Original provider:\nRegina A. Guazzo, Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific\n\nDataset credits:\nNaval Information Warfare Center Pacific\n\nAbstract:\nFin whale song consists of low frequency notes arranged in regular, \nrepeating patterns of note type pairings and inter-note intervals (INIs). In \nthe central North Pacific, fin whales use two downswept note types (A \nand B notes) with both singlet and doublet INIs that are interwoven \nthroughout a song. These song patterns have been observed to change \nover time. Fin whale population size, structure, distribution, and \nconnectedness are poorly understood, but monitoring their songs can \nhelp fill these knowledge gaps. In this study, we examine fin whale song \npatterns and their evolution across 12 years (2011–2023) with a focus on \nthe most recent 5.5 years (2017–2023), expanding on our previous work. \nBetween August 2017 and March 2023, automated detection, localization, \ntracking, and classification methods on 33 hydrophones at the Pacific \nMissile Range Facility (PMRF) off Kaua’i, Hawai’i enabled a detailed \nanalysis of song patterns produced during 331 individual fin whale \nencounters that contained 130,402 notes. We categorized song patterns, \nquantified changes over time, and calculated cue rates in these fin whale \ntracks, detected between late fall and early spring. Five song patterns \nwere observed, usually interwoven throughout a song with INIs of 30 s for \nA-A singlets, 17/32 s for A-A doublets, 34 s for B-B singlets, 16/23 s for B-B \ndoublets, and 15/22 s for A-B doublets. A-B doublet has remained the \ndominant song pattern in this region and both A-B and B-A INIs have \nincreased over time with the two INIs getting closer in recent years. While \nthese five INI peaks persisted across seasons, certain INI distributions \ncontained substantial variability and new patterns were observed. Our \nfindings emphasize the need for nuanced acoustic analyses that account \nfor note type and INIs. This analysis highlights the complexity of fin whale \nsong and provides a robust foundation for long-term monitoring and \ncomparative analyses across the North Pacific with song patterns serving \nas indicators of connectivity between different geographic regions. \nUltimately this work can be applied to help define populations and the \nnumber of individuals in an area.\n
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