An Epiphyte Species List of Colombia was compiled using five primary sources. First, species classified under the growth habits epiphyte and hemiepiphyte were extracted from two national catalogs: the Catalog of Plants of Antioquia (CPA) (Idárraga Piedrahíta et al., 2011) and the Catalog of Plants and Lichens of Colombia (CPLC) (Bernal et al., 2016). In parallel, a list of epiphytic ferns was contributed by the Ferns of Colombia research group. These three sources were merged and cleaned to remove duplicate entries.
We then incorporated EpiList 1.0, a global checklist of vascular epiphytes (Zotz et al., 2021), using the rgbif package in R (Chamberlain, 2017) to extract only species recorded in Colombia. In addition, epiphyte species occurrence records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) were included. We searched the GBIF database using the keywords epiphyte and hemiepiphyte in both Spanish and English, removed duplicates, and validated species names. To consolidate the final species list, all five sources were cross-referenced. Synonyms were removed using the lcvplants package in R (Freiberg et al., 2020).
","language":"eng","logoUrl":"https://gitlab.com/sib-colombia/logos/-/raw/main/socio-SiB-jbm.png","citation":{"text":"Benavides A M, Arango D (2025). Listado de Epífitas de Colombia. Fundación Jardín Botánico Joaquín Antonio Uribe de Medellín. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15472/alj0u7 accessed via GBIF.org on 2026-10-16.","identifier":"https://doi.org/10.15472/alj0u7","citationProvidedBySource":false},"contactsCitation":[{"key":6145123,"abbreviatedName":"Benavides A M","firstName":"Ana María","lastName":"Benavides","roles":["ORIGINATOR","METADATA_AUTHOR"],"userId":["http://www.researcherid.com/rid/Ana-Maria-Benavides?ev=hdr_xprf"]},{"key":6145124,"abbreviatedName":"Arango D","firstName":"Daihana","lastName":"Arango","roles":["ORIGINATOR"],"userId":[]}],"lockedForAutoUpdate":false,"createdBy":"927793ba-72ba-43b3-8794-a22c78be5070","modifiedBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2025-06-18T20:56:48.011+00:00","modified":"2025-06-18T20:57:48.850+00:00","contacts":[{"key":6145123,"type":"ORIGINATOR","primary":true,"userId":["http://www.researcherid.com/rid/Ana-Maria-Benavides?ev=hdr_xprf"],"firstName":"Ana María","lastName":"Benavides","position":["Lider Conservación"],"email":["anamaria.benavides@jbotanico.org"],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"organization":"Fundación Jardín Botánico Joaquín Antonio Uribe de Medellín","address":[],"city":"Medellín","province":"Antioquia","country":"CO","createdBy":"crawler.gbif.org","modifiedBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2025-06-18T20:57:48.814+00:00","modified":"2025-06-18T20:57:48.814+00:00"},{"key":6145124,"type":"ORIGINATOR","primary":false,"userId":[],"firstName":"Daihana","lastName":"Arango","position":["Investigador"],"email":["arango.daihana@uces.edu.co"],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"organization":"Fundación Jardín Botánico Joaquín Antonio Uribe de Medellín","address":[],"city":"Medellín","province":"Antioquia","country":"CO","createdBy":"crawler.gbif.org","modifiedBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2025-06-18T20:57:48.818+00:00","modified":"2025-06-18T20:57:48.818+00:00"},{"key":6145125,"type":"METADATA_AUTHOR","primary":true,"userId":["http://www.researcherid.com/rid/Ana-Maria-Benavides?ev=hdr_xprf"],"firstName":"Ana María","lastName":"Benavides","position":["Lider Conservación"],"email":["anamaria.benavides@jbotanico.org"],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"organization":"Fundación Jardín Botánico Joaquín Antonio Uribe de Medellín","address":[],"city":"Medellín","province":"Antioquia","country":"CO","createdBy":"crawler.gbif.org","modifiedBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2025-06-18T20:57:48.819+00:00","modified":"2025-06-18T20:57:48.819+00:00"},{"key":6145126,"type":"ADMINISTRATIVE_POINT_OF_CONTACT","primary":true,"userId":["http://www.researcherid.com/rid/Ana-Maria-Benavides?ev=hdr_xprf"],"firstName":"Ana 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Medellín","address":[],"city":"Medellín","province":"Antioquia","country":"CO","createdBy":"crawler.gbif.org","modifiedBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2025-06-18T20:57:48.821+00:00","modified":"2025-06-18T20:57:48.821+00:00"}],"endpoints":[{"key":1117730,"type":"DWC_ARCHIVE","url":"https://ipt.biodiversidad.co/sib/archive.do?r=jbm_lista_epifitas","createdBy":"927793ba-72ba-43b3-8794-a22c78be5070","modifiedBy":"927793ba-72ba-43b3-8794-a22c78be5070","created":"2025-06-18T20:56:48.175+00:00","modified":"2025-06-18T20:56:48.175+00:00","machineTags":[]},{"key":1117729,"type":"EML","url":"https://ipt.biodiversidad.co/sib/eml.do?r=jbm_lista_epifitas","createdBy":"927793ba-72ba-43b3-8794-a22c78be5070","modifiedBy":"927793ba-72ba-43b3-8794-a22c78be5070","created":"2025-06-18T20:56:48.139+00:00","modified":"2025-06-18T20:56:48.139+00:00","machineTags":[]}],"machineTags":[{"key":33145058,"namespace":"crawler.gbif.org","name":"crawl_attempt","value":"62","createdBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2026-10-12T03:55:33.752+00:00"}],"tags":[],"identifiers":[{"key":443056,"type":"CLB_DATASET_KEY","identifier":"310552","createdBy":"clb-bot","created":"2025-06-18T21:00:54.831+00:00","primary":false},{"key":443055,"type":"URL","identifier":"https://ipt.biodiversidad.co/sib/resource?r=jbm_lista_epifitas","createdBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2025-06-18T20:57:48.824+00:00","primary":false}],"comments":[],"bibliographicCitations":[],"curatorialUnits":[],"taxonomicCoverages":[{"description":"We recorded a total of 6.396 epiphyte species across 72 plant families.","coverages":[{"scientificName":"Acanthaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Alzateaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Amaryllidaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Anemiaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Apiaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Apocynaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Araceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Araliaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Arecaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Aristolochiaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Aspleniaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Asteraceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Balsaminaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Begoniaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Bignoniaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Blechnaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Bombacaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Bromeliaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Burmanniaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Cactaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Calophyllaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Campanulaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Clusiaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Commelinaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Convolvulaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Crassulaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Cucurbitaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Cyatheaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Cyclanthaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Cyperaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Davalliaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Dryopteridaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Ericaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Eriocaulaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Gentianaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Gesneriaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Hydrangeaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Hymenophyllaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Lentibulariaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Lindsaeaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Lomariopsidaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Loranthaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Lycopodiaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Marantaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Marcgraviaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Melastomataceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Moraceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Myrsinaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Nephrolepidaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Oleandraceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Onagraceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Ophioglossaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Opiliaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Orchidaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Piperaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Poaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Polypodiaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Psilotaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Pteridaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Rapateaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Rubiaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Schlegeliaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Selaginellaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Siparunaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Solanaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Sparrmanniaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Staphyleaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Thelypteridaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Urticaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Viscaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Vitaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Zamiaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}}]}],"geographicCoverages":[{"description":"This dataset compiles records from Colombia \n\nCoordinates. -0.567 to 8.43 Latitude; -78.133 to -69.896 Longitude.","boundingBox":{"minLatitude":-90.0,"maxLatitude":90.0,"minLongitude":-180.0,"maxLongitude":180.0,"globalCoverage":true}}],"temporalCoverages":[{"@type":"range","start":"2020-10-10T00:00:00.000+00:00","end":"2020-10-10T00:00:00.000+00:00"}],"keywordCollections":[{"thesaurus":"GBIF Dataset Type Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_type_2015-07-10.xml","keywords":["Checklist"]},{"thesaurus":"GBIF Dataset Subtype Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_subtype.xml","keywords":["Inventorythematic"]},{"thesaurus":"N/A","keywords":["nomadic vines","hemiepifitas","Epífitas","epiphytes"]}],"project":{"title":"Epiphyte Species List of Colombia: Integrated Multiple Sources","contacts":[{"type":"POINT_OF_CONTACT","primary":false,"userId":["http://www.researcherid.com/rid/Ana-Maria-Benavides?ev=hdr_xprf"],"firstName":"Ana Maria","lastName":"Benavides","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"CONTENT_PROVIDER","primary":false,"userId":[],"firstName":"Daihana","lastName":"Arango","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"CONTENT_PROVIDER","primary":false,"userId":[],"firstName":"Alejandra","lastName":"Vasco","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]}],"funding":"The initial integration of this species list was carried out under the GBIF BID 2020 program, funded by the European Union and GBIF through the BID Caribe Data Use for Decision-Making Grant (BID-CA2020-047-USE).","awards":[],"studyAreaDescription":"Colombia","designDescription":"An Epiphyte Species List of Colombia was compiled using five primary sources. First, species classified under the growth habits epiphyte and hemiepiphyte were extracted from two national catalogs: the Catalog of Plants of Antioquia (CPA) (Idárraga Piedrahíta et al., 2011) and the Catalog of Plants and Lichens of Colombia (CPLC) (Bernal et al., 2016). In parallel, a list of epiphytic ferns was contributed by the Ferns of Colombia research group. These three sources were merged and cleaned to remove duplicate entries. \n\nWe then incorporated EpiList 1.0, a global checklist of vascular epiphytes (Zotz et al., 2021), using the rgbif package in R (Chamberlain, 2017) to extract only species recorded in Colombia. In addition, epiphyte species occurrence records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) were included. We searched the GBIF database using the keywords epiphyte and hemiepiphyte in both Spanish and English, removed duplicates, and validated species names. To consolidate the final species list, all five sources were cross-referenced. Synonyms were removed using the lcvplants package in R (Freiberg et al., 2020).","relatedProjects":[],"abstract":"As of 2021, the Colombian GBIF repository includes only 62,000 records representing approximately 2,000 epiphyte species when filtered by plant habit (SiB Colombia, 2021). This limited dataset significantly constrains the ability to conduct robust analyses of extinction risk, identify opportunities for sustainable use, and prioritize species or regions for conservation. Current efforts have largely concentrated on charismatic groups such as orchids, leaving many other epiphytic taxa underrepresented.\n\nThis gap is further compounded by a national law enacted in the 1970s, which prohibits the exploitation of plant groups commonly associated with epiphytism and subject to high levels of wild harvesting—including orchids, bromeliads, mosses, and lichens. To comply with this legislation, national and regional environmental authorities require management measures for activities impacting these taxa. However, the lack of comprehensive data and clear guidance has often resulted in the protection of common, widely distributed species rather than those most at risk.\n\nThis project addresses these knowledge gaps by compiling, validating, and enriching epiphyte biodiversity data in Colombia. By improving the resolution, completeness, and taxonomic accuracy of existing records, the project seeks to enhance decision-making and conservation planning at both national and regional scales."},"samplingDescription":{"studyExtent":"Records from all over Colombia.","sampling":"The classification of plants into epiphytic life forms is controversial, and various authors have made different recommendations (Batke et al., 2016; Benzing, 1998; Flores-Palacios, 2016; Zotz, 2013, 2016). Zotz (2016, 2013) describes epiphytes as organisms that germinate and root non-parasitically on other plants without contact with the soil, at least in a part of their life cycle. In this sense, the term epiphyte can address either a single epiphytic individual or an entire species (Hoeber & Zotz, 2022). Additionally, Zotz (2016) accepts holo- and primary hemiepiphytes as epiphytes. Here, we use the epiphyte in a broader sense, including nomadic vines. We do not distinguish true epiphytes from facultative or accidental due to the lack of data on the relative proportion of terrestrial and epiphytic individuals by species (Burns & Zotz, 2010). \n\nAn Epiphyte Species List of Colombia was compiled using five primary sources. First, species classified under the growth habits epiphyte and hemiepiphyte were extracted from two national catalogs: the Catalog of Plants of Antioquia (CPA) (Idárraga Piedrahíta et al., 2011) and the Catalog of Plants and Lichens of Colombia (CPLC) (Bernal et al., 2016). In parallel, a list of epiphytic ferns was contributed by the Ferns of Colombia research group. These three sources were merged and cleaned to remove duplicate entries. \n\nWe then incorporated EpiList 1.0, a global checklist of vascular epiphytes (Zotz et al., 2021), using the rgbif package in R (Chamberlain, 2017) to extract only species recorded in Colombia. In addition, epiphyte species occurrence records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) were included. We searched the GBIF database using the keywords epiphyte and hemiepiphyte in both Spanish and English, removed duplicates, and validated species names. To consolidate the final species list, all five sources were cross-referenced. Synonyms were removed using the lcvplants package in R (Freiberg et al., 2020). Endemic species were flagged based on the CPA and CPLC. Growth habit data were extracted from the original databases, catalogs, and supporting references. \n\nThe final species list integrates data from the following sources: \n\nZotz, G., Weigelt, P., Kessler, M., Kreft, H., & Taylor, A. (2021). EpiList 1.0: A global checklist of vascular epiphytes. Ecology, 102(6), e03326. \n\nBernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (Eds.). (2016). Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. [http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co/] (Accessed: 27 December 2021). \n\nOrtiz, R. del C. & Idárraga Piedrahita, A. (2023). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Departamento de Antioquia. Tropicos, Missouri Botanical Garden. [http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Catalogo-de-Antioquia] (Accessed: 6 October 2023). \n\nUnpublished list of epiphytic ferns provided by fern specialists Alejandra Vasco, Weston Teston, Michael Sundue, and Susana Vega. \n\nGBIF.org (06 September 2022). GBIF Occurrence Download. [https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.rk4z6u]","qualityControl":"For the Epiphyte Species List of Colombia an evaluation of data quality and filtering was carried out using a combination of QGIS 3.28 (QGIS.org, 2022), R 4.2.1 (R Core Team, 2022), OpenRefine 3.6.2 (OpenRefine Community, 2022), and Microsoft Excel. Taxonomic data cleaning was performed using string normalization routines in R and OpenRefine, which included the removal of invisible Unicode characters, normalization of whitespace, and conversion to plain ASCII text to ensure compatibility with external taxonomic services. Duplicate records and inconsistent entries were filtered through OpenRefine’s faceted browsing and clustering tools. \n\nTaxonomic validation involved cross-referencing species names against GBIF’s taxonomic backbone, the Catalogue of Life, and the World Flora Online using the rgbif and taxize packages in R. When automated matching failed or taxon names remained unresolved, manual validation was performed using authoritative source URLs. Synonyms were removed using the lcvplants package (Freiberg et al., 2020), and canonical names were verified for consistency.","methodSteps":["A curated list of 6.426 scientific names of epiphytic plant species occurring in Colombia was assembled using multiple sources, including institutional herbarium collections, regional floristic surveys, endemic species checklists, GBIF records, and the EPIG epiphyte database. The list was standardized by applying a cleaning protocol that included removal of invisible or special characters, unification of whitespace patterns, and normalization of text encoding. Only the binomial (genus and specific epithet) were retained for each species, excluding authorship information at this stage.","Taxonomic verification and assignment of unique identifiers were performed using the name_backbone() function from the rgbif R package. For each species, a usageKey was retrieved and recorded as the taxonID, along with a persistent URL linking to the species page in GBIF. These identifiers were also used to retrieve occurrence records restricted to Colombia. From these records, the administrative units (stateProvince and municipality) were extracted and used to generate three new fields: Departments, Municipalities, and locality, the latter being a concatenated string for general geographic reference following Darwin Core formatting.","Species with no matching record in GBIF were processed using the taxize package, querying the World Flora Online and the Catalogue of Life databases through the functions wfo_id and get_colid. When matches were obtained, the corresponding identifier and source URL were used to populate the taxonID and references fields. The origin of each identifier was documented to maintain transparency and traceability in the data compilation process.","Taxonomic hierarchy data—including kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and taxonRank—were extracted from GBIF via the same backbone query. The process was managed using an automated R script that incorporated incremental saving logic, allowing processing of thousands of species while ensuring that intermediate results were preserved. For species with no complete taxonomic hierarchy in GBIF, fallback queries were made to the Catalogue of Life using taxize::classification.","To support biogeographic analyses and regional conservation planning, species were assigned to one of Colombia’s six natural regions (Andean, Amazonian, Orinoquian, Caribbean, Pacific, and Insular) based on the departments where occurrences were recorded. This assignment was encoded in a new field labeled NaturalRegion.","Additionally, for species with insufficient or ambiguous GBIF locality data, a complementary query was performed using the SIB Colombia API to retrieve verified locality information from national biodiversity records. This was implemented through a custom R function (get_sib_localities), which extracts department and municipality-level data from the occurrence/search endpoint of the SIB Colombia web service. Returned localities were used to enrich and validate the existing geographic fields, and their origin was recorded in a dedicated source column to preserve provenance. Furthermore, locality information was manually added for 593 records based on the data provided in Bernal (2016), 25 additional records were updated with locality data from the Catalogo de Flora de Antioquia (Ortiz & Idárraga, 2023) and 312 records were assigned to Colombia. This locality data was incorporated into the locality field, ensuring accuracy and completeness of the dataset.","All data fields were integrated into a master table formatted according to the Darwin Core 4.1 standard. The final dataset includes all required Darwin Core fields (taxonID, scientificName, specificEpithet, kingdom, locality, and references)."]},"countryCoverage":[],"collections":[],"dataDescriptions":[],"dataLanguage":"spa","pubDate":"2025-06-18T00:00:00.000+00:00","maintenanceUpdateFrequency":"AS_NEEDED","maintenanceDescription":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode","dwca":{"coreType":"http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Taxon","extensions":["http://rs.gbif.org/terms/1.0/Distribution","http://rs.gbif.org/terms/1.0/SpeciesProfile"],"modified":"2026-10-12T03:55:34.630+00:00"},"approximateCounts":{"occurrenceCount":0,"nameUsageCount":6945}}