996c21d33cd","nubKey":2569815,"parentKey":132626514,"parent":"Ochrolechiaceae","kingdom":"Fungi","phylum":"Ascomycota","order":"Pertusariales","family":"Ochrolechiaceae","genus":"Ochrolechia","kingdomKey":132618233,"phylumKey":132622713,"classKey":132626402,"orderKey":132626513,"familyKey":132626514,"genusKey":132626515,"scientificName":"Ochrolechia A. 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Lip clearly trilobed ................................................................................................. Benthamia praecox Schltr. — Lip obscurely trilobed ................................................................................................ Benthamia exilis Schltr. 4. Leaf single ................................................................................................................................................... 5 — More than one leaf ...................................................................................................................................... 6 5. Lip trilobed ....................................................................................... Benthamia glaberrima (Ridl.) H.Perrier — Lip entire ......................................................................................................... Benthamia monophylla Schltr. 6. Leaves 2, rarely 3 .................................................................................................... Benthamia rostrata Schltr. — Leaves 3 to 6 ...................................................................................................... Benthamia bathieana Schltr. 7. Spur scrotiform or dorso-ventrally flattened ................................................................................................ 8 — Spur a simple hollow at the base of the lip ........................................................ Benthamia boiteaui Hervouet 8. Plants epiphytic ........................................................................................................................................... 9 — Plants terrestrial ......................................................................................................................................... 14 9. Plants more than 45 cm tall ......................................................................... Benthamia majoriflora H.Perrier — Plant less than 45 cm tall ........................................................................................................................... 10 10. Lip entire or obscurely trilobed .................................... Benthamia erinacea (Cordem.) Hermans & P.J.Cribb — Lip distinctly trilobed ................................................................................................................................ 11 11. Lobes of lip truncate .................................................. Benthamia lakatoensis Descourv. & Hervouet, sp. nov. — Lobes of lip not truncate ........................................................................................................................... 12 12. Sepals green, petals white ................................................... Benthamia trifida Hermans & Hervouet, sp. nov. — Sepals white or off-white ........................................................................................................................... 13 13. Flowers pure white .................................................................................................... Benthamia nivea Schltr. — Flowers off-white ................................................................ Benthamia corona Hermans & Hervouet, sp. nov. 14. Petals white ............................................................................................................................................... 15 — Petals green or yellow ................................................................................................................................ 16 15. Basal leaf solitary ............................................................................................ 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Benthamia arcuata (H.Perrier) Descourv. & Hervouet, comb. nov., stat. nov. 19. Leaves near middle of stem ........................................................................................................................ 20 — Leaves basal ............................................................................................................................................... 24 20. Leaves 5 or more .................................................................................... Benthamia spiralis (A.Rich.) A.Rich. — Leaves fewer than 5 ................................................................................................................................... 21 21. Flowers arranged in 3 rows ............................................................................ Benthamia perfecunda H.Perrier — Flowers not arranged in 3 rows .................................................................................................................. 22 22. Lip with prominent callus ............................................................................... Benthamia melanopoda Schltr. — Lip lacking a prominent callus .................................................................................................................. 23 KEY TO THE GENUS BeNThaMIa A. RICH. (continuation) 23. Spur ventrally flattened .................................................................................. Benthamia vulcanorum sp. nov. — Spur scrotiform .............................................................. Benthamia mascula Hervouet & Descourv., sp. nov. 24. Inflorescence arcuate ........................................................................................... Benthamia bosseri Hervouet — Inflorescence erect ..................................................................................................................................... 25 25. Lip lateral lobes very short ......................................................................................................................... 30 — Lip clearly trilobed .................................................................................................................................... 26 26. Leaves more than 4 times longer than wide ............................................................................................... 27 — Leaves less than 4 times longer than wide .................................................................................................. 29 27. Leaves erect and regularly alternate .......................................................................... Benthamia flavida Schltr. — Leaves not alternate ................................................................................................................................... 28 28. Leaves basal, rachis often less than a third of plant height ....... 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Phyllaries 12-20 in 1 series, linear-lanceolate, equal, margins scarious, apices acute. Receptacles flat, smooth, bristly, epaleate (each floret subtended by 1 fine, capillary bristle). Florets ca. 25; corollas white or yellow (showy). Cypselae tan to brown, fusiform, beaked, ribs 5, separated by longitudinal grooves, faces glabrous or scabridulous; pappi (borne on denticulate cups at beak tips) falling (together), of 50-60+, white, basally connate, smooth bristles 5-8(-9) mm in 1 series.\\r\\rfrom Gottlieb (2006)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"100360044":"Microseridinae"}},{"key":272703989,"nameKey":45894110,"datasetKey":"e007cc4a-8704-449d-8829-bb209d26d6c8","nubKey":8630978,"parentKey":272703828,"parent":"Adacnini","acceptedKey":272703833,"accepted":"Didacnoides Astaf'yeva, 1960","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Cardiida","family":"Cardiidae","genus":"Didacnoides","kingdomKey":270195436,"phylumKey":272646029,"classKey":300759826,"orderKey":272677827,"familyKey":272689151,"genusKey":272703833,"scientificName":"Neodidacnomya A. A. Ali-Zade, 1973","canonicalName":"Neodidacnomya","authorship":"A.A.Ali-Zade, 1973","publishedIn":"Ali-Zade, A. A. (1973). 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May be considered a subtidal to deep-sea genus; this based on collection data for known species."},{"description":"Description. Colony (Figures 49, 50 A) generally branched in one plane; rarely, few reticulate; colony height (base to tip of upper-most branch) approximately 20 - 21 cm.; long, generally dichotomous branches and branchlets, moderately thick, cylindrical; branch diameter thickness averages 5.0 mm (including calyces); meandering sinuously, branches bent upward, parallel with main stem (not always obvious); tips of branches and branchlets swollen, to rounded 8.0 - mm diameter (Figure 50 B). Main stem bifurcates (sometimes), some distance (+ / - 10 cm) from base; branches then again bifurcate at ~ 1.0 -> 5.0 cm from first division. Further branching asymmetrical. Not all branches subdivide; of those that do, distance from previous subdivision varies. Polyps distributed over entire surface, sparsely placed at base, becoming progressively most crowded at branch tips. Color of freshly collected specimens, via video and still image (Figure 49), pale pinkish tan with conspicuous, fluffy, cotton candy-pink polyps; in preserved (dry) specimens, color dull tan-brown (Figure 50 A, B); axis color slightly darker brown. Calyces moderately low, ~ 1.0 mm tall, 2.0 mm across, 2.5 mm apart; blunt / rounded, conical, armed with sclerites of various shape. Coenenchyme (relatively thin) contains long, blunt-ending spindles, often bent; largest bent spindles 0.3 - 0.6 mm L, 0.05 - 0.1 mm H (average 0.5 mm L x 0.08 mm H), often with strong external spines (Figure 52 D). Distinctive sclerites often like thorn-scales or thorn-stars; small, spinulate or laciniate ones predominantly calycular (Figures 52 E-G). Anthocodial sclerites difficult to extract; sclerites of collaret also blunt-ended, bent spindles, at base of polyp, tending to circular arrangement. A few as large, heavy, tapered spindles, sometimes with several heavy, rough spines projecting from one side; some few (the calycular sclerites) as branched torches (Figure 52 B); also, crutch-types (Figures 51 A, 52 C); some few as crosses and irregular ones, most as unilateral spiny shapes (Figure 51 B, C). Color of sclerites cream to very light tan, at least in specimens that are long dry."},{"description":"Distribution. For genus (based on material found / examined at NMNH and other institutions, such as CAS) from Point Conception (California Bight) to Gulf of California (eastern North Pacific Ocean); western Pacific from Hawaii south to Philippines and Indonesia. NMNH also has specimens in this genus collected from off the coast of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean; these look very different from the one described here."},{"description":"Material examined. ~ 5 lots (see Appendix 1: List of material examined). 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A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"040FD72A86AC5E23B20192FB3F8EC0FE.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Description. The specimen is a juvenile that is likely in its penultimate instar. Overall, the body shape is elongated for a typical cockroach, and even for a typical Pseudophyllodromiinae. A large portion of the head is visible from a dorsal perspective, and reaches anteriorly past the pronotum significantly. The black coloration on the pronotum is the same width as the width of the head where it meets with the pronotal margin (Figure 15 B). Antennae are hirsute to nearly plumose. The antennae are slightly clubbed basally with the widest point occurring at first segment of the flagellum. There are two major color regions of the antennae: a dark basal region and a light distal region. The dark basal region begins as slightly lighter than the remainder but becomes a dark black color by the end of the dark region. The 25 th segment of the antennae is the final dark segment. The 26 th antennal segment begins the light region of the antennae. The 26 th or 27 th and subsequent segments are nearly white, becoming more brownish orange after the 7 th white segment (33 total). The total number of antennal segments on the specimen is 38 (left) and 44 (right). The head is very large in relation to the remainder of the body, triangular, and wider than typical for a Pseudophyllodromiinae (Figure 15 A). Inter-ocular space is sharply angled creating a carina that begins where the compound eye meets the antennae. The antennal pits are closer together than the eyes. Eyes are prominent and appear to bulge the head laterally. Facial grooves spanning from the posterior portion of the eye towards the mouthparts are prominent. Coloration on head is brown-orange overall with a slightly lighter, less brown, patch above and below the carina. Ocellar spots are either absent or not readily visible. The pronotum is colored with a dark black region taking up the major two fifths of the medial area. The black area is opaque and reaches forward to the anterior margin but just stops short of completion in the posterior eighth of the segment. The black region is nearly rectangular, slightly rounded anteriorly and widened posteriorly (Figure 15 B). Bordering the black region laterally and posteriorly are translucent regions colored brown-orange similar to the remainder of the body. Meta- and meso-thoracic segments are both strongly lobed, presumably due to the developing wings within. Color is orange-brown overall with small amounts of black on the tips of the posterior pair of wing pads. Legs are light in color with a slight orange tinge overall. Dark regions are present on the medial side of the base of the fore-coxae. The ventro-anterior margin of the fore-femur have five (right) or eight (left) large piliform spines basally followed by 27 (right) and 20 (left) shorter piliform spines, which are then each followed by one larger piliform spine and finally one large distal spine that is not piliform. Arolia are large and extend beyond the tips of the pretarsal claws on all legs. Claws are symmetrical and unspecialized. Both the venter and dorsum of the abdomen is the same orange-brown color as the remainder of the body, but with a slightly redder tinge. Soft black color borders the abdomen laterally and posteriorly. The dorsal abdomen is mostly glabrous. Hairs that are present are most dense laterally and on segments five and six. Ventral abdomen is glabrous as well, with fewer hairs than on the dorsal side and no regions with any dense pubescence. Supra-anal plate is unspecialized and broadly subtrapezoidal or triangular. Subgenital plate is broadly subtrapezoidal with the posterior margin being broader than that of the subgenital plate. The posterior margin of the subgenital plate is not perfectly uniform and conforms around two large styli. Styli are equal in length to the entire subgenital plate. Their width is equal to half of the length of the visible portion of the styli."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321533409":"Animalia","321533410":"Arthropoda","321533411":"Insecta","321533412":"Blattodea","321533421":"Ectobiidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":102466294,"nameKey":477611779,"datasetKey":"fab88965-e69d-4491-a04d-e3198b626e52","parentKey":102466293,"parent":"unclassified Retroviridae","kingdom":"Pararnavirae","phylum":"Artverviricota","order":"Ortervirales","family":"Retroviridae","genus":"Intracisternal A-particles","kingdomKey":167102266,"phylumKey":167102267,"classKey":167102268,"orderKey":156764738,"familyKey":102462454,"genusKey":102466294,"scientificName":"Intracisternal A-particles","authorship":"","nameType":"VIRUS","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":10,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"11749","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"167102266":"Pararnavirae","167102267":"Artverviricota","167102268":"Revtraviricetes","156764738":"Ortervirales","102462454":"Retroviridae","102466293":"unclassified Retroviridae"},"class":"Revtraviricetes"},{"key":154131045,"nameKey":23200483,"datasetKey":"04daaebb-6917-4c73-a664-8f017819c841","parentKey":157168174,"parent":"Lecythidaceae","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Ericales","family":"Lecythidaceae","genus":"Eschweilera","kingdomKey":157167850,"phylumKey":157167851,"classKey":157168068,"orderKey":157168156,"familyKey":157168174,"genusKey":154131045,"scientificName":"Eschweilera sp. A","canonicalName":"Eschweilera","authorship":"","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"765","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"157167850":"Plantae","157167851":"Tracheophyta","157168068":"Magnoliopsida","157168156":"Ericales","157168174":"Lecythidaceae"},"class":"Magnoliopsida"},{"key":183909111,"datasetKey":"b742af22-42bf-4218-aee3-0a827439adc7","parentKey":321287268,"parent":"Crenuchidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Characiformes","family":"Crenuchidae","genus":"Characidium sp.A","kingdomKey":321287237,"phylumKey":321287242,"orderKey":321287255,"familyKey":321287268,"genusKey":183909111,"scientificName":"Characidium sp. A","canonicalName":"Characidium sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"F9AA8CE3894A51038F02ECBAE14E100A.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Fig. 3 C"},{"description":"Diagnosis. Characidium sp. A differs from its congeners of this study by having very tapered snout; wide and conspicuous vertical bars in the lateral of body in both juveniles and adults specimens; longitudinal dark band occupying one or more scales; one-two dark, wide and conspicuous bands in half of caudal fin rays and another in the base of first and posterior caudal fin ray."},{"description":"Distribution. Upper rio Santo Antonio, rio Doce basin."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321287237":"Animalia","321287242":"Chordata","321287255":"Characiformes","321287268":"Crenuchidae"}},{"key":158525360,"datasetKey":"c81249cc-265d-41cd-809d-74da9f8324d6","parentKey":321439271,"parent":"Gorgoniidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Cnidaria","order":"Alcyonacea","family":"Gorgoniidae","genus":"Leptogorgia species","kingdomKey":321439265,"phylumKey":321439266,"classKey":321439267,"orderKey":321439268,"familyKey":321439271,"genusKey":158525360,"scientificName":"Leptogorgia species A","canonicalName":"Leptogorgia species","authorship":"species A","nameType":"BLACKLISTED","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"9EE5A92902DF0F04469B5C40BCDFCED9.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Biology. Barnacle galls present on a number of specimens (SBMNH 423084 and SBMNH 422903)."},{"description":"Description. Colonies (Figure 25 A) non-reticulate; main stem ~ 14 cm long, arising from thin, flat attachment structure; latter gives off generally dichotomous (or irregular), mostly lateral, few to moderate, elongated, sometimes slightly crooked branches; these may divide again, often not; upright growth pattern in most, overall giving colony the appearance of a candelabra. Stem and branches rounded, nearly uniform, 1.0 - 2.0 mm diameter, not including polyps. Branches bend outwards in broad curve at axils; terminal branches from 2.5 - 7.5 cm long, without division, blunt at end. Few branchlets, rounded and slightly crooked. (One lot, SBMNH 422334, a simple, single whip-like, unbranched to minimally branched fragment, where diameter tends to smallest measurements of range, length ~ 37 cm, but not complete; other fragments much shorter, as above). Stem, branches and branchlets covered on all sides with prominent conical polyps, when extended (Figure 25 B); when contracted, nearly flush with branch surface; apertures circular. Polyps measure 0.2 mm tall (extended), 1.7 mm wide; spacing between them 2.0 - 2.5 mm apart. Arrangement of polyps does not delineate median groove. Color of all colonies, regardless of colony shape, bright lemon yellow or gold; most sclerites bright lemon-yellow or gold; the few straight, less warted sclerites, pale or colorless. Sclerite shapes (Figures 26 A-C, 27 A-D) not diverse; mostly spindles, heavily warted; warts form regular belts; belts either evenly spaced (six to seven belted rings) or belts much closer together, largest at middle of spindle and outwards toward spindle tips progressively smaller, creating in silhouette sclerites that appear in elongated diamond shape (Figures 26 C, 27 C); some few (Figure 27 D) of these with dense triangular collection of warts at each end with very narrow, median waist; very few straight, not as heavily warted, spindles. In a comparison with images from Breedy and Cortes (2011, Figure 2), similarities between the sclerites shown in their image and the one included here in Figures 26 C and 27 are strong, with exception of tentacular sclerites (rods); SBMNH specimens may be L. tricorata Breedy & Cortes, 2011."},{"description":"Distribution. From specimens examined within the California Bight, limited range from Cortes Bank up to California Channel Islands, but see also Breedy and Cortes (2011) and \" Remarks \" below."},{"description":"Material examined. ~ 11 lots (see Appendix 1: List of material examined)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321439265":"Animalia","321439266":"Cnidaria","321439267":"Anthozoa","321439268":"Alcyonacea","321439271":"Gorgoniidae"},"class":"Anthozoa"},{"key":183909163,"datasetKey":"b742af22-42bf-4218-aee3-0a827439adc7","parentKey":321287291,"parent":"Loricariidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Siluriformes","family":"Loricariidae","genus":"Neoplecostomus sp.A","kingdomKey":321287237,"phylumKey":321287242,"orderKey":321287277,"familyKey":321287291,"genusKey":183909163,"scientificName":"Neoplecostomus sp. A","canonicalName":"Neoplecostomus sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"8EB4F228B8155D4BBFDD22E43949A93E.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Fig. 4 I"},{"description":"Diagnosis. Neoplecostomus sp. A differs from Neoplecostomus sp. B by the maxillary barbels poorly developed; premaxillary teeth and dentary with separate cusps and large concavity between them; lateral and central cusps with similar size; no developed papillae between branches of dentary; plates between dorsal and adipose fin meeting on the back of the dorsum."},{"description":"Distribution. Upper rio Santo Antonio, rio Doce basin."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321287237":"Animalia","321287242":"Chordata","321287277":"Siluriformes","321287291":"Loricariidae"}},{"key":183907171,"datasetKey":"13b1e5f2-46c1-454c-9429-255ddcc39dd7","parentKey":321287355,"parent":"Microporellidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Bryozoa","order":"Cheilostomatida","family":"Microporellidae","genus":"Microporella sp.A","kingdomKey":321287351,"phylumKey":321287352,"classKey":321287353,"orderKey":321287354,"familyKey":321287355,"genusKey":183907171,"scientificName":"Microporella sp. A","canonicalName":"Microporella sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"5360DFB11A10559198EB6F5D4542B501.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar. Autozooids irregularly polygonal, rounded, 435 - 676 (510 + / - 80, N = 7) x 255 - 427 µm (342 + / - 68, N = 7) (mean L / W = 1.49), distinct, with interzooidal boundaries marked by a narrow, raised, gymnocystal rim (Fig. 9 A). Frontal shield nearly flat to slightly convex, densely and coarsely granular and irregularly pseudoporous; granules 5 - 25 µm in diameter; 20 - 30 pseudopores, circular (5 - 12 μm in diameter), sparse in the proximal two-thirds of the zooid; 4 - 6 marginal areolae, usually visible at zooidal corners, circular to elliptical (10 - 40 µm long). Orifice transversely D-shaped, 90 - 107 (94 + / - 5, N = 10) x 118 - 143 (132 + / - 9, N = 10) µm (mean OL / OW = 0.71; mean ZL / OL = 5.43); hinge-line straight, smooth to slightly crenulated; in each corner a short, blunt, triangular condyle directed distally (Fig. 9 B). Oral spine bases four or five, 10 - 18 µm in diameter, evenly spaced, the proximalmost pair at about one-third of orifice length (Fig. 9 B). Ascopore field a narrow, elliptical area of smooth gymnocystal calcification (33 - 44 x 39 - 55 μm), placed 22 - 30 μm below the orifice, slightly depressed relative to the adjacent frontal shield; ascopore opening divided by thin radial septa, usually with a distinct tongue extending proximally from the distal edge (Fig. 9 B). Avicularium single, sometimes absent (two out of 14 zooids without avicularium in the fragment available), 93 - 123 (107 + / - 12, N = 9) x 70 - 87 (79 + / - 6, N = 9) μm (mean AvL / AvW = 1.36), located distolaterally, on either side; crossbar complete; rostrum short, triangular, not channelled, directed distolaterally, sometimes slightly raised distally (Fig. 9 A, B). Mandible, ovicells and ancestrula not observed. Subsequent intramural budding observed in avicularia."},{"description":"Fig. 9"},{"description":"Distribution and ecology. Presently known only from the Palinuro Peninsula, along the Tyrrhenian coast of Campania (southern Italy). A dead colony was collected from the biogenic muddy sediment covering the floor of a completely dark sector of the Scaletta submarine cave, at 46 m depth where the colony presumably lived."},{"description":"Examined material. Italy • 1 dead colony fragment consisting of ca. 14 zooids (some incomplete), none fertile; Tyrrhenian Sea, Palinuro Cape, Scaletta submarine cave; sediment sample; 40 ° 1 ' 35 \" N, 15 ° 16 ' 7 \" E; 46 m; 14 Sep. 2009; R. Leonardi leg.; scuba diving; PMC Rosso Collection I. H. B. 88 a."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321287351":"Animalia","321287352":"Bryozoa","321287353":"Gymnolaemata","321287354":"Cheilostomatida","321287355":"Microporellidae"},"class":"Gymnolaemata"},{"key":265510329,"nameKey":353430863,"datasetKey":"678aa986-0481-4e46-b17f-c371195c7c74","parentKey":265510287,"parent":"Plantae","kingdom":"Plantae","genus":"Ranunculus tuvinicus","kingdomKey":265510287,"genusKey":265510329,"scientificName":"Ranunculus tuvinicus A.","canonicalName":"Ranunculus tuvinicus","authorship":"A.","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"DENORMED_CLASSIFICATION","numDescendants":1,"numOccurrences":0,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"265510287":"Plantae"}},{"key":182408869,"datasetKey":"04bd8732-61ef-4c14-a6f8-f18af3fb1fb8","parentKey":321300850,"parent":"Ephemerellidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Ephemeroptera","family":"Ephemerellidae","genus":"Cincticostella sp.A","kingdomKey":321300846,"phylumKey":321300847,"classKey":321300848,"orderKey":321300849,"familyKey":321300850,"genusKey":182408869,"scientificName":"Cincticostella sp. A","canonicalName":"Cincticostella sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"848326E2530B559890E43FC63E4AE4D7.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Diagnosis. Immature larva: (i) genae moderately developed, rounded; (ii) anteromedian emargination of labrum shallow (labrum height in emargination / maximum labrum height ratio - 0.85); (iii) maxillary palp well-developed; (iv) segment III of maxillary palp, thin, elongated, rounded apically; (v) group of 13 - 16 setae different-sized, stout, hair-like situated on surface of galea-lacinia near base; (vi) prothoracic anterolateral projections small; (vii) mesothoracic anterolateral projections well-developed, subparallel to lateral aspect of body, not notched; (viii) surface of thorax covered with scattered short, thin, hair-like setae and few scale sockets and very short rounded scales with feathered margins in some of them; few waved and hooked setae cover mainly wing pads; (ix) dorsal surface of fore femur with sparse, transverse row of mainly long, stout setae with slightly convergent margins and bifurcated apices; (x) tarsal claw with one large denticle and several subapical setae; (xi) pairs of pointed projections present on abdominal terga II-IX; those on terga V-VIII strongest; those on tergum IX moderately developed, rounded apically."},{"description":"Distribution. Nepal."},{"description":"Material examined. Nepal: 2 larvae (one on slide 634), Gandaki Zone, Kaski District, stream at the Tolka-Lambruk Road, 28.365000 ° N, 83.831667 ° E, h ~ 2000 m a. s. l., 27. i. 2014, Chertoprud M. V., Marinskiy V. V. leg. - IN Nepa 1 Cinsp [NMNH NASU]."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321300846":"Animalia","321300847":"Arthropoda","321300848":"Insecta","321300849":"Ephemeroptera","321300850":"Ephemerellidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":182223648,"datasetKey":"b5ca09f5-d028-47bc-b992-ee4c2d459999","parentKey":321304295,"parent":"Gelechiidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Lepidoptera","family":"Gelechiidae","genus":"Tricerophora sp.A","kingdomKey":321304291,"phylumKey":321304292,"classKey":321304293,"orderKey":321304294,"familyKey":321304295,"genusKey":182223648,"scientificName":"Tricerophora sp. A","canonicalName":"Tricerophora sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"27FB1F8CF2FDCBDAE0D13E5F5980CFFB.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Material. 1 ♂, [RSA] Wylies Poort, 3 m, North, 16. vi. 1954 (Janse) (gen. slide 331 / 14, O. Bidzilya) (TMSA)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321304291":"Animalia","321304292":"Arthropoda","321304293":"Insecta","321304294":"Lepidoptera","321304295":"Gelechiidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":154474325,"datasetKey":"67643e9c-433b-46f7-bd95-9b8b00ad0d04","parentKey":321454819,"parent":"Entomobryidae","kingdom":"Animalia","order":"Collembola","family":"Entomobryidae","genus":"Coecobrya sp.A","kingdomKey":321454817,"orderKey":321454818,"familyKey":321454819,"genusKey":154474325,"scientificName":"Coecobrya sp. A","canonicalName":"Coecobrya sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"398C17FC71B9C94A47B1A97B260CD613.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Material examined. Ecuador, Galapagos, Santa Cruz Island: 1 juvenile ♂? on slide, Cueva Gallardo, leaf litter near entrance, 8. iii. 2014 (S. Taylor and J. Jacoby), GLP- 047, INHS Acc. 567,421."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321454817":"Animalia","321454818":"Collembola","321454819":"Entomobryidae"}},{"key":127890045,"datasetKey":"e5559874-3693-49c2-9e3c-ce9ac23b054a","parentKey":321537354,"parent":"Entomobryidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Entomobryomorpha","family":"Entomobryidae","genus":"Coecobrya sp.A","kingdomKey":321537346,"phylumKey":321537347,"classKey":321537348,"orderKey":321537349,"familyKey":321537354,"genusKey":127890045,"scientificName":"Coecobrya sp. A","canonicalName":"Coecobrya sp.A","authorship":"sp. A","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"E8EB53B3610B2559C1156D1919FB562E.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Material examined. Ecuador, Galapagos, Santa Cruz Island: 1 juvenile ♂? on slide, Cueva Gallardo, leaf litter near entrance, 8. iii. 2014 (S. Taylor and J. Jacoby), GLP- 047, INHS Acc. 567,421."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321537346":"Animalia","321537347":"Arthropoda","321537348":"Collembola","321537349":"Entomobryomorpha","321537354":"Entomobryidae"},"class":"Collembola"},{"key":198975888,"nameKey":83105972,"datasetKey":"cdc242c4-a2b0-4ca9-bcf2-271a213d67b1","parentKey":321214686,"parent":"Limidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Pectinida","family":"Limidae","genus":"Plagiostoma sp.A","kingdomKey":321214655,"phylumKey":321214656,"classKey":321214657,"orderKey":321214683,"familyKey":321214686,"genusKey":198975888,"scientificName":"Plagiostoma ? sp. A","canonicalName":"Plagiostoma sp.A","authorship":"","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"133B379B3E965B54A41F492BAADA4076.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Material. A strongly crushed single valve with remains of shell from the lower member at Langza (SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIX 35)."},{"description":"Plate 4, fig. 7 a, b"},{"description":"Description and remarks. The very poorly preserved specimen cannot be identified with certainty. The surface of the apparently rounded triangular-ovate specimen is covered with numerous faint, rounded, radial riblets."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321214655":"Animalia","321214656":"Mollusca","321214657":"Bivalvia","321214683":"Pectinida","321214686":"Limidae"},"class":"Bivalvia"},{"key":285366714,"nameKey":369370302,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":4890864,"parentKey":296007042,"parent":"Cycadales","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Cycadales","genus":"Vladiloxylon","kingdomKey":293994071,"phylumKey":294954977,"classKey":296007012,"orderKey":296007042,"genusKey":285366714,"scientificName":"Vladiloxylon A. Lutz, A. Crisafulli & R. Herbst, 2003","canonicalName":"Vladiloxylon","authorship":"A.Lutz, A.Crisafulli & R.Herbst, 2003","publishedIn":"Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, n. s. 5: -. [31-38]","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"TVL6B","extinct":true,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"293994071":"Plantae","294954977":"Tracheophyta","296007012":"Cycadopsida","296007042":"Cycadales"},"class":"Cycadopsida"},{"key":296437954,"nameKey":37691769,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":7956572,"parentKey":296437915,"parent":"Proisotominae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Entomobryomorpha","family":"Isotomidae","genus":"Strenzketoma","kingdomKey":296374190,"phylumKey":296374886,"classKey":296403171,"orderKey":296422820,"familyKey":296437914,"genusKey":296437954,"scientificName":"Strenzketoma Potapov, M, Babenko, A & Fjellberg, A, 2006","canonicalName":"Strenzketoma","authorship":"M.Potapov, A.Babenko & A.Fjellberg, 2006","publishedIn":"Potapov, M., A. Babeno & A. Fjellberg, 2006, Taxonomy of the Proisotoma complex. Redefinition o","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":1,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"7P5C","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"296374190":"Animalia","296374886":"Arthropoda","296403171":"Collembola","296422820":"Entomobryomorpha","296437914":"Isotomidae","296437915":"Proisotominae"},"class":"Collembola"},{"key":100021052,"nameKey":8699386,"datasetKey":"3f8a1297-3259-4700-91fc-acc4170b27ce","nubKey":8616804,"parentKey":100021051,"parent":"Physarieae","order":"Brassicales","family":"Brassicaceae","genus":"Physaria","classKey":100000038,"orderKey":100019507,"familyKey":100019508,"genusKey":100021052,"scientificName":"Physaria (Nuttall ex Torrey & A. Gray) A. Gray","canonicalName":"Physaria","authorship":"(Nuttall ex Torrey & A.Gray) A.Gray","accordingTo":"FNA Editorial Committee. 2010. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae. Oxford University Press, New York.","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":11,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"1332","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"herb"}],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"twinpod","language":"eng"},{"vernacularName":"bladderpod","language":"eng"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"100000038":"Equisetopsida","100019507":"Brassicales","100019508":"Brassicaceae","100021051":"Physarieae"},"class":"Equisetopsida"},{"key":235038023,"nameKey":220572089,"datasetKey":"d7a23684-9222-422b-868a-6c8712a4fd05","nubKey":9206453,"parentKey":321107477,"parent":"Elapidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Squamata","family":"Elapidae","genus":"Hydrophis","kingdomKey":321107423,"phylumKey":321107424,"classKey":321107432,"orderKey":321107433,"familyKey":321107477,"genusKey":235038023,"scientificName":"Hydrophis (A. H. A. Dumeril 1853) Latreille 1801","canonicalName":"Hydrophis","authorship":"(A.H.A.Dumeril, 1853) Latreille, 1801","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"03B38B5C8437FF84FFDCFF77FCFDFCBC.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"CONSERVATION STATUS [IUCN]. — Least Concern [2016] ver. 3.1."},{"description":"REMARKS. — We have tentatively assigned this species to Hydrophis consistent with the treatments of Hydrophis and related nominal genera by Sanders et al. (2013: 583) and Pyron et al. (2013)."},{"description":"PHILIPPINE DISTRIBUTION. — Philippines (unknown, but it has been reported from the coast of the Malaysian Peninsula and Vietnam in the South China Sea). GENERAL DISTRIBUTION (OTHER THAN PHILIPPINES). — Gulf of Siam, including coastal Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, South China Sea north to Taiwan, and east to New Guinea, New Caledonia, and Australia."},{"description":"TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE SPECIMEN (S). — New Holland (but questioned by Smith, 1926: 103). Holotype: MNHN 7177."},{"description":"Spiny-headed Sea Snake or Horned Sea Snake"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321107423":"Animalia","321107424":"Chordata","321107432":"Repitilia","321107433":"Squamata","321107477":"Elapidae"},"class":"Repitilia"},{"key":11356411,"nameKey":58550181,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"ca0fbe5d-f1d6-4290-b22d-2eae88d76ec5","nubKey":11356411,"parentKey":2998,"parent":"Leuctridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Plecoptera","family":"Leuctridae","genus":"Rhopalopsole","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":54,"classKey":216,"orderKey":787,"familyKey":2998,"genusKey":11356411,"scientificName":"Rhopalopsole Vn & A","canonicalName":"Rhopalopsole","authorship":"Vn & A","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"DOUBTFUL","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:11356411","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Material examined. Vietnam: Cao Bang, Ba Be National Park, jct road to Lake Ba Be and trail to ethnic village, 19 May 1995, ROM 956101, D. C. Currie, K. Ciruna, J. Whiting, 1 ♀ (ROM)."},{"description":"Diagnosis. The subgenital plate of this female does not closely match that of any of the known species, however, the projection from sternum 7 is generally similar to that of R. gladifera (Zwick 1977, Sivec et al. 2008), a species known from Bhutan."},{"description":"Male. Unknown. Female. Pigment pattern obscured by teneral specimen condition. Forewing length 6.0 mm. Sternum 7 prolonged as a narrow, apically rounded, tongue-shaped projection; lateral margins of projection sclerotized, median field and apex membranous (Fig. 12). Sternum 8 with a broad, transverse sclerite near posterior margin, and a membranous, hairy basolateral area (Fig. 12). Larva. Unknown."},{"description":"(Fig. 12)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","54":"Arthropoda","216":"Insecta","787":"Plecoptera","2998":"Leuctridae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":10368762,"nameKey":29953548,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"4cec8fef-f129-4966-89b7-4f8439aba058","nubKey":10368762,"parentKey":5343,"parent":"Tortricidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Lepidoptera","family":"Tortricidae","genus":"Genus","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":54,"classKey":216,"orderKey":797,"familyKey":5343,"genusKey":10368762,"scientificName":"Genus ANIC A","canonicalName":"Genus","authorship":"A.Anic","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"DOUBTFUL","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:10368762","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[{"vernacularName":"Genus Dolichocarpa"}],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","54":"Arthropoda","216":"Insecta","797":"Lepidoptera","5343":"Tortricidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":314504297,"nameKey":67101219,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","parentKey":299631222,"parent":"Plexauridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Cnidaria","order":"Malacalcyonacea","family":"Plexauridae","genus":"Placogorgia species","kingdomKey":296374190,"phylumKey":299583181,"classKey":299618280,"orderKey":299618582,"familyKey":299631222,"genusKey":314504297,"scientificName":"Placogorgia species A","canonicalName":"Placogorgia species","authorship":"A","nameType":"BLACKLISTED","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":2,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"CBQ2G","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"296374190":"Animalia","299583181":"Cnidaria","299618280":"Octocorallia","299618582":"Malacalcyonacea","299631222":"Plexauridae"},"class":"Octocorallia"},{"key":191994027,"datasetKey":"295e858f-8b12-4c61-be06-08ce86fc810e","parentKey":321260503,"parent":"Strabomantidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Chordata","order":"Anura","family":"Strabomantidae","genus":"Pristimantis sp.A","kingdomKey":321260492,"phylumKey":321260493,"classKey":321260494,"orderKey":321260495,"familyKey":321260503,"genusKey":191994027,"scientificName":"Pristimantis sp. 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Y. 2024.","canonicalName":"Ditylenchoides","authorship":"S.A.Subbotin & A.Y.Ryss, 2024","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"9635a3aa-dd0c-4e98-83d1-0265bbe12130","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{}},{"key":285597098,"nameKey":369449805,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":7729344,"parentKey":299629601,"parent":"Fungi","kingdom":"Fungi","genus":"Sclerotites","kingdomKey":299629601,"genusKey":285597098,"scientificName":"Sclerotites A. Massalongo in A. Massalongo & Scarabelli, 1859","canonicalName":"Sclerotites","authorship":"A.Massalongo, 1859","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"ST7SM","extinct":true,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"299629601":"Fungi"}},{"key":178582111,"datasetKey":"6b6b2923-0a10-4708-b170-5b7c611aceef","parentKey":178582066,"parent":"unclassified Apicotermitinae","kingdom":"Metazoa","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Blattodea","family":"Termitidae","genus":"Apicotermitinae gen","kingdomKey":177651702,"phylumKey":177842949,"classKey":177843086,"orderKey":178579804,"familyKey":178580507,"genusKey":178582111,"scientificName":"Apicotermitinae gen. A","canonicalName":"Apicotermitinae gen","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"378162","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"177651702":"Metazoa","177842949":"Arthropoda","177843086":"Insecta","178579804":"Blattodea","178580507":"Termitidae","178582066":"unclassified Apicotermitinae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":209451469,"nameKey":114560832,"datasetKey":"1c7b187d-d663-4606-85f7-6724c274d3c5","parentKey":321175727,"parent":"Gerridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Hemiptera","family":"Gerridae","genus":"Eotrechus sp.A","kingdomKey":321175723,"phylumKey":321175724,"classKey":321175725,"orderKey":321175726,"familyKey":321175727,"genusKey":209451469,"scientificName":"Eotrechus sp. A","canonicalName":"Eotrechus sp.A","authorship":"","nameType":"INFORMAL","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"EF40BE5E35475411964EB9981B6E9792.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Material examined. India • 1 ♀ (macropterous); Meghalaya State (10), E Khasi Hills, 11 km SW Cherrapunjee, Laitkynsew, seepage, wet rocks with algae / blue algae / moss, ca. 1.5 - 2 km via road from \" Cherapunjee Holiday Resort \" in direction Cherapunjee, exposed; 25 ° 13 ' N, 91 ° 39 ' E; 810 m a. s. l.; 21 - 24 Apr. 2008; Fikacek, Podskalska & Sipek leg.; NMPC."},{"description":"Diagnosis. Size: macropterous female: length 10.70, width 2.90. Male unknown. Female: Dorsal side of head largely black, ventral side with median black stripe. Dorsal side of pronotum with three yellow stripes (Fig. 23 A). Venter of thorax and abdomen chiefly black. Penultimate segment of rostrum (Fig. 23 B) distinctly curved and basally swollen. Pronotum in posterior half on each side of midline with large, shiny area; pronotal lobe without median carina. Fore femur slender, length ca. 6.6 x width at base, without row of setae on flexor side. Claws long. Mesosternum ca. 3.5 x length of metasternum, posterior margin of metasternum without fringe of black setae. Hind femur slightly shorter than middle femur. Sternum VII medially as long as sterna V and VI combined; hind margin straight; connexival corner with small, acute tip. Tergum VIII with distinct pair of processes bearing tufts of long, bristle-like setae on posterolateral corners (Fig. 23 C). Gonocoxae and proctiger slightly protruded, pointing caudad."},{"description":"Figs 23, 25"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321175723":"Animalia","321175724":"Arthropoda","321175725":"Insecta","321175726":"Hemiptera","321175727":"Gerridae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":104894601,"nameKey":832044,"datasetKey":"fab88965-e69d-4491-a04d-e3198b626e52","parentKey":104894599,"parent":"unclassified Apicotermitinae","kingdom":"Metazoa","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Blattodea","family":"Termitidae","genus":"Apicotermitinae gen","kingdomKey":103832354,"phylumKey":104183026,"classKey":104295797,"orderKey":104890745,"familyKey":104894224,"genusKey":104894601,"scientificName":"Apicotermitinae gen. 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Massalongo in A. Massalongo & Scarabelli, 1859","canonicalName":"Polystigmites","authorship":"A.Massalongo, 1859","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"RSTJV","extinct":true,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"299629601":"Fungi"}},{"key":11231494,"nameKey":58549620,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"e3dca285-34d8-4962-bfda-994d705a4a53","nubKey":11231494,"parentKey":2997,"parent":"Nemouridae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Plecoptera","family":"Nemouridae","genus":"Amphinemura","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":54,"classKey":216,"orderKey":787,"familyKey":2997,"genusKey":11231494,"scientificName":"Amphinemura Vn & A","canonicalName":"Amphinemura","authorship":"Vn & A","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"DOUBTFUL","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:11231494","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Material examined. Vietnam: Lao Cai, ca. 12 km along road from Sapa to Lai Chau, 1950 m, 22 ° 20 ’ 58 ” N, 103 ° 46 ’ 15 ” E, 1 - 12 May 1999, ROM 992012, B. Hubley, 2 ♀ (ROM)."},{"description":"Remarks. No males with dark spots near the antennal bases were found among our samples. The pale area on the inner basal margin of the subgenital plate lobe appears to be distinctive, at least for the Vietnamese species we have seen."},{"description":"Adult habitus. General color brown. Head brown with dark areas at base of antennae. Pronotum pale brown over most of disk, paler along median suture. Wings pale brown, veins dark brown. Femora brown, tibiae dark proximally at knee and pale elsewhere. Female. Forewing length 7.5 mm. Subgenital plate lobes meet near midline; posterior margins form a broadly U-shaped notch; inner basal margins poorly sclerotized (Fig. 29). Sternum 9 entirely sclerotized; anteromedian margin slightly projecting. Median area of sternum 7 projects over base of subgenital plate."},{"description":"(Fig. 29)"},{"description":"Material examined. Vietnam: Lao Cai, ca. 12 km along road from Sapa to Lai Chau, 1950 m, 22 ° 20 ’ 58 ” N, 103 ° 46 ’ 15 ” E, 1 - 12 May 1999, ROM 992012, B. Hubley, 3 ♀ (ROM). Adult habitus. General color brown. Head brown with pale transverse line behind ocelli. Pronotum dark except along lateral margins. Wings brown, veins dark brown. Legs brown. Female. Forewing length 7.5 - 8.0 mm. Subgenital plate lobes divergent (Fig. 28). Sternum 9 with a large anteromesal hump. Sternum 7 projects over base of subgenital plate."},{"description":"Remarks The distinctive pronotal color pattern of these specimens has not been found among Vietnamese male specimens. The strongly divergent subgenital plate lobes distinguishes this species from other Vietnamese females."},{"description":"(Fig. 28)"}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"1":"Animalia","54":"Arthropoda","216":"Insecta","787":"Plecoptera","2997":"Nemouridae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":272515765,"nameKey":37691769,"datasetKey":"e007cc4a-8704-449d-8829-bb209d26d6c8","nubKey":7956572,"parentKey":272515630,"parent":"Proisotominae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Entomobryomorpha","family":"Isotomidae","genus":"Strenzketoma","kingdomKey":270195436,"phylumKey":270195438,"classKey":293379517,"orderKey":272513378,"familyKey":272515626,"genusKey":272515765,"scientificName":"Strenzketoma Potapov, M, Babenko, A & Fjellberg, A, 2006","canonicalName":"Strenzketoma","authorship":"M.Potapov, A.Babenko & A.Fjellberg, 2006","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":1,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"7P5C","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"270195436":"Animalia","270195438":"Arthropoda","293379517":"Collembola","272513378":"Entomobryomorpha","272515626":"Isotomidae","272515630":"Proisotominae"},"class":"Collembola"},{"key":300410725,"nameKey":285733695,"datasetKey":"e007cc4a-8704-449d-8829-bb209d26d6c8","nubKey":3216591,"parentKey":300410643,"parent":"Cymatolegaceae","acceptedKey":300410715,"accepted":"Borziella Molinari & Guiry","kingdom":"Bacillati","phylum":"Cyanobacteriota","order":"Nodosilineales","family":"Cymatolegaceae","genus":"Borziella","kingdomKey":268652833,"phylumKey":268694775,"classKey":268694794,"orderKey":300410594,"familyKey":300410643,"genusKey":300410715,"scientificName":"Bacularia A. 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Funk","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"46B1C1BCDFE9A8FF418C1B3A2232BBFE.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Description. Shrubs or trees, monoecious. Leaves sessile or with a short petiole of no more than 5 mm long, alternate, chartaceous or coriaceous, entire, margins revolute, usually discolorous (silvery or cinereous-tomentose beneath), clustered near the ends of the branches especially late in the flowering cycle. Heads arranged in clusters, rarely solitary, most branches with an apical cluster; sessile or short-pedunculate, peduncles commonly densely scaly-bracted resembling the lowermost involucral bracts, homogamous (flowers bisexual), discoid; involucre obconic (turbinate) or campanulate, shorter than the flowers; phyllaries imbricate, 4 - 10 seriate, graduate, coriaceous or subcoriaceous. Flowers with corollas homomorphic, white or yellow, actinomorphic, deeply 5 - lobed, lobes equal or shorter than the tube, revolute; anthers calcarate, caudate, anther apical appendages apiculate, tails 1 - 3 mm long, entire or fimbrillate; styles rounded at apex, glabrous, style branches concave. Achenes 5 - ribbed sericeous, cuneate-cylindrical, carpopodium conspicuous. Pappus of scabrid bristles, uni- or biseriate, graduated (varying in length) and equally wide throughout or rarely flattened at the tips, ca 1 cm long. [7 species]"},{"description":"Etymology. The genus name was selected to honor the indigenous people of eastern central Mexico by naming it after their language. The name is derived from Nahuatl, a language of the Nahuan branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family (known informally as Aztec). It is spoken by an estimated 1.5 million people, most of whom live in Central Mexico. Nahuatl has been spoken in Central Mexico since at least the 7 th century AD and it was the language of the Aztecs who dominated what is now central Mexico during the Late Postclassic period of Mesoamerican history. Today the Nahuatl language is spoken in the Mexican states of Durango, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Tlaxcala, and Veracruz. The distribution of the new genus, Nahuatlea, in central Mexico has substantial overlap with the area so it is appropriate to use it for the name of the new genus (http: // en. wikipedia. org / wiki / Nahuatl)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321500376":"Plantae","321500377":"Tracheophyta","321500378":"Magnoliopsida","321500379":"Asterales","321500380":"Compositae"},"class":"Magnoliopsida"},{"key":298995986,"nameKey":45893040,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":4600916,"parentKey":298995984,"parent":"Siphonaliinae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Mollusca","order":"Neogastropoda","family":"Buccinidae","genus":"Siphonalia","kingdomKey":296374190,"phylumKey":298785287,"classKey":302123753,"orderKey":302133888,"familyKey":298992030,"genusKey":298995986,"scientificName":"Siphonalia A. Adams, 1863","canonicalName":"Siphonalia","authorship":"A.Adams, 1863","publishedIn":"Adams, A. (1863). On the Japanese species of Siphonalia, a proposed new genus of gasteropodous Mollusca. 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(1835). Synopsis terrestrium et fluviatilium molluscorum, in suo per Americam meridionalem itinere collectorum. 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Fauna, 2, 103","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"TQ9XZ","extinct":true,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"299629601":"Fungi"}},{"key":183227320,"datasetKey":"4577eacc-752d-4eb7-bf1b-6585f03d7d6a","nubKey":2100703,"parentKey":321293648,"parent":"Myrmeleontidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Neuroptera","family":"Myrmeleontidae","genus":"Myrmecaelurus","kingdomKey":321293644,"phylumKey":321293645,"classKey":321293646,"orderKey":321293647,"familyKey":321293648,"genusKey":183227320,"scientificName":"Myrmecaelurus A. Costa 1855","canonicalName":"Myrmecaelurus","authorship":"A. Costa 1855","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"314A4C269C502A1AEFC15D56FC245811.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Diagnosis. Mandibles with 3 teeth, the median tooth is the largest and closer to the apical tooth than to the basal tooth; the median and apical teeth are directly in contact and not separated by setae; external margin of the mandibles covered by long setae; ocular tubercle not prominent; pronotum covered with short and robust bristles; spiracles sessile; thorax equipped with sessile setiferous processes; metathoracic legs with a fringe of setae; VIII abdominal sternite without odontoid processes and provided with numerous digging setae; IX abdominal sternite ventrally covered by digging setae and equipped with very large rastra. Examined species. M. trigrammus (Pallas, 1771)."},{"description":"Comments. The mainly Palaearctic genus Myrmecaelurus is not well delimited and it is often subdivided in different subgenera (Aspöck et al. 1980), in some case raised to genus level (Krivokhatsky 2011). The presence of notable morphological differences in the larvae belonging to Aspoeckiana Hölzel, 1969 and Nohoveus Navás, 1919 (Krivokhatsky 2011) further supports their status as separated genera."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321293644":"Animalia","321293645":"Arthropoda","321293646":"Insecta","321293647":"Neuroptera","321293648":"Myrmeleontidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":256520197,"datasetKey":"ca811dab-1947-443f-bbef-8d8a3d36a51b","nubKey":2943599,"parentKey":321867460,"parent":"Fabaceae","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Tracheophyta","order":"Fabales","family":"Fabaceae","genus":"Vaughania","kingdomKey":321867456,"phylumKey":321867457,"classKey":321867458,"orderKey":321867459,"familyKey":321867460,"genusKey":256520197,"scientificName":"Vaughania S. MOORE A","canonicalName":"Vaughania","authorship":"S. MOORE A","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"03CD3659AE02BD762EC3FE6FFAE580A7.taxon","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"CLÉ DES ESPÈCES DU CLADE VAUGHANIA S. MOORE À MADAGASCAR (d’après Du Puy et al. 1994, 2002) 1. Feuilles à (5-7) - 11(-15) folioles ........................................................................................................... 2 — Feuilles à 1-5 folioles, ou réduites à des cladodes sans folioles ............................................................... 3 2 (1) Pétioles et rachis larges, aplatis en phyllodes, constrictés au niveau de l’insertion des paires de folioles; folioles opposées ou subopposées; feuilles blanchâtres, couvertes d’un dense indument strigueux de poils blancs au moins à la face inférieure; arbuste avec une apparence blanc argenté caractéristique ................. .......................................................................................................................... I. humbertiana M.Peltier — Pétiole et rachis fins et subtérètes: folioles alternes à subopposées; feuilles finement strigueuses-pubescentes: arbres ou arbustes ne présentant pas les caractères précédents .......................................... I. cloiselii Drake 3 (1). Jeunes rameaux généralement aplatis et transformés en cladodes, larges de 1,5 - 3(-5) mm; calice asymétrique, avec les 5 dents regroupées sous la base de la carène, et un grand espace entre les dents supérieures ............................................................................... I. pseudocompressa (Du Puy, Labat & Schrire) Schrire — Jeune tiges cylindriques ou légèrement aplaties, mais non transformées en cladodes; calice symétrique avec les 5 dents non regroupées sous la carène et les deux dents supérieures proches l’une de l’autre ............. 4 4 (3). Corolle symétrique, les ailes et la carène droites, la gaine staminale droite et orientée vers l’avant; dents du calice longues et fines, aussi longues ou plus longues que la partie basale fusionnée, le calice long de 4 à 7 mm .......................................................................... I. longidentata (Du Puy, Labat & Schrire) Schrire — Corolle asymétrique et paraissant déformée, la carène tordue d’un côté et enroulée en spirale en face de l’étendard, une aile suivant la torsion de la carène et restant appliquée contre celle-ci, et l’autre s’en éloignant; tube staminal enroulé comme la carène, les dents du calice sont aussi longues ou plus courtes que la partie fusionnée, le calice long de (1-) 2-4 mm ..................................................................................... 5 5 (4). Folioles à 10-20 (ou plus) paires de nervures secondaires bien marquées et étroitement espacées; folioles surtout glabres, généralement très décolorées lorsqu’elles sont sèches, la face supérieure étant brunâtre avec des nervures blanches; feuilles unifoliolées avec un pétiole largement à étroitement ailé, souvent spatulé; jeunes tiges robustes, épaisses et subglabres .......................................................... I. dionaeifolia S.Moore — Folioles à 3-9 paires de nervures secondaires bien espacées, généralement peu marquées; folioles pubescentes avec des poils blancs et/ou bruns épars ou denses, non discolores lorsqu’elles sont sèches; feuilles variables, plurifoliolées, unifoliolées, ou folioles absentes; pétiole cylindrique ou transformé en phyllode; jeunes pousses habituellement fines, pubescentes ............................................................................................. 6 6 (5). Fleurs longues de 10-15 mm (de la base du calice au point le plus éloigné des ailes ou de la carène); feuilles généralement unifolioliées avec un pétiole court, aplati et étroitement ailé et une foliole obovée-triangulaire avec un apex tronqué ou dentelé ................................. I. mahafalensis (Du Puy, Labat & Schrire) Schrire — Fleurs plus petites, longues de 4-10 mm; feuilles différentes de ci-dessus .............................................. 7 7 (6). Pétiole aplati en phyllode ...................................................................................................................... 8 — Pétiole étroit, subtérète ....................................................................................................................... 10 8 (7). Stipules soudées à la base seulement, avec 2 lobes triangulaires divergents; racèmes généralement réduits à une grappe presque sessile de 1-3 fleurs, parfois avec un axe jusqu’à 10 mm de long; calice (et axe du racème quand il est présent) à pubescence de poils blancs; phyllodes obovés à oblongs, habituellement courts, 6-15(-30) mm de long, apparaissant souvent en fascicules de 2-5 sur un brachyblaste latéral court (folioles absentes) .................................................................................................. I. cerighullii M.Peltier — Stipules soudées jusqu’au sommet ou avec des extrémités libres ne dépassant pas un tiers de la longueur; axe du racème bien développé, généralement long de 10-40 mm; calice et axe avec une pubescence de poils bruns et blancs mélangés; phyllodes généralement longs et étroits ou folioles présentes ........................ 9 9 (8). Racèmes lâches, avec un axe mince, pauciflores (généralement jusqu’à 5 fleurs), courts, l’axe mesurant 1-18 mm de long, non fortement anguleux ou strié; les feuilles sont généralement à 3 ou 5 folioles, les phyllodes se rétrécissant brusquement à l’insertion des paires de folioles, parfois unifoliées, le phyllode n’est alors pas rétréci ................................................................ I. interrupta (Du Puy, Labat & Schrire) Schire — Racèmes denses, avec un axe robuste, densément fleuris (généralement plus de 5 fleurs), les cicatrices serrées des fleurs tombées donnant à l’axe un aspect anguleux et strié, (5-) 10-40 mm de long; les feuilles réduites à transformées en phyllode qui n’est jamais constricté, la foliole terminale est absente ou précocement caduque ................................................................................................................... I. depauperata Drake 10 (7). Foliole de plus de 10 mm de largeur ................................................................................................... 12 — Foliole de moins de 10 mm de largeur ................................................................................................ 11 11 (10). Brachyblastes de (1-)2-4(-10) mm; nervation peu visible face abaxiale; base des jeunes rameaux à lenticelles éparses et aplaties .................................................................................. I. badralaensis M.Pignal, sp. nov. — Brachyblastes de (15-)22-25(-41) mm; nervation très visible face abaxiale; base des jeunes rameaux à lenticelles nombreuses et verruqueuses ............................................................................ I. xerophila R.Vig. 12 (10). Feuilles à 3-5 folioles ................................................................................. I. annettae M.Pignal, sp. nov. — Feuilles avec une seule grande foliole ............................................................................. I. perrieri R.Vig. KEY FOR THE VAUGHANIA S. MOORE CLADE IN MADAGASCAR (adapted from Du Puy et al. 1994, 2002) 1. Leaves with (5-7)-11(-15) leaflets ......................................................................................................... 2 — Leaves with 1-5 leaflets, or reduced to cladodes without leaflets ............................................................ 3 2 (1). Petioles and rachis broad, flattened into phyllodes, constricted at the insertion of leaflet pairs; leaflets opposite or sub-opposite; leaves whitish, covered with a dense strigose indumentum of white hairs at least beneath; shrub with a characteristic silver-white appearance ............................. I. humbertiana M.Peltier — Petiole and rachis fine and subterete: leaflet alternate to subopposite; leaves finely strigose-pubescent: trees or shrubs not as above .................................................................................................... I. cloiselii Drake 3 (1). Young stems flattened and transformed into cladodes, 1.5-3(-5) mm broad; calyx asymmetrical, with all 5 teeth grouped below the keel base, and the upper 2 teeth with a broad notch between them ................ ............................................................................... I. pseudocompressa (Du Puy, Labat & Schrire) Schrire — Young stems cylindrical to slightly flattened, but not transformed into cladodes; calyx symmetrical with the 5 teeth not grouped under the keel the two upper teeth close together ........................................... 4 4 (3). Corolla symmetrical, the wings and keel straight, the staminal sheath straight and forward-pointing; calyx teeth long and slender, as long as or longer than the fused basal portion, calyx 4-7 mm long ................... ..................................................................................... I. longidentata (Du Puy, Labat & Schrire) Schrire — Corolla asymmetrical and appearing distorted, the keel twisted on one side and curling upwards in front of the standard, one wing usually remaining forward-pointing, the other following the keel; the staminal sheath twisted as the keel; the calyx teeth as long as or shorter than the fused portion, the calyx (1-) 2-4 mm long ................ 5 5 (4). Leaflets with 10-20 or more pairs of well-marked, closely spaced secondary veins; leaflets mostly glabrous, usually very discoloured when dry, the upper surface brown with white veins; leaves unifoliolate with a broadly to narrowly winged, often spatulate petiole; young stems robust, thick and subglabrous ............. ............................................................................................................................. I. dionaeifolia S.Moore — Leaflets with 3-9 pairs of well-spaced, usually indistinct secondary veins; leaflets pubescent with scattered to dense white and/or brown hairs, not discoloured as above when dry; leaves various, multi-foliolate, unifoliolate, or leaflets absent; petiole terete or transformed into a phyllode; young shoots usually slender, pubescent ....... 6 6 (5). Flowers 10-15 mm long (from the base of the calyx to the furthest point of the wings or keel petals); leaves usually unifoliate with a short, flattened, narrowly winged petiole and an obovate-triangular leaflet with a truncated or notched apex .......................................... I. mahafalensis (Du Puy, Labat & Schrire) Schrire — Flowers smaller, 4-10 mm long; leaves not as above .............................................................................. 7 7 (6). Petiole flattened into phyllodes ............................................................................................................ 8 — Petiole narrow, subterete, leaflets always present ................................................................................. 10 8 (7). Stipules connate at the base only, with 2 triangular divergent lobes; racemes usually reduced to an almost sessile cluster of 1-3 flowers, occasionally with an axis up to 10 mm long; calyx (and raceme axis when present) pubescent with white hairs; phyllodes obovate to oblong, usually short, 6-15(-30) mm long, often appearing in fascicles of 2-5 on a short lateral brachyblast (leaflets absent) ............. I. cerighullii M.Peltier — Stipules connate to the tip or with free ends not exceeding one third of the length; raceme axis well-developed, usually 10-40 mm long; calyx and axis with a pubescence of mixed brown and white hairs; phyllodes usually long and narrow or leaflets present ............................................................................................ 9 9 (8). Racemes lax with a slender axis, few-flowered (generally up to 5 flowers), short, the axis 1-18 mm long, not strongly angular or striate; the leaves usually have 3 or 5 leaflets, the phyllodes narrow abruptly at the insertion of the leaflet pairs, sometimes unifoliate, in which case the phyllode is not constricted .............. ......................................................................................... I. interrupta (Du Puy, Labat & Schrire) Schire — Racemes dense, with a robust axis, densely flowered (usually more than 5 flowers), the densely spaced scars of fallen flowers giving the axis an angled and ridged aspect, (5-) 10-40 mm long; leaves represented by a phyllodinous petiole which is never constricted, the (solitary) leaflet absent or soon caducous ................. I. depauperata Drake 10 (7). Leaflet more than 10 mm wide ........................................................................................................... 12 — Leaflet less than 10 mm wide .............................................................................................................. 11 11 (10). Brachyblasts (1-)2-4(-10) mm; venation barely visible on abaxial surface; base of young shoots with sparse, flattened lenticels .................................................................................. I. badralaensis M.Pignal, sp. nov. — Brachyblasts (15-)22-25(-41) mm long; venation clearly visible on abaxial side; base of young shoots with numerous warty lenticels ............................................................................................ I. xerophila R.Vig. 12 (10). Leaves with 3-5 leaflets .............................................................................. I. annettae M.Pignal, sp. nov. — Leaves with a single large leaflet ..................................................................................... 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Cosmopolitan distribution (Bicudo & Menezes, 2006)."}],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"321058556":"Plantae","321058576":"Charophyta","321058577":"Conjugatophyceae","321058578":"Zygnematales","321058579":"Zygnemataceae"},"class":"Conjugatophyceae"},{"key":270055037,"nameKey":37536412,"datasetKey":"e007cc4a-8704-449d-8829-bb209d26d6c8","nubKey":4904515,"parentKey":270054812,"parent":"Chlamydomonadales","kingdom":"Plantae","phylum":"Chlorophyta","order":"Chlamydomonadales","genus":"Deflandrastrum","kingdomKey":268656353,"phylumKey":270051256,"classKey":270054809,"orderKey":270054812,"genusKey":270055037,"scientificName":"Deflandrastrum A. Combaz, 1962","canonicalName":"Deflandrastrum","authorship":"A.Combaz, 1962","publishedIn":"Comptes Rendus des séances de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris 225: -. [1977-1979]","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":0,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"42FX","habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"268656353":"Plantae","270051256":"Chlorophyta","270054809":"Chlorophyceae","270054812":"Chlamydomonadales"},"class":"Chlorophyceae"},{"key":273102984,"nameKey":45896550,"datasetKey":"e007cc4a-8704-449d-8829-bb209d26d6c8","nubKey":4876059,"parentKey":273102784,"parent":"Cidarinae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Echinodermata","order":"Cidaroida","family":"Cidaridae","genus":"Chondrocidaris","kingdomKey":270195436,"phylumKey":273076691,"classKey":273099067,"orderKey":300764961,"familyKey":300764966,"genusKey":273102984,"scientificName":"Chondrocidaris A. Agassiz, 1863","canonicalName":"Chondrocidaris","authorship":"A.Agassiz, 1863","publishedIn":"Agassiz, A. (1863). List of the echinoderms sent to different institutions in exchange for other specimens, with annotations. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College, 1: 17–28. https://www.marinespecies.org/echinoidea/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=6822","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":5,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"7NZC4","extinct":false,"habitats":["MARINE"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"270195436":"Animalia","273076691":"Echinodermata","273099067":"Echinoidea","300764961":"Cidaroida","300764966":"Cidaridae","273102784":"Cidarinae"},"class":"Echinoidea"},{"key":271537188,"nameKey":55693000,"datasetKey":"e007cc4a-8704-449d-8829-bb209d26d6c8","nubKey":1175161,"parentKey":271500202,"parent":"Curculionidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Coleoptera","family":"Curculionidae","genus":"Oxyonyxus","kingdomKey":270195436,"phylumKey":270195438,"classKey":270329917,"orderKey":271370317,"familyKey":271500202,"genusKey":271537188,"scientificName":"Oxyonyxus Hoffmann, A., 1957","canonicalName":"Oxyonyxus","authorship":"A.Hoffmann, 1957","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":1,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"8HNM8","extinct":false,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"270195436":"Animalia","270195438":"Arthropoda","270329917":"Insecta","271370317":"Coleoptera","271500202":"Curculionidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":273934550,"nameKey":45899580,"datasetKey":"e007cc4a-8704-449d-8829-bb209d26d6c8","nubKey":6598040,"parentKey":273934543,"parent":"Chrysocapsaceae","kingdom":"Chromista","phylum":"Ochrophyta","order":"Chrysocapsales","family":"Chrysocapsaceae","genus":"Phaeococcus","kingdomKey":273849417,"phylumKey":273925919,"classKey":273933812,"orderKey":273934516,"familyKey":273934543,"genusKey":273934550,"scientificName":"Phaeococcus A. 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(1959). Die von Dr. K. Lindberg in Griechenland gesammelten Zonitidae (Gastropoda). Annales Zoologici, 18 (6): 89–117. Warszawa [30 June]. https://www.molluscabase.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=297328","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":10,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"7P7K6","habitats":["TERRESTRIAL"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"296374190":"Animalia","298785287":"Mollusca","302123753":"Gastropoda","298868528":"Pristilomatidae"},"class":"Gastropoda"},{"key":297433034,"nameKey":55695346,"datasetKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":1175003,"parentKey":297380256,"parent":"Curculionidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Coleoptera","family":"Curculionidae","genus":"Homoeometamelus","kingdomKey":296374190,"phylumKey":296374886,"classKey":296434567,"orderKey":296992572,"familyKey":297380256,"genusKey":297433034,"scientificName":"Homoeometamelus Hustache, A., 1936","canonicalName":"Homoeometamelus","authorship":"A.Hustache, 1936","publishedIn":"Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (10) 18","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":3,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"8HKLX","extinct":false,"habitats":[],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[],"vernacularNames":[],"synonym":false,"higherClassificationMap":{"296374190":"Animalia","296374886":"Arthropoda","296434567":"Insecta","296992572":"Coleoptera","297380256":"Curculionidae"},"class":"Insecta"},{"key":2114259,"nameKey":1619024,"datasetKey":"d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c","constituentKey":"7ddf754f-d193-4cc9-b351-99906754a03b","nubKey":2114259,"parentKey":4961,"parent":"Megacalanidae","kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Arthropoda","order":"Calanoida","family":"Megacalanidae","genus":"Bradycalanus","kingdomKey":1,"phylumKey":54,"classKey":11545536,"orderKey":679,"familyKey":4961,"genusKey":2114259,"scientificName":"Bradycalanus Scott A., 1909","canonicalName":"Bradycalanus","authorship":"Scott A., 1909","publishedIn":"Res. Siboga-Exp., 29a, (livr. 44)","nameType":"SCIENTIFIC","taxonomicStatus":"ACCEPTED","rank":"GENUS","origin":"SOURCE","numDescendants":4,"numOccurrences":0,"taxonID":"gbif:2114259","extinct":false,"habitats":["MARINE"],"nomenclaturalStatus":[],"threatStatuses":[],"descriptions":[{"description":"Key to Bradycalanus, females and males 1 Head rounded; posterior Pd5 corners triangular in lateral view; Mx1 coxal endite with 5 setae.........................2 - Head crested; posterior Pd5 corners with posteroventral attenuated extension in lateral view; Mx1 coxal endite with 2 setae (male unknown)............................................................. Bradycalanus abyssicolus n. sp. 2 Female A1 short extending no more than 3 segments beyond caudal rami; P1 Re1 and 2 with outer border spines extending to base of following spine (male unknown).................................................... Bradycalanus gigas - Female A1 long extending about 6–7 segments beyond caudal rami; P1 Re1 and 2 with outer border spines short extending well short of base of following spine......................................................................3 3 Female total length <13 mm; male right P5 Re3 inner border spine inserted opposite outer border spine, inner border with notch.............................................................................. Bradycalanus typicus - Female total length> 14 mm; male right P5 Re3 inner border spine inserted distal to level of outer border spine insertion, inner border without notch................................................................. Bradycalanus enormis"},{"description":"Type species. Bradycalanus typicus A. Scott, 1909. Type locality. 0 o 17.6 ’ S, 129 o 14.5 ’ E."},{"description":"Remarks. Four species have been included in this genus: Bradycalanus typicus A. Scott, 1909; Br. gigas Sewell, 1947; Br. pseudotypicus Björnberg, 1968; and Br. pseudotypicus enormis Björnberg, 1968."},{"description":"Differential diagnosis. As for Megacalanidae plus following character states: Anterior head rounded or crested. Rostral filaments slender and tapering to point. Female antennule ancestral segment XXIII with aesthetasc. Dorsal surface of antennular ancestral segments I – V each with small hair sensillum without maculae cribrosae. Right male antennule ancestral segments XXI – XXIII fused, segments XIX, XX and XXI with gripping elements. Antennal exopod ancestral segments I – III each bearing relatively well-developed seta each longer than its segment, or shorter than its segment (Br. abyssicolus n. sp.), seta on segment IV extending short of distal border of exopod. Mandibular gnathobase with ventral tooth set at oblique angle to main plane of gnathobase therefore appearing broader than other teeth, remaining tooth row more or less in line (not set anterior and posterior as in Bathycalanus); endopod segment 1 with 4 setae, endopod segment 2 with 9 large setae and 2 vestigial setae. Maxillule praecoxal arthrite with 4 posterior surface setae, coxal endite with 4 + 1 small or 2 setae (Br. abyssicolus); basal endites 1 and 2 with 2, 4 setae, respectively; endopod segments 1 – 3 usually with 2, 1 + 1 vestigial, 5 + 1 small posterior surface setae, respectively. Maxilla relatively enlarged compared with other megacalanids; longest setae extend as far as mid labrum and only setae of praecoxal endites 1 and 2 and coxal endite 1 with auxiliary setules; proximal inner seta of endopod segment 2 vestigial, convex border of distal inner seta of endopod segment 2 naked. Maxilliped not enlarged compared with other megacalanids, longest setae extend to rostrum, endopod segments 3 – 5 with variable numbers of setae poorly developed. Leg 1 basis without hooked process, exopod segments 1 and 2 each bearing distolateral articulated spine, segment 3 with 2 outer border spines. Maculae cribrosae absent. Male leg 5 specialised seta on left leg tapering evenl y, bordered by very long setules."},{"description":"Description. Female. Anterior margin of head in dorsal view rounded or crested, rostrum extending into two long, ventroposteriorly-directed, tapering points that appear to be direct extensions of cuticle. Pedigerous somites 1 – 5 separate, posterior border of somite 5 rounded or extended into small, sharp or obtuse projections in lateral view. Urosome of four free somites. Genital double-somite symmetrical in dorsal view, lateral borders slightly convex, approximately as long as wide and widest at variable locations anterior to posterior; in lateral view distinct ventral genital bulge anteriorly placed or with posterior ridge (Br. abyssicolus n. sp.). Caudal rami with seta I absent, setae II and III lateral, setae IV – VI terminal (seta V longest), seta VII inserted at inner distal corner on small projection. Antennule extending as far as posterior border of caudal rami or several segments beyond; ancestral segments II – IV and X – XI fused, segments XXVII and XXVIII separate. Most setae modified; one plumose or naked seta on segment I and naked seta on segment XXVIII. Segments I – V each with dorsal surface hair sensillum, without maculae cribrosae. Setation of segments as follows (based on Br. abyssicolus because specimens of other species not in good condition): I — 1 ms, 1 a, 2 ss (or 1 ss and 1 plumose setae); II to XXI — 2 ms + 1 a; XXII to XXIII — 1 ms + 1 a; XXIV — 1 ms + 1 a anteriorly, 1 ms posteriorly; XXV — 1 ms + 1 a anteriorly, 1 large ms posteriorly; XXVI to XXVII — 1 ms + 1; XXVIII — 3 ms, 1 a, 1 ss, no maculae cribrosae present. Antenna with separate coxa and basis; coxa with 1 inner plumose seta with very long setules along both sides and inner tuft of setules, basis with 2 inner setae each with 2 rows of short setules. Exopod slightly longer than endopod; endopod 2 - segmented although line of fusion between ancestral segments II and III visible on posterior surface; segment 1 with 2 inner naked setae and short longitudinal row of outer setules, terminal segment with 9 + 7 setae; exopod ancestral segment I separate from ancestral segment II, usually with 1 inner disal seta longer than its segment (in Br. abyssicolus n. sp. shorter than its segment). Segment IV seta extends short of distal border of exopod. Segments II – IV fused on posterior surface although line of demarcation visible on anterior surface; segments V – VIII separate, each with long plumose seta; segments IX – X fused, segment X bearing 3 terminal setae. Mandible coxal gnathobase heavily sclerotised, without macula cribrosa, very broad terminally with six large, complex teeth; largest ventral tooth oriented obliquely to plane of gnathobase thus appearing very wide at base; teeth 2 – 5 at right angles to main plane of gnathobase, dorsal-most teeth not complex: 2 small and 1 large tooth adjacent to non-articulated lash-like element bordered by 2 tooth rows; basis with 4 inner setae; endopod 2 - segmented, segment 1 bearing large inner lobe and 4 distal inner setae (distalmost seta small), segment 2 with 11 terminal setae, 2 of them on one surface, vestigial; exopod 5 - segmented with 1, 1, 1, 1, 2 setae. Maxillule praecoxal arthrite with full complement of 15 setae, 4 of these on posterior and 2 on anterior surface; coxal endite with 5 or 2 setae, epipodite with 7 long and 2 proximal short setae; basal endites 1 and 2 with 2 and 4 setae, respectively, exite with 1 seta; basis and endopod segment 1 fused or separate; endopod with ancestral segments I and II fused, with 2, 1 + 1 vestigial, and 5 + 1 small seta, respectively; exopod with 11 setae, without macula cribrosa. Maxilla enlarged relative to other megacalanids, longest setae extend as far as mid labrum. Praecoxal endite 1 with 6 setae plus 1 small triangular spine, praecoxal endite 2 with 3 setae; coxal epipodite with 1 vestigial seta; coxal endites 1 and 2 with 3 setae each; basal endite longest with 4 setae; endopod segment 1 with lobe bearing 3 vestigial + 1 large seta, endopod segments 2 – 4 with 3 (inner proximal seta vestigial, distal seta naked), 1, 2 setae, respectively, most of them strong and curved along whole length. One seta on inner surface of praecoxal endite 1 and coxal endites 1 and 2 shorter and more densely lined with long spinules; longest setae of praecoxal endite 2 and coxal endites 1 and 2 with closely spaced short setules as well as long sparse auxiliary setules. Basal endite and endopod setae strong and spine-like with distal two thirds of concave border lined with closely spaced setules; inner distal long seta of endopod segment 2 with fine spinules on distal proximal-facing (concave) border and naked distally-facing (convex) border. Maxilliped directed ventrally so that setae on syncoxa and basis directed into animal’s midline; syncoxa with 1, 2, 4, 3 short + l long setae, respectively (on endite 4, long seta toothed and extending as far as third basal seta); basis with 3 setae and with or without long row of very small spinules; endopod segment 1 bearing 2 setae, longer seta plumose along both borders, shorter seta with smooth basal part and tapering distal part bordered by 2 rows of spinules, separate from or partially incorporated into basis; endopod segments 2 – 6 with 4, 1 + 3 small, 1 + 2 small, 1 + 2 small + 1 outer, 2 + 2 small setae, respectively, 3 of 4 setae on endopod segment 2 with long setules along one border, distal-most seta longest, bordered by short spinules along distal two thirds of one border. Legs 1 – 5 biramous, each ramus 3 - segmented with following setal formula (Roman numerals indicate spines, Arabic numerals indicate setae; outer border setation listed first): Leg 1 (Coxa 0 - 1. Basis 1 - 1. Exopod I- 1; I- 1; II, 1,4. Endopod 0 - 1; 0 - 2; 1,2,3); Leg 2 (Coxa 0 - 1. Basis I- 0. Exopod I- 1; I- 1; III, 1,5. Endopod 0 - 1; 0 - 2; 2,2,4); Leg 3 (Coxa 0 - 1. Basis I- 0. Exopod I- 1; I- 1; III, 1,5. Endopod 0 - 1; 0 - 2; 2,2,4); Leg 4 (Coxa 0 - 1. Basis 1 - 0. Exopod I- 1; I- 1; III, 1,5. Endopod 0 - 1; 0 - 2; 2,2,3); Leg 5 ♀ (Coxa 0 - 0. Basis 1 - 0. Exopod I- 0; I- 1; II, 1,4. Endopod 0 - 1; 0 - 1; 2,2,2); Leg 1 inner seta on coxa arising from inner posterior surface; basis without macula cribrosa, with inner distal S-shaped seta arising on anterior surface and curving across distal border of endopod segment 1, outer seta vestigial; distolateral corner of endopod segment 1 rounded; distolateral exopod spines of various lengths and exopod segments of varying length: width proportions. Legs 2 – 4 coxal seta on inner margin; pore openings located on anterior surface at base of outer edge spines of exopod segments 1 – 3, and endopod segment 1 outer distal corners with small rounded or pointed protrusions. Leg 5 with outer distal corner of endopod segment 1 rounded; pore openings on anterior surface at base of outer border spines. On legs 2 – 5 outer borders of endopod segments 1 – 2 and proximal outer border of segment 3 lined with fine setules, apart from leg 5 endopod segment 1; proximal inner border of endopod segments 2 and 3 lined with fine setules. Fine setules line outer border of exopod segment 2 and proximal outer border of exopod segment 3 of legs 2 – 5; fine setules line inner borders of exopod segments 1 and 2 and proximal inner border of segment 3 of legs 2 – 5, except for naked inner border of exopod segment 1 of leg 5. Male. Anterior margin of head similar to that of female. Rostrum extending ventroposteriorly into two long, tapering points appearing to be direct extensions of cuticle. Urosome of five free somites, genital somite short. Caudal rami seta I absent, setae II and III lateral, setae IV – VI terminal (seta V longest), seta VII inserted at inner distal corner onto small projection; setules decorating inner border. Antennules asymmetrical, geniculate on right. Aesthetascs larger than in female with stiffened posterior border. Left antennule with ancestral segments II – IV, IX – XI fused, segments XXVII and XXVIII separate, with aethetascs doubled on segments I, III, V, VII, IX, XI – XIV. Most setae of modified (ms) type, or aesthetascs (a); and few naked simple setae (ss). Setation of segments as follows: I — 1 ms, 2 a, 2 ss; II – IV — 6 ms, 4 a; V — 2 ms, 2 a; VI — 2 ms, 1 a; VII — 2 ms, 2 a; VIII — 2 ms, 1 a; IX – XI — 6 ms, 5 a; XII to XIV — 2 ms; 2 a; XV to XXI — 2 ms, 1 a; XXII to XXIII — 1 ms, 1 a; XXIV to XXV — 2 ms, 1 a; XXVI — 1 + 1 ms; XXVII — 1 + 1 ms; XXVIII — 3 ms, 1 a, 1 ss. Right antennule geniculate between segments XX and XXI, with ancestral segments II – IV, IX – XI, XXI – XXIII fused; XXVII and XXVIII separate. Setation of segments as follows: I — 2 ss, 2 a; II – IV — 6 ms, 4 a; V — 2 ms, 2 a; VI — 2 ms, 1 a; VII — 2 ms, 2 a; VIII — 2 ms, 1 a; IX – XI — 6 ms (presence of clavate seta could not be confirmed because of damage to setae), 5 a; XII to XIII — 2 ms; 2 a; XIV to XVIII — 2 ms, 1 a; XIX — 1 ms, 1 gripping element, 1 a; XX — 1 gripping element, 1 ms, 1 a; XXI – XXIII — 2 gripping elements, 1 a, 1 ms; XXIV to XXV — 2 ms, 1 a; XXVI — 2 ms; XXVII — 2 ms; XXVIII — 3 ms, 1 a, 1 ss. Antenna, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped and legs 1 – 4 similar to those of female, although setae on antenna exopod segments I – IV shorter. Leg 5 with following setal formula (Roman numerals indicate spines, Arabic numerals setae, outer border setation listed to the left in each group separate by ‘; ’): Leg 5 ♂ left (Coxa 0 - 0. Basis 1 - 0. Exopod I- 0; I-I; II, 1,0. Endopod 0 - 0; 0 - 1; 2,2,2); Leg 5 ♂ right (Coxa 0 - 0. Basis 1 - 0. Exopod I- 0; I- 0; II, 1,0. Endopod 0 - 0; 0 - 1; 2,2,2). Leg 5 almost symmetrical apart from specialised seta on inner distal border of left exopod segment 2 and asymmetrically inserted single seta on inner border of exopod segment 3 (these homologous with terminal spine of female). Male left leg 5 exopod segment 2, specialised seta evenly tapering bearing dense longitudinal rows of long setules not extending onto basal part; outer proximal border bearing small tapering lobe. Outer distal corner of endopod segment 1 rounded. 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Sessile spikelet not inserted within a cavity at apex of a rhachis internode; apex of internode never dentate ..................................7 3. Raceme solitary; pedicel and rhachis internode clavate or bucciniform............................................................................................4 3. Raceme bi-nate, rarely digitate; pedicel and rhachis internode stout (pyriform in Andropogon burmanicus) ..................................6 4. Pedicel bucciniform; pedicelled spikelet much longer than their sessile counterparts; upper glume aristate .................... Diectomis 4. Pedicel clavate or linear-clavate; pedicelled spikelet slightly shorter or equal to their sessile counterparts .....................................5 5. Inflorescence a spiciform-raceme, variously disposed as: simple, compound, paniculate, globose, fastigiated, scanty or linear forms; racemes mostly subtended by a spatheole or an un-specialized sheath; delicate annual to moderately tough grasses ............ ..................................................................................................................................................................................... Schizachyrium 5. Inflorescence not various, composed of only a solitary, spiciform-raceme; raceme not subtended by a spatheole or a sheath; mostly tough grasses ........................................................................................................................................................................... Sehima 6. Aromatic grasses; inflorescence dense, decompound panicle; raceme bi-nate, never digitate, deflexed at maturity, borne on flat, sub-equal raceme bases .................................................................................................................................................. Cymbopogon 6. Non-aromatic grasses; inflorescence not dense, decompound panicle; raceme bi-nate or digitate, not deflexed at all, borne on terete, un-equal raceme bases .................................................................................................................. Andropogon (sensu stricto) 7. Pedicel and rhachis internode with a distinct translucent groove (resinous channel) .................................................... Bothriochloa 7. Pedicel and rhachis internode without a translucent groove, if at all channeled then without a translucent membrane ..................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................ Dichanthium 8. Callus of a pedicelled spikelet long and extended deceptively resembling the pedicel; pedicel very short almost reduced to a stump at the base; pedicelled spikelets over-lapping and subtending sessile spikelets; upper lemma of sessile spikelet entire .................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................ Heteropogon 8. Callus of a pedicelled spikelet short never extended; pedicel always well developed; pedicelled spikelets not subtending sessile spikelets; upper lemma of sessile spikelet bi-lobed ...........................................................................................................................9 9. Sessile spikelets inserted within the cavity of a cupuliform apex of a rhachis internode ........................................... Diheteropogon 9. Sessile spikelets not inserted at the apex of a rhachis internode ......................................................................................................10 10. Lower glume of the sessile spikelet convex or rarely slightly concave on the back or with two or more shallow striations but never a longitudinal groove; upper glume obtuse, acute, mucronate or aristate ........................................................................................11 10. Lower glume of the sessile spikelet with a characteristic longitudinally groove in the middle (see Parahyparrhenia tridentata); upper glume acute to aristate not mucronate....................................................................................................................................13 11. A pair of homogamous spikelets forming an involucre at the base of racemes ................................................................... Exotheca 11. Homogamous spikelets present (rarely absent) but not forming an involucre at the base of racemes.............................................12 12. Callus of pedicelled spikelet stipe-like; upper glume of sessile spikelet aristate (ex-aristate in E. androphila); raceme not deflexed (deflexed in E. archaelymandra)....................................................................................................................................... Elymandra 12. Callus of pedicelled spikelet not stipe-like; upper glume of sessile spikelet ex-aristate; raceme deflexed at maturity (in few not deflexed at all) ................................................................................................................................................................ Hyparrhenia 13. Raceme-bases produced at the tip into a long scarious vestigial appendage; racemes (1–) 2 (–10) awned per pair ........................... .......................................................................................................................................................................................... Hyperthalia 13. Raceme-bases without any distinct appendage (see some forms of Parahyparrhenia annua); racemes 4–14 awned per pair........... ................................................................................................................................................................................. 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Oryzorictes tetradactylus is ranked as Data Deficient as it is known mostly from specimens collected in Central and East Madagascar late in the nineteenth century, including those collected by Major at Antsirabe and the relatively close localities of Fasina (19 ° 45 ’ S, 46 ° 56 ’ E) and Andranobe (19 ° 49 ’ S, 46 ° 59 ’ E) (Jenkins and Carleton 2005). This species has not been recorded at any of the Protected Area sites in the Central Highlands, unlike O. cf. hova which is listed from three such sites: Ambohitantely, Anjozorobe-Angavo and Marolambo (Goodman et al. 2018). There are a few records of this species from Andringitra in 1970, two at high altitudes of 2030 m and 2470 m, respectively; however, no specimens were discovered during the elevational survey of the eastern slopes of Andringitra in 1993 (Goodman et al. 1996 a). 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Phylogeny inferred from mtDNA is (K. leche, K. megaceros) (( K. kob, K. vardonii) (K. ellipsprymnus )) (Birungi and Arctander, 2001), with species groups monophyletic."},{"description":"Species and subspecies: 5 species with 27 subspecies: Species Kobus ellipsiprymnus (Ogilby 1833) Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. ellipsiprymnus Ogilby 1833 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. adolfifriderici Matschie 1910 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. annectens Schwarz 1913 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. crawshayi P. L. Sclater 1894 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. defassa Rüppell 1835 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. harnieri Murie 1867 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. kondensis Matschie 1911 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. pallidus Matschie 1910 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. penricei W. Rothschild 1895 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. thikae Matschie 1910 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. tjaederi Lönnberg 1907 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. tschadensis Schwarz 1913 Subspecies Kobus ellipsiprymnus subsp. unctuosus Laurillard 1842 Species Kobus kob (Erxleben 1777) Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. kob Erxleben 1777 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. adolfi Lydekker and Blaine 1914 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. bahrkeetae Schwarz 1913 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. leucotis Lichtenstein and Peters 1853 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. pousarguesi Neumann 1905 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. riparia Schwarz 1914 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. thomasi P. L. Sclater 1896 Subspecies Kobus kob subsp. ubangiensis Schwarz 1913 Species Kobus leche Gray 1850 Subspecies Kobus leche subsp. leche Gray 1850 Subspecies Kobus leche subsp. kafuensis Haltenorth 1963 Subspecies Kobus leche subsp. robertsi W. 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