Terrestrial Soundscape Monitoring – bird sound identification\nThis dataset contains terrestrial soundscape monitoring data collected within the forest ecosystem of Lyudao (Green Island) by the Lyudao Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research (LTSER) Core Observation Platform. The project is supported by the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC). Acoustic data collection and analysis were conducted by the Eco-Acoustics and Spatial Ecology Lab at the Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica.
Survey Locations\nFour acoustic monitoring stations were established in the broadleaf forest ecosystem of Lyudao (Green Island):\n1. Lighthouse (N22.675°, E121.469°)\n2. Youzi Lake (N22.666°, E121.508°)\n3. Guoshan Trail (N22.649°, E121.488°)\n4. Baisha (N22.640°, E121.495°)
Survey Frequency and Period\nContinuous acoustic monitoring began in February 2023. The program includes both audible and ultrasonic recordings:\nAudible recordings: Scheduled 24 hours a day, recording 1-minute audio every 15 minutes.\nUltrasonic recordings: Conducted mainly at night, from 16:30 to 07:30 the next morning, also recording 1-minute ultrasonic audio every 15 minutes.\n\nProject assistants at the Lyudao Field Station of Academia Sinica's Biodiversity Research Center performed the monitoring tasks. Battery and memory card replacements were carried out every 45 days, after which the recording data were transported back to the Eco-Acoustics and Spatial Ecology Lab for analysis.
Equipment and Installation\nThe project utilized Song Meter SM4 and SM4BAT FS recorders manufactured by Wildlife Acoustics (USA), equipped with built-in audible microphones and U2 ultrasonic microphones. Sampling rates were 44.1 kHz for audible recordings and 384 kHz for ultrasonic recordings.
","language":"eng","homepage":"https://data.depositar.io/dataset/ltser-lyudao-birdnetsound","citation":{"text":"Eco-Acoustics and Spatial Ecology Lab, Lee C, Tsai-Chen Y, Chao H, Shen F, Lee T, Tsai Y, Cheng Y, Ho Y, Li K (2025). LTSER Lyudao - Terrestrial soundscape monitoring – bird sound identification. National Science and Technology Council (NSTC). 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survey area is located on Lyudao (Green Island), Taitung County, and covers the surrounding region of the terrestrial soundscape monitoring sites of the Green Island LTSER Station.","boundingBox":{"minLatitude":22.635,"maxLatitude":22.677,"minLongitude":121.466,"maxLongitude":121.51,"globalCoverage":false}}],"temporalCoverages":[{"@type":"single","date":"2023-02-01T00:00:00.000+00:00"}],"keywordCollections":[{"thesaurus":"None","keywords":["LTSER"]},{"thesaurus":"None","keywords":["綠島長期社會生態核心觀測站"]},{"thesaurus":"Wikidata Q-ID","keywords":["Q45633623"]},{"thesaurus":"Wikidata Q-ID","keywords":["Q7564965"]},{"thesaurus":"Wikidata Q-ID","keywords":["Q117499234"]},{"thesaurus":"Wikidata Q-ID","keywords":["Q113648060"]},{"thesaurus":"GBIF Dataset Type Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_type_2015-07-10.xml","keywords":["Samplingevent"]},{"thesaurus":"GBIF Dataset Subtype Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_subtype.xml","keywords":["Observation"]}],"project":{"title":"Taiwan Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research (LTSER) Core Observation Platform – Lyudao Station Development Project 台灣長期社會生態核心觀測平台綠島站建置計畫","identifier":"NSTC 112-2740-M-001-002-; NSTC 113-2740-M-001-001 ; NSTC 114-2740-M-001-008","funding":"National Science and Technology Council","awards":[],"studyAreaDescription":"The coral reef ecosystem is one of the most important marine ecosystems in Taiwan. It not only conserves rich biodiversity, but also provides key resources to support various social and economic activities. Lyudao (Green Island) is the fourth largest island among Taiwan's outlying islands. Coral reefs are developed along the coast of the Lyudao due to the influence of the mainstream of the Kuroshio\nCurrent. The coral reef ecosystem of Lyudao has supported Lyudao from being fishery in its early years, but it has now transformed into a tourism-based social-ecological system. Nearly 400,000 tourists visit each year, which is 100 times the registered population of Lyudao. However, under the interference of human activities and climate change, whether Lyudao can be sustainable as a small island in the Pacific Ocean can only be known through long-term social and ecological data collection and observation, and follow-up research and analysis.","designDescription":"The Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research (LTSER) Core Observation Platform in Taiwan dedicated to island sustainability science, the Lyudao LTSER Station is expected to serve as a model for future island-based platforms across Taiwan. Small islands like Lyudao are inherently more vulnerable than Taiwan’s main island, which possesses greater social and natural resources. Combined with the unpredictable challenges of climate change and the severe impacts of events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, achieving sustainability on small islands has become even more difficult.\n\nBy promoting the conservation of coral reef ecosystems and highlighting the ecosystem services they provide, the station aims to help stakeholders recognize that a healthy “ridge-to-reef” ecological system forms the foundation of Lyudao’s existing socio-economic structure. At the same time, this ecological system is itself vulnerable to climate change. Therefore, the long-term and systematic collection of environmental, ecological, and social data is essential for understanding ecosystem health and supporting future research related to sustainable governance transitions—such as food systems, energy, transportation, and ecosystem resilience.\n\nThrough these efforts, the Lyudao LTSER Station will make important contributions to academic research and national development","relatedProjects":[],"abstract":"1. Establishing the “Lyudao LTSER Core Observation Platform Office” at the Academia Sinica Lyudao Marine Research Station\nThe Lyudao Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research (LTSER) Core Observation Platform (hereafter referred to as the Lyudao Station) is the first offshore island platform among the LTSER stations supported by the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC). Compared with stations located on Taiwan’s main island, the Lyudao Station requires significantly more transportation time for field surveys, issue assessment, and engagement with local stakeholders.\n\nTo improve communication with local stakeholders on Lyudao and to increase the efficiency of researchers’ field observations and data collection, this project collaborates with the Marine Science Center of the Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, based in Gongguan Village on Lyudao. Together, we established the “Lyudao LTSER Core Observation Platform Office” within the Lyudao Marine Research Station.\n\nThe office will regularly carry out the following tasks:\nOperation and maintenance of marine and terrestrial environmental monitoring instruments\nAssistance with data collection, storage, and open data dissemination\nCommunication and issue collection with local stakeholders\nOrganization of workshops and engagement activities\nLogistical support for researchers conducting fieldwork on the island\n\n2. Compilation of Research Reports and Stakeholder Mapping\nOver the next three years, the primary objectives of the Lyudao Station include:\nCompiling past research reports related to Lyudao’s humanities, socioeconomics, social–ecological systems, governance structures, and natural ecology—such as published journal articles (Chinese and English), dissertations, government-commissioned project reports, and conference proceedings.\nMapping current stakeholders under the island’s socio-economic framework.\nPrivate sector stakeholders: indigenous residents, new immigrants, fishers and fishermen’s associations, tourism operators, diving industry, guesthouse owners, restaurants, shop owners, local opinion leaders, and NGOs.\nPublic sector stakeholders: Taitung County Government, Lyudao Township Office, Township Representatives Council, East Coast National Scenic Area Headquarters of the Tourism Administration, and the Coast Guard Administration’s Lyudao Squadron.\nOrganizing workshops to identify, discuss, and expand key socio-economic conflicts and future governance transition issues.\nEstablishing communication platforms—such as a website, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter—to strengthen engagement and dialogue among local stakeholders.\n\n3. Collection, Storage, Open Sharing, and Visualization of Social, Environmental, and Ecological Observation Data\nThe observation program at the Lyudao Station is divided into three major categories: socio-ecological, environmental, and ecological data.\n\nSocio-ecological data\nCollected through in-depth socio-economic surveys and interviews to understand Lyudao’s economic activities, land use, and marine resource use. These data will form the basis for developing indicator systems and constructing an information platform.\n\nEnvironmental data\nIn addition to collecting existing monitoring datasets from the Central Weather Administration, Ocean Affairs Council, and the Lyudao Airport, the project will install two microclimate observation towers and conduct water-quality measurements using water-quality sensors, supplementing gaps in existing monitoring programs.\n\nEcological data\nObservation items include:\nTerrestrial vegetation\nPassive acoustic monitoring\nSpatiotemporal changes in coral reef fish assemblages\nCoral diversity and reef community structure\nRecruitment and coral bleaching\nMarine ecosystem conditions and coral health indicators\n\nAfter data collection, the project will implement data management following FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable). A data platform will be developed for long-term storage, management, integration of external datasets, and open sharing to support scientific research, policy development, and local governance applications."},"samplingDescription":{"studyExtent":"研究範圍涵蓋臺東縣綠島的四處闊葉林樣點，包括：燈塔 (N22.675°, E121.469°)、柚子湖 (N22.666°, E121.508°)、過山步道 (N22.649°, E121.488°)、白沙 (N22.64°, E121.495°)。調查時間自 2023 年 2 月至 2025 年 2 月，資料來源為 LTSER 綠島長期社會生態核心觀測平台。\nThe study area covers four broadleaf forest sites on Lyudao, Taitung County: Lighthouse (N22.675°, E121.469°), Youzi Lake (N22.666°, E121.508°), Guoshan Trail (N22.649°, E121.488°), and Baisha (N22.640°, E121.495°). The survey period spans from February 2023 to February 2025, and the data were collected through the Lyudao Island Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research (LTSER) Core Observation Platform.","sampling":"錄音設計為全天 24 小時持續監測，每 15 分鐘錄製 1 分鐘的可聽音檔案。\nThe recordings were designed for continuous 24-hour monitoring, with one-minute audible audio files recorded every 15 minutes.","qualityControl":"辨識流程採用中華民國野鳥學會 2023 年臺灣鳥類清單，去除迷鳥後作為 BirdNET 分析輸入名錄，並設定 min_conf = 0.1。後續將綠島過去無調查紀錄或 eBird 無目擊紀錄的鳥種剔除，僅保留信心分數 ≥ 0.5 的偵測結果，以確保物種出現紀錄的可信度。\nThe identification process used the 2023 Taiwan Bird Checklist from the Taiwan Wild Bird Federation. Vagrant species were removed to create the input list for BirdNET analysis, with the minimum confidence threshold set to 0.1. Subsequently, bird species with no previous records on Lyudao or no sightings in eBird were excluded, and only detections with a confidence score ≥ 0.5 were retained to ensure the reliability of species occurrence records.","methodSteps":["鳥音辨識流程：首先使用 BirdNET 2.4 (Kahl, et al., 2021) 與自建生物聲音辨識工具進行初步辨識；再依據臺灣鳥類名錄及 eBird 資料進行物種過濾；最後輸出物種出現紀錄，並於結果中對應至臺灣物種名錄 (TaiCOL) 的 taxonID、scientificNameID 等標準欄位。\nBird sound identification workflow: First, preliminary identification was performed using BirdNET 2.4 (Kahl, et al., 2021) and a custom bioacoustic recognition tool. Species were then filtered based on the Taiwan Bird Checklist and eBird records. Finally, species occurrence records were generated, with results mapped to standard fields such as taxonID and scientificNameID according to the TaiCOL taxonomy."]},"countryCoverage":[],"collections":[],"dataDescriptions":[],"dataLanguage":"eng","pubDate":"2025-12-03T00:00:00.000+00:00","maintenanceUpdateFrequency":"AS_NEEDED","maintenanceDescription":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","dwca":{"coreType":"http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Event","extensions":["http://rs.iobis.org/obis/terms/ExtendedMeasurementOrFact","http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Occurrence"],"modified":"2025-12-03T04:05:54.681+00:00"},"approximateCounts":{"occurrenceCount":243186}}