This dataset contains occurrence records of woody plants from 156 vegetation plots (each 25 x 25 m, i.e. 0.06 ha) sampled across the entire latitudinal extent (8 to 19 degrees N) of the tropical wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, India. The plots were sampled between 2010 and 2014, ranging from 40 to 1600 m elevation.
The dataset comprises 20,593 occurrence records of 437 species belonging to 212 genera and 79 families. All woody plants above 10 cm girth at breast height (GBH) were recorded within each plot, along with their taxonomic identity. Plants were identified by Navendu Page using established taxonomic keys including Gamble and Fischer (1935) 'Flora of the Presidency of Madras', and Pascal and Ramesh (1997) 'A field key to the trees and lianas of the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats'. Additional sampling protocols include 15x15 m and 5x5 m plots for smaller stems, and ad-hoc observations outside plots.
The data were originally collected for the study: Page NV, Shanker K (2020) Climatic stability drives latitudinal trends in range size and richness of woody plants in the Western Ghats, India. PLoS ONE 15(7): e0235733. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235733.
The dataset, in the Darwin Core format, is uploaded through the Nature Conservation Foundation's IPT account.
","language":"eng","citation":{"text":"Page N, Shanker K (2026). Occurrence of woody plants from vegetation plots in the tropical wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, India. Version 1.1. Nature Conservation Foundation. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/ffyf87 accessed via GBIF.org on 2026-10-26.","citationProvidedBySource":false},"contactsCitation":[{"key":6968986,"abbreviatedName":"Page N","firstName":"Navendu","lastName":"Page","roles":["ORIGINATOR"],"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9413-7571"]},{"key":6968987,"abbreviatedName":"Shanker K","firstName":"Kartik","lastName":"Shanker","roles":["ORIGINATOR"],"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4856-0093"]}],"lockedForAutoUpdate":false,"createdBy":"038a1133-81e2-42e8-a4dd-b5ac246eb082","modifiedBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2026-04-01T13:12:23.690+00:00","modified":"2026-04-02T08:06:39.355+00:00","contacts":[{"key":6968986,"type":"ORIGINATOR","primary":true,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9413-7571"],"firstName":"Navendu","lastName":"Page","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"organization":"Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science","address":[],"city":"Bangalore","province":"Karnataka","country":"IN","postalCode":"560012","createdBy":"crawler.gbif.org","modifiedBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2026-04-02T08:06:39.332+00:00","modified":"2026-04-02T08:06:39.332+00:00"},{"key":6968987,"type":"ORIGINATOR","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4856-0093"],"firstName":"Kartik","lastName":"Shanker","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"organization":"Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science","address":[],"city":"Bangalore","province":"Karnataka","country":"IN","postalCode":"560012","createdBy":"crawler.gbif.org","modifiedBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2026-04-02T08:06:39.335+00:00","modified":"2026-04-02T08:06:39.335+00:00"},{"key":6968988,"type":"ADMINISTRATIVE_POINT_OF_CONTACT","primary":true,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9413-7571"],"firstName":"Navendu","lastName":"Page","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"organization":"Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science","address":[],"city":"Bangalore","province":"Karnataka","country":"IN","postalCode":"560012","createdBy":"crawler.gbif.org","modifiedBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2026-04-02T08:06:39.336+00:00","modified":"2026-04-02T08:06:39.336+00:00"}],"endpoints":[{"key":1262075,"type":"DWC_ARCHIVE","url":"https://cloud.gbif.org/asia/archive.do?r=iisc-wg-plants","createdBy":"038a1133-81e2-42e8-a4dd-b5ac246eb082","modifiedBy":"038a1133-81e2-42e8-a4dd-b5ac246eb082","created":"2026-04-02T08:05:38.419+00:00","modified":"2026-04-02T08:05:38.419+00:00","machineTags":[]},{"key":1262074,"type":"EML","url":"https://cloud.gbif.org/asia/eml.do?r=iisc-wg-plants","createdBy":"038a1133-81e2-42e8-a4dd-b5ac246eb082","modifiedBy":"038a1133-81e2-42e8-a4dd-b5ac246eb082","created":"2026-04-02T08:05:38.375+00:00","modified":"2026-04-02T08:05:38.375+00:00","machineTags":[]}],"machineTags":[{"key":33268297,"namespace":"crawler.gbif.org","name":"crawl_attempt","value":"25","createdBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2026-10-19T01:45:46.997+00:00"}],"tags":[],"identifiers":[{"key":465695,"type":"UUID","identifier":"6cd72a46-3702-4f67-849f-3e8425ef007f","createdBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2026-04-02T08:06:39.338+00:00","primary":false},{"key":465672,"type":"URL","identifier":"https://cloud.gbif.org/asia/resource?r=iisc-wg-plants","createdBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2026-04-01T13:13:24.741+00:00","primary":false},{"key":465671,"type":"UUID","identifier":"c5d5c547-b782-4855-80f1-e3c2b3d460fa","createdBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2026-04-01T13:13:24.738+00:00","primary":false}],"comments":[],"bibliographicCitations":[{"text":"Page NV, Shanker K (2020) Climatic stability drives latitudinal trends in range size and richness of woody plants in the Western Ghats, India. PLoS ONE 15(7): e0235733.","identifier":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235733","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"Page NV & Shanker K (2018) Environment and dispersal influence changes in species composition at different scales in woody plants of the Western Ghats, India. Journal of Vegetation Science, 29(1), 74–83.","identifier":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12586","citationProvidedBySource":false}],"curatorialUnits":[],"taxonomicCoverages":[{"coverages":[{"scientificName":"Plantae","rank":{"verbatim":"kingdom","interpreted":"KINGDOM"}},{"scientificName":"Tracheophyta","rank":{"verbatim":"phylum","interpreted":"PHYLUM"}},{"scientificName":"Liliopsida","rank":{"verbatim":"class","interpreted":"CLASS"}},{"scientificName":"Magnoliopsida","rank":{"verbatim":"class","interpreted":"CLASS"}},{"scientificName":"Pinopsida","rank":{"verbatim":"class","interpreted":"CLASS"}},{"scientificName":"Apiales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Arecales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Asparagales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Asterales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Boraginales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Brassicales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Buxales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Cardiopteridales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Celastrales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Chloranthales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Cornales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Crossosomatales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Cucurbitales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Dilleniales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Dipsacales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Ericales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Fabales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Gentianales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Icacinales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Lamiales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Laurales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Magnoliales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Malpighiales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Malvales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Metteniusales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Myrtales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Oxalidales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Pandanales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Pinales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Piperales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Proteales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Ranunculales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Rosales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Santalales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Sapindales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Saxifragales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Vitales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Acanthaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Achariaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Anacardiaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Annonaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Apocynaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Aptandraceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Araliaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Arecaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Aristolochiaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Asparagaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Asteraceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Bignoniaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Burseraceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Buxaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Calophyllaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Cannabaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Capparaceae","rank"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wet evergreen forests along the entire latitudinal extent (8 to 19 degrees N) of the Western Ghats mountain range, India. Plots were located in undisturbed primary evergreen forests across 49 localities spanning Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, ranging from 40 to 1600 m elevation. Localities include Amboli, Bhimashankar, and Radhanagari in the north; Agumbe, Kathlekan, Kudremukh and Makut in central Western Ghats; and Achenkovil, Kakachi, Parambikulam, Sairendri and Vazhachal in the south.","boundingBox":{"minLatitude":8.522,"maxLatitude":19.067,"minLongitude":73.54,"maxLongitude":77.447,"globalCoverage":false}}],"temporalCoverages":[{"@type":"range","start":"2010-12-01T00:00:00.000+00:00","end":"2014-12-31T00:00:00.000+00:00"}],"keywordCollections":[{"thesaurus":"GBIF Dataset Type Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_type_2015-07-10.xml","keywords":["vegetation plots","biodiversity","tropical forests","woody plants","Western Ghats","occurrence","evergreen"]},{"thesaurus":"GBIF Dataset Subtype Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_subtype.xml","keywords":["Observation"]}],"project":{"title":"Climatic stability drives latitudinal trends in range size and richness of woody plants in the Western Ghats, India","identifier":"iisc-wg-plants","contacts":[{"type":"PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9413-7571"],"firstName":"Navendu","lastName":"Page","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]}],"funding":"Rufford Small Grant Foundation (Grant number 10801-1 to N.V. Page).","awards":[],"studyAreaDescription":"The study was conducted across the entire latitudinal extent (8 to 19 degrees N) of the wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, India, ranging from 40 to 1600 m elevation. Plots were distributed across 49 localities in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu in undisturbed primary evergreen forests.","designDescription":"The species identity of all woody plants above 10 cm GBH within 25 x 25 m vegetation plots were recorded and identified to the highest possible taxonomic level. Individuals were recorded as present in the larger plot or nested plots (15x15 m, 5x5 m) and ad-hoc observations supplemented the main sampling design. Species list of regenerating stems (1 to 10 cm GBH) within the 5x5 m plot was also recorded in each plot.","relatedProjects":[],"abstract":"This project investigated latitudinal patterns in species richness, range sizes, and climatic tolerance of woody plants in the wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, India. Using primary data from 156 plots comprising 20,400 occurrences of more than 400 species and secondary data from published inventories, the study tested the predictions of the climatic stability hypothesis across the entire latitudinal extent (8 to 19 degrees N) of the Western Ghats.\n\nThe data have been uploaded to GBIF through the Nature Conservation Foundation's (NCF-India) IPT account, as NCF is a GBIF publisher."},"samplingDescription":{"studyExtent":"The study covered the entire latitudinal extent (8 to 19 degrees N) of the wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, India, from 40 to 1600 m elevation. 156 vegetation plots were sampled across 49 localities in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. Plots were laid in undisturbed primary evergreen forests, avoiding disturbed areas, stream/riverine and swampy habitats, and very steep slopes.","sampling":"From 2010 to 2014, plot-based sampling was carried out across the entire latitudinal extent of the wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats. The primary plot dimensions were 25 x 25 m (0.06 ha, 625 sq m) within which abundance data for all woody plants above 10 cm girth at breast height (GBH) were recorded along with their taxonomic identity. Additional plot sizes of 15 x 15 m (225 sq m) and 5 x 5 m (25 sq m) were used for enumerating stems in some localities. Ad-hoc observations of species outside plots were also recorded. Species list of regeneration (stems of 1 to 10 cm GBH) was also recorded within the 5x5 m plot. Individuals were identified in the field largely based on vegetative characters using established taxonomic keys (Gamble & Fischer 1935; Pascal & Ramesh 1997). Selected specimens with flowers or fruits were collected and deposited at the Centre for Ecological Sciences herbarium, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.","qualityControl":"Plants were directly identified in the field or herbarium specimens collected for identification using field guides (Gamble & Fischer 1935, 'Flora of the Presidency of Madras'; Pascal & Ramesh 1997, 'A field key to the trees and lianas of the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats'). Taxa that could not be identified to species were identified to genus or family, or occasionally higher taxa. Species names were updated to GBIF taxonomy using the species name matching tool.\n\nTwo plots with Event_ID ending AMB04 and PER08 had incorrect latitudes in the tree plot metadata, but accurate readings in the regeneration metadata and hence the latter were used in these cases.","methodSteps":["R was used to prepare the data in CSV files according to the GBIF Darwin Core format."]},"countryCoverage":[],"collections":[],"dataDescriptions":[],"dataLanguage":"eng","purpose":"These data were gathered as part of the study: Page NV, Shanker K (2020) Climatic stability drives latitudinal trends in range size and richness of woody plants in the Western Ghats, India. PLoS ONE 15(7): e0235733. The study aimed to test the role of climatic stability in determining latitudinal trends in range size and species richness of tropical woody plants in the Western Ghats.
","acknowledgements":"We thank the Forest Departments of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu for granting research permission. This study was funded by the Rufford Small Grant Foundation (Grant number 10801-1 to N.V. Page).
","additionalInfo":"The primary data (S1 Appendix containing species occurrence data for 156 plots along with GPS location and elevation) is available within the article: Page NV, Shanker K (2020) Climatic stability drives latitudinal trends in range size and richness of woody plants in the Western Ghats, India. PLoS ONE 15(7): e0235733. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235733","pubDate":"2026-04-02T00:00:00.000+00:00","maintenanceUpdateFrequency":"NOT_PLANNED","maintenanceDescription":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","dwca":{"coreType":"http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Occurrence","extensions":[],"modified":"2026-07-13T14:00:47.596+00:00"},"approximateCounts":{"occurrenceCount":20592}}