{"key":"3a749bef-bb6e-467f-a353-244b43c7c323","installationKey":"f66ca88d-1f6a-49dc-b33b-32960faee57e","publishingOrganizationKey":"038a1133-81e2-42e8-a4dd-b5ac246eb082","doi":"10.15468/v6ku49","external":false,"numConstituents":0,"type":"OCCURRENCE","subtype":"OBSERVATION","shortName":"ncf-ncbs-arp-butterflies","title":"Butterfly occurrences in rainforest fragments of the Valparai Plateau and Anamalai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, India","description":"<p>This dataset contains butterfly occurrence records collected during point-count surveys conducted in rainforest fragments on the Valparai Plateau in the Anamalai Hills, part of the Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India. Surveys were carried out between January and May 2022 in eight rainforest fragments. Butterflies were recorded within 5 m radius circular plots over a 5-minute observation period at each point. The sampling design consisted of paired open-canopy and closed-canopy points placed 20 m apart, classified into edge (≤5 m), intermediate (5–50 m), and interior (&gt;50 m) distance classes from the forest edge. The dataset includes 231 occurrence records covering five butterfly families (Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae). The data form part of a Masters thesis project examining butterfly responses to an edge-to-interior gradient in mid-elevation wet evergreen rainforest fragments of the Anamalai Hlls, Western Ghats.</p>","language":"eng","citation":{"text":"Niranjana C (2026). Butterfly occurrences in rainforest fragments of the Valparai Plateau and Anamalai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, India. Nature Conservation Foundation. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/v6ku49 accessed via GBIF.org on 2026-10-29.","citationProvidedBySource":false},"contactsCitation":[{"key":7006422,"abbreviatedName":"Niranjana C","firstName":"C.","lastName":"Niranjana","roles":["ORIGINATOR"],"userId":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0515-3468"]}],"lockedForAutoUpdate":false,"createdBy":"038a1133-81e2-42e8-a4dd-b5ac246eb082","modifiedBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2026-05-08T10:40:22.249+00:00","modified":"2026-05-08T10:41:25.567+00:00","contacts":[{"key":7006422,"type":"ORIGINATOR","primary":true,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0515-3468"],"firstName":"C.","lastName":"Niranjana","position":["Researcher"],"email":["niranjanac98@gmail.com"],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"organization":"National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research","address":["GKVK Campus, Bellary Road"],"city":"Bangalore","province":"Karnataka","country":"IN","postalCode":"560065","createdBy":"crawler.gbif.org","modifiedBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2026-05-08T10:41:25.533+00:00","modified":"2026-05-08T10:41:25.533+00:00"},{"key":7006423,"type":"ADMINISTRATIVE_POINT_OF_CONTACT","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1347-3953"],"firstName":"T. 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Location/Study Area: Rainforest fragments within the Valparai Plateau, Tamil Nadu, India\n2. GPS coordinates: Valparai Plateau (10°24' - 10°46'N, 76°82' - 77°05'E)","boundingBox":{"minLatitude":10.29305,"maxLatitude":10.366064,"minLongitude":76.83594,"maxLongitude":76.99185,"globalCoverage":false}}],"temporalCoverages":[{"@type":"range","start":"2022-01-01T00:00:00.000+00:00","end":"2022-05-31T00:00:00.000+00:00"}],"keywordCollections":[{"thesaurus":"GBIF Dataset Type Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_type_2015-07-10.xml","keywords":["occurrence"]},{"thesaurus":"IRIS Keyword Thesaurus: http://cooper.library.uiuc.edu/iris/docs/keyword_thesaurus.pdf","keywords":["Tropical Forests","Natural Areas Conservation","Tropical Tree Plantations"]},{"thesaurus":"n/a","keywords":["Tropical Rainforests","Butterfly diversity","Western Ghats","Anamalai Hills","Habitat Fragmentation"]},{"thesaurus":"GBIF Dataset Subtype Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_subtype.xml","keywords":["Observation"]}],"project":{"title":"Butterfly responses to an edge-to-interior gradient in mid-elevation wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats","identifier":"ncf-ncbs-arp-butterflies","contacts":[{"type":"ADMINISTRATIVE_POINT_OF_CONTACT","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0515-3468"],"firstName":"C.","lastName":"Niranjana","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]}],"funding":"The project was funded by the National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India.","awards":[],"studyAreaDescription":"Study Area Description\tThe study was carried out within the Valparai Plateau (220 km², 10°24- 10°46'N, 76°82' - 77°05'E) in the Anamalai Hills of the Western Ghats. Field surveys were carried out in rainforest fragments on the Valparai Plateau.","designDescription":"Butterfly surveys were conducted using point counts. Each sampling unit consisted of a pair of points: an open canopy point (with direct sunlight reaching the understory within a ≥5 m radius) and a closed canopy point (with sunlight reaching <1 m radius), placed 20 m apart. Open points were actively selected, while closed points were established 20 m parallel to the forest edge to minimize influence from nearby open areas. Sampling units were categorized into edge (≤5 m), intermediate (5–50 m), and interior (>50 m) distance classes from the forest edge, with at least 75 m between units within each class.","relatedProjects":[],"abstract":"This project investigates how butterfly communities respond to edge-to-interior gradients in mid-elevation wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats. The study was carried out within the Valparai Plateau (220 km², 10°24' - 10°46'N, 76°82' - 77°05'E) in the Anamalai Hills of the Western Ghats. Field surveys were conducted in rainforest fragments on the Valparai Plateau, examining the influence of canopy openness and proximity to forest edges on butterfly diversity and abundance. Butterfly surveys were conducted using point counts. Each sampling unit consisted of a pair of points: an open canopy point (with direct sunlight reaching the understory within a ≥5 m radius) and a closed canopy point (with sunlight reaching <1 m radius), placed 20 m apart. Open points were actively selected, while closed points were established 20 m parallel to the forest edge to minimize influence from nearby open areas. Sampling units were categorized into edge (≤5 m), intermediate (5–50 m), and interior (>50 m) distance classes from the forest edge, with at least 75 m between units within each class."},"samplingDescription":{"studyExtent":"The study was carried out within the Valparai Plateau (220 km², 10°24' - 10°46'N, 76°82' - 77°05'E) in the Anamalai Hills of the Western Ghats. Field surveys were carried out in eight rainforest fragments on the Valparai Plateau between January 2022 and May 2022.","sampling":"Field surveys were conducted within eight rainforest fragments on the Valparai Plateau between January 2022 and May 2022. Butterfly surveys were conducted using point counts in 5 m radius circular plots. Each sampling unit consisted of a pair of points: an open canopy point (with direct sunlight reaching the understory within a ≥5 m radius) and a closed canopy point (with sunlight reaching <1 m radius), placed 20 m apart. Open points were actively selected, while closed points were established 20 m parallel to the forest edge to minimize influence from nearby open areas. Sampling units were categorized into edge (≤5 m), intermediate (5–50 m), and interior (>50 m) distance classes from the forest edge, with at least 75 m between units within each class. All point counts were conducted between 09:30 and 13:00 under appropriate weather conditions (temperature >20℃ and generally sunny). All butterfly species observed and their numbers were recorded within a 5-minute time frame.","qualityControl":"For butterfly species that could not be identified to species level in the field, photographs were taken and later identified with the help of field guides. Taxa that could not be identified to species were identified to genus level. Species names were updated to GBIF taxonomy using the species name matching tool.","methodSteps":["Field surveys followed a standardized 5-minute point count protocol within 5 m radius circular plots. At each sampling unit, paired open-canopy and closed-canopy points were placed 20 m apart, and all butterfly species observed along with their counts were recorded over a 5-minute observation period at each point."]},"countryCoverage":[],"collections":[],"dataDescriptions":[],"dataLanguage":"eng","pubDate":"2026-05-08T00:00:00.000+00:00","maintenanceUpdateFrequency":"AS_NEEDED","maintenanceDescription":"Updated as needed.","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","dwca":{"coreType":"http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Occurrence","extensions":[],"modified":"2026-07-10T21:57:19.048+00:00"},"approximateCounts":{"occurrenceCount":231}}