{"key":"e169d35d-2cb0-4e2b-b286-cdcaec0bc6d4","installationKey":"06d75b22-fc7a-42ff-a14f-65a25cd0f3ab","publishingOrganizationKey":"0a80feca-b411-428a-a34e-c5c2fa07cdba","doi":"10.15468/hgyfh3","version":"1.6","external":false,"numConstituents":0,"type":"SAMPLING_EVENT","subtype":"OBSERVATION","shortName":"gra_smr_vascular_plants","title":"New spatial records of vascular plants in the Azores Archipelago: the PRIBES project and the Azorean Biodiversity Portal (ABP) initiatives - III. Graciosa and Santa Maria islands","description":"\n            This study was conducted on Graciosa and Santa Maria Islands, two small volcanic islands of the Azores Archipelago located in the North Atlantic Ocean. Graciosa belongs to the Central Group of the archipelago and is a low-relief island with a NW–SE elongated shape, approximately 12–13 km long and 7 km wide, covering about 62 km² and reaching a maximum elevation of about 402–405 m a.s.l. (Larrea et al., 2010; Hipólito et al., 2012). Santa Maria is the southeasternmost and oldest island of the Azores Archipelago, covering approximately 97 km² and reaching a maximum elevation of about 587–590 m a.s.l. at Pico Alto (Abdel-Monem et al., 1975; França et al., 2003; Ramalho et al., 2017). On Graciosa Island, a total of 129 vascular plant taxa were recorded, encompassing 4 classes, 25 orders, and 55 families. These records correspond to 1,346 individual plant occurrences, including repeated observations of the same species across different sites. As each photographic observation is tied to unique geographic coordinates, all recorded specimens represent new spatial records for the island’s flora. Among the recorded taxa, 22 are endemic to the Azores, 31 are native, and 75 are introduced, corresponding to 428 endemic, 451 native, and 467 introduced occurrences. At the family level, 14 families include endemic taxa, 20 include native taxa, and 35 include introduced taxa. On Santa Maria Island, a total of 122 vascular plant taxa were recorded, encompassing 6 classes, 30 orders, and 63 families. These records correspond to 1,376 individual plant occurrences, including repeated observations of the same species across different sites. All records represent new spatial data for the island’s flora due to the georeferenced nature of the observations. Among the taxa, 29 are endemic to the Azores, 25 are native, and 68 are introduced, corresponding to 533 endemic, 304 native, and 539 introduced occurrences. At the family level, 24 families include endemic taxa, 17 include native taxa, and 38 include introduced taxa.\n        ","language":"eng","citation":{"text":"Petrone A, Pereira F, Borges P A V, Elias R B (2026). New spatial records of vascular plants in the Azores Archipelago: the PRIBES project and the Azorean Biodiversity Portal (ABP) initiatives - III. Graciosa and Santa Maria islands. Version 1.6. Universidade dos Açores. Sampling event dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/hgyfh3 accessed via GBIF.org on 2026-10-14.","citationProvidedBySource":false},"contactsCitation":[{"key":7102980,"abbreviatedName":"Petrone A","firstName":"Andrea","lastName":"Petrone","roles":["ORIGINATOR","METADATA_AUTHOR"],"userId":[]},{"key":7102981,"abbreviatedName":"Pereira F","firstName":"Fernando","lastName":"Pereira","roles":["ORIGINATOR"],"userId":[]},{"key":7102982,"abbreviatedName":"Borges P A V","firstName":"Paulo A. 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V.","lastName":"Borges","position":["Associate Professor"],"email":["paulo.av.borges@uac.pt"],"phone":["+351968933212"],"homepage":["https://www.cienciavitae.pt/en/FA1A-C9CB-9C29"],"organization":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c)/Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability Institute","address":["School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of the Azores, Rua Capitão João d´Ávila, Pico da Urze"],"city":"Angra do Heroísmo","province":"Azores","country":"PT","postalCode":"9700-042","createdBy":"crawler.gbif.org","modifiedBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2026-08-10T10:44:22.524+00:00","modified":"2026-08-10T10:44:22.524+00:00"},{"key":7102983,"type":"ORIGINATOR","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2397-2438"],"firstName":"Rui B.","lastName":"Elias","position":["Associate Professor"],"email":["rui.mp.elias@uac.pt"],"phone":[],"homepage":["https://gba.uac.pt/member/rui-miguel-pires-bento-da-silva-elias"],"organization":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c)/Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability Institute","address":["School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of the Azores, Rua Capitão João d´Ávila, Pico da Urze"],"city":"Angra do Heroísmo","province":"Azores","country":"PT","postalCode":"9700-042","createdBy":"crawler.gbif.org","modifiedBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2026-08-10T10:44:22.526+00:00","modified":"2026-08-10T10:44:22.526+00:00"},{"key":7102984,"type":"METADATA_AUTHOR","primary":true,"userId":[],"firstName":"Andrea","lastName":"Petrone","position":["Researcher"],"email":["iis.petrone.andrea@gmail.com"],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"organization":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c)/Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability Institute","address":["School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of the Azores, Rua Capitão João d´Ávila, Pico da Urze"],"city":"Angra do Heroísmo","province":"Azores","country":"PT","postalCode":"9700-042","createdBy":"crawler.gbif.org","modifiedBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2026-08-10T10:44:22.528+00:00","modified":"2026-08-10T10:44:22.528+00:00"},{"key":7102985,"type":"ADMINISTRATIVE_POINT_OF_CONTACT","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8448-7623"],"firstName":"Paulo A. 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(1975). K-Ar ages from the eastern Azores group (Santa Maria, São Miguel and the Formigas islands). Lithos, 8(4), 247–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(75)90008-0","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"Ávila, S. P., Madeira, P., Da Silva, C. M., Cachão, M., Landau, B., Quartau, R., & Martins, A. M. (2008). Local disappearance of bivalves in the Azores during the last glaciation. Journal of Quaternary Science, 23(8), 777–785. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1165","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"Elias, R., Gil, A., Silva, L., Fernández-Palacios, J. M., Azevedo, E., & Reis, F. (2016). Natural zonal vegetation of the Azores Islands: Characterization and potential distribution. Phytocoenologia, 46, 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1127/phyto/2016/0132","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"Ferreira, T., Gaspar, J. L., & Queiroz, G. (1993). Considerações sobre as emanações gasosas da Furna do Enxofre (Ilha Graciosa, Açores). Açoreana, VII(4), 603–612.","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"Féraud, G., Kaneoaka, I., & Allegre, C. J. (1980). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 46, 275–286.","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"Féraud, G., Gastaud, J., Schmincke, H., Pritchard, G., Lietz, J., & Bleil, U. (1981). New K-Ar ages, chemical analyses and magnetic data of rocks from the islands of Santa Maria (Azores), Porto Santo and Madeira (Madeira Archipelago) and Gran Canaria (Canary Islands). Bulletin of Volcanology, 44(3), 359–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02600570","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"França, Z., Cruz, J. V., Nunes, J. C., & Forjaz, V. H. (2003). Geologia dos Açores: uma perspectiva actual. Açoreana, 10(1), 11–140.","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"Gaspar, J. L. (1996). Ilha Graciosa (Açores): História Vulcanológica e Avaliação do Hazard. PhD Thesis, Universidade dos Açores, 361 pp.","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"Hildenbrand, A., Madureira, P., Marques, F. O., Cruz, I., Henry, B., & Silva, P. (2008). Multi-stage evolution of a sub-aerial volcanic ridge over the last 13 Myr: S. Jorge Island, Azores Triple Junction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 273, 289–298.","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"Hipólito, A., Madeira, J., Carmo, R., & Gaspar, J. (2012). Neotectonics of Graciosa Island (Azores): A contribution to seismic hazard assessment of a volcanic area in a complex geodynamic setting. Annals of Geophysics, 56(6). https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-6222","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"Larrea, P., Galé, C., Ubide, T., Widom, E., Lago, M., & França, Z. (2014). Magmatic evolution of Graciosa (Azores, Portugal). Journal of Petrology, 55(11), 2125–2154. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egu052","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"Larrea, P., Lago, M., França, Z., Widom, E., Galé, C., Ubide, T., & Arranz, E. (2010). Enclaves in Graciosa Island (Azores, Portugal): Preliminary data. Geogaceta, 48, 155–158.","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"Madeira, P., Kroh, A., De, A., Martins, F., & Ávila, S. (2007). The marine fossils from Santa Maria Island (Azores, Portugal): An historical overview. Supplement 5, 59–73.","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"Ramalho, R., Helffrich, G., Madeira, J., Cosca, M. A., Thomas, C., Quartau, R., Hipólito, A., Rovere, A., Hearty, P., & Ávila, S. (2017). Emergence and evolution of Santa Maria Island (Azores): The conundrum of uplifted islands revisited. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 129(3–4), 372–390. https://doi.org/10.1130/B31538.1","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"Serralheiro, A. (2003). A Geologia da Ilha de Santa Maria, Açores. Açoreana, 10(1), 141–192.","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"Sibrant, A. L. R., Hildenbrand, A., Marques, F. O., & Costa, A. C. G. (2015a). Volcano-tectonic evolution of the Santa Maria Island (Azores): Implications for paleostress evolution at the western Eurasia–Nubia plate boundary. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 291, 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.12.017","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"Zbyszewski, G., & Ferreira, O. V. (1960). Carta Geológica de Portugal — Ilha de Santa Maria (Açores). Serviços Geológicos de Portugal, Lisbon, scale 1:50,000.","citationProvidedBySource":false}],"curatorialUnits":[],"taxonomicCoverages":[{"coverages":[{"scientificName":"Commelinaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Hypericaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Lamiaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Malvaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Araliaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Oxalidaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Pittosporaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Dipsacales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Asterales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Scrophulariaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Cannaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Blechnaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Plantaginaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Aquifoliales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Myrsinaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Selaginellopsida","rank":{"verbatim":"class","interpreted":"CLASS"}},{"scientificName":"Ranunculaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Ericales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Amaryllidaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Solanales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Apiaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Oleaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Cupressaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Caryophyllaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Poales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Polypodiopsida","rank":{"verbatim":"class","interpreted":"CLASS"}},{"scientificName":"Papaveraceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Malpighiales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Araceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Polygonaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Portulacaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Plumbaginaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Liliopsida","rank":{"verbatim":"class","interpreted":"CLASS"}},{"scientificName":"Brassicaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Boraginales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Aizoaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Fabaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Lamiales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Orchidaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Urticaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Caryophyllales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Verbenaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Tamaricaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Myricaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Hydrangeaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Rosales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Selaginellaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Commelinales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Convolvulaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Brassicales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Aspleniaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Sapindales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Gentianales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Pinales","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Amaranthaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Musaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Phytolaccaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Zingiberaceae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMI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study was conducted on Graciosa and Santa Maria islands, two small volcanic islands of the Azores Archipelago located in the North Atlantic Ocean. Graciosa belongs to the Central Group of the archipelago, between 39°00′ and 39°06′ N and 27°56′ and 28°05′ W (Larrea et al., 2010).\nBoth islands are situated close to the Azores Triple Junction, where the Eurasian, Nubian (African) and North American plates interact, and emerge from the Azores Plateau, a regional topographic high associated with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Larrea et al., 2010; Hipólito et al., 2013).\nGraciosa is a small, low-relief island with a NW–SE to WNW–ESE elongated elliptical shape, approximately 12–13 km long and 7 km wide, covering about 62 km², and reaching a maximum elevation of 402–405 m a.s.l. (Hipólito et al., 2013; Larrea et al., 2010; Rui, 2016). Its morphology and volcanic edifice development are strongly controlled by regional tectonic structures related to the Terceira Rift system (Hipólito et al., 2013; Hildenbrand et al., 2008). The oldest volcano-stratigraphic units occupy the central part of the island and include the Serra das Fontes Volcanic Complex (620 ± 120 ka) and the Serra Branca Volcanic Complex (350 ± 40 ka) (Féraud et al., 1980; Gaspar, 1996). Younger volcanic units comprise the Vitória–Vulcão Central Volcanic Complex, including the Caldeira Volcano in the southeast and the NW Basaltic Platform in the northwest (Gaspar, 1996). At present, volcanic activity on Graciosa is limited to secondary manifestations such as thermal springs, fumaroles and diffuse degassing (Ferreira et al., 1993; Gaspar, 1996). Santa Maria is the oldest island in the Azores Archipelago, having emerged above sea level during the late Miocene (Abdel Monem et al., 1975; Féraud et al., 1980, 1981; Sibrant et al., 2015a). It is also the easternmost island and the only one currently resting on the Nubian Plate, sharing a long and complex geodynamic evolution with the Azores Triple Junction (Zbyszewski and Ferreira, 1960; Ramalho et al., 2017). The island covers approximately 97 km² and reaches a maximum elevation of about 587–590 m at Pico Alto (França et al., 2003).\nSanta Maria displays a markedly asymmetric morphology, with a stepped, low-relief plateau on the western side and a higher, more mountainous eastern sector, separated by a NNW–SSE-trending central mountain chain. The coastline is dominated by high plunging cliffs, locally interrupted by small bays with sandy beaches such as Praia Formosa, São Lourenço and Anjos (Abdel Monem et al., 1975; Serralheiro, 2003; Ávila et al., 2008). The geological evolution of Santa Maria comprises multiple phases, including late Miocene emergence, formation of a basaltic shield volcano, periods of intense subaerial and marine erosion with sedimentary deposition, renewed volcanic activity forming a NNW–SSE volcanic ridge, followed by post-erosional monogenetic volcanism and long-term uplift and erosion from the late Pliocene to the present (Abdel Monem et al., 1975; Sibrant et al., 2015a; Ramalho et al., 2017). From a climatic perspective, Santa Maria and Graciosa differ from most of the Azorean islands due to their small size and low maximum elevations, which limit the development of strong altitudinal climatic gradients. While the dominant climate type across the Azores is temperate with mild summers and no dry season (Cfb), these two islands locally exhibit drier and warmer conditions, particularly in lowland and coastal areas, corresponding to temperate climates with hot and dry summers (Csa). The absence of high-altitude zones prevents the establishment of hyperhumid climatic conditions typical of the higher islands of the archipelago, resulting in more homogeneous and relatively drier climatic regimes (Elias et al., 2016).\nDue to their small size and low maximum elevations, both Graciosa and Santa Maria fall within the group of low-altitude Azorean islands, lacking suitable conditions for the development of Juniperus–Ilex montane forests (Elias et al., 2016). According to potential vegetation models, natural zonal vegetation on these islands would be dominated by lowland forest types, particularly Picconia–Morella lowland forests, potentially occupying up to 49% of Graciosa and 69% of Santa Maria, and by Erica–Morella coastal woodlands, which could be especially relevant in Graciosa (Elias et al., 2016). However, pristine zonal vegetation is currently considered extinct on both islands, reflecting a long history of human impact and land-use transformation (Elias et al., 2016).","boundingBox":{"minLatitude":36.92828,"maxLatitude":39.09668,"minLongitude":-28.06875,"maxLongitude":-25.01373,"globalCoverage":false}}],"temporalCoverages":[{"@type":"range","start":"2019-06-21T00:00:00.000+00:00","end":"2019-07-07T00:00:00.000+00:00"}],"keywordCollections":[{"thesaurus":"GBIF Dataset Type Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_type_2015-07-10.xml","keywords":["floristic inventory","Graciosa","habitat diversity","island biogeography","endemism","indeterminate species","monitoring","invasive species","Santa Maria","ecology","vascular plants","native species","Azores","occurrence data","introduced species"]},{"thesaurus":"GBIF Dataset Subtype Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_subtype.xml","keywords":["Observation"]}],"project":{"title":"New spatial records of vascular plants in the Azores Archipelago: the PRIBES project and the Azorean Biodiversity Portal (ABP) initiatives part 3 - Graciosa and Santa Maria Islands","identifier":"Gra_Smr_Vascular_Plants","contacts":[{"type":"AUTHOR","primary":false,"userId":["https://www.linkedin.com/in/andrea-petrone-4b0027364"],"firstName":"Andrea","lastName":"Petrone","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"ADMINISTRATIVE_POINT_OF_CONTACT","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8448-7623"],"firstName":"Paulo A. V.","lastName":"Borges","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"ADMINISTRATIVE_POINT_OF_CONTACT","primary":false,"userId":[],"firstName":"Fernando","lastName":"Pereira","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"ADMINISTRATIVE_POINT_OF_CONTACT","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2397-2438"],"firstName":"Rui B.","lastName":"Elias","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]}],"funding":"Direcção Regional do Ambiente - PRIBES (LIFE17 IPE/PT/000010) (2019-2020). PORBIOTA - “ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000072 - AZORES BIOPORTAL”, funded by the Operational Programme Azores 2020 (85% ERDF and 15% regional funds) (2019-2021). RBE and PAVB are currently funded by FCT through national and European funds by UID/00329/2023 - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C) and this project was also funded by M1.1.A/FUNC.UI&D/021/2025 [UI&D/GBA/2025], was funded by the Regional Directorate for Science, Innovation and Development [Regional Government of the Azores] through the PROSCIENTIA Incentive System.\nFunding to put data open access in AZORES BIOPORTAL was obtained from the project “Upgrading the Azorean Biodiversity Portal Infrastructure (AZORES BIOPORTAL- PORBIOTA) to Boost Biodiversity Research, Management, and Education -PORBIOTA” (DRCID, ACORES2030-FEDER-03420600).","awards":[],"studyAreaDescription":"The study was conducted on Graciosa and Santa Maria islands, two small volcanic islands of the Azores Archipelago located in the North Atlantic Ocean. Graciosa belongs to the Central Group of the archipelago, between 39°00′ and 39°06′ N and 27°56′ and 28°05′ W (Larrea et al., 2010).\nBoth islands are situated close to the Azores Triple Junction, where the Eurasian, Nubian (African) and North American plates interact, and emerge from the Azores Plateau, a regional topographic high associated with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Larrea et al., 2010; Hipólito et al., 2013).\nGraciosa is a small, low-relief island with a NW–SE to WNW–ESE elongated elliptical shape, approximately 12–13 km long and 7 km wide, covering about 62 km², and reaching a maximum elevation of 402–405 m a.s.l. (Hipólito et al., 2013; Larrea et al., 2010; Rui, 2016). Its morphology and volcanic edifice development are strongly controlled by regional tectonic structures related to the Terceira Rift system (Hipólito et al., 2013; Hildenbrand et al., 2008). The oldest volcano-stratigraphic units occupy the central part of the island and include the Serra das Fontes Volcanic Complex (620 ± 120 ka) and the Serra Branca Volcanic Complex (350 ± 40 ka) (Féraud et al., 1980; Gaspar, 1996). Younger volcanic units comprise the Vitória–Vulcão Central Volcanic Complex, including the Caldeira Volcano in the southeast and the NW Basaltic Platform in the northwest (Gaspar, 1996). At present, volcanic activity on Graciosa is limited to secondary manifestations such as thermal springs, fumaroles and diffuse degassing (Ferreira et al., 1993; Gaspar, 1996). Santa Maria is the oldest island in the Azores Archipelago, having emerged above sea level during the late Miocene (Abdel Monem et al., 1975; Féraud et al., 1980, 1981; Sibrant et al., 2015a). It is also the easternmost island and the only one currently resting on the Nubian Plate, sharing a long and complex geodynamic evolution with the Azores Triple Junction (Zbyszewski and Ferreira, 1960; Ramalho et al., 2017). The island covers approximately 97 km² and reaches a maximum elevation of about 587–590 m at Pico Alto (França et al., 2003).\nSanta Maria displays a markedly asymmetric morphology, with a stepped, low-relief plateau on the western side and a higher, more mountainous eastern sector, separated by a NNW–SSE-trending central mountain chain. The coastline is dominated by high plunging cliffs, locally interrupted by small bays with sandy beaches such as Praia Formosa, São Lourenço and Anjos (Abdel Monem et al., 1975; Serralheiro, 2003; Ávila et al., 2008). The geological evolution of Santa Maria comprises multiple phases, including late Miocene emergence, formation of a basaltic shield volcano, periods of intense subaerial and marine erosion with sedimentary deposition, renewed volcanic activity forming a NNW–SSE volcanic ridge, followed by post-erosional monogenetic volcanism and long-term uplift and erosion from the late Pliocene to the present (Abdel Monem et al., 1975; Sibrant et al., 2015a; Ramalho et al., 2017). From a climatic perspective, Santa Maria and Graciosa differ from most of the Azorean islands due to their small size and low maximum elevations, which limit the development of strong altitudinal climatic gradients. While the dominant climate type across the Azores is temperate with mild summers and no dry season (Cfb), these two islands locally exhibit drier and warmer conditions, particularly in lowland and coastal areas, corresponding to temperate climates with hot and dry summers (Csa). The absence of high-altitude zones prevents the establishment of hyperhumid climatic conditions typical of the higher islands of the archipelago, resulting in more homogeneous and relatively drier climatic regimes (Elias et al., 2016).\nDue to their small size and low maximum elevations, both Graciosa and Santa Maria fall within the group of low-altitude Azorean islands, lacking suitable conditions for the development of Juniperus–Ilex montane forests (Elias et al., 2016). According to potential vegetation models, natural zonal vegetation on these islands would be dominated by lowland forest types, particularly Picconia–Morella lowland forests, potentially occupying up to 49% of Graciosa and 69% of Santa Maria, and by Erica–Morella coastal woodlands, which could be especially relevant in Graciosa (Elias et al., 2016). However, pristine zonal vegetation is currently considered extinct on both islands, reflecting a long history of human impact and land-use transformation (Elias et al., 2016).","designDescription":"The aim of the study was to generate a spatially explicit inventory of vascular plant species on Graciosa and Santa Maria islands, focusing on natural and semi-natural habitats. Fieldwork was carried out from June 21st to 24th 2019 for Graciosa and from July 5th to 8th 2019. Georeferenced photographs were collected using a Garmin Montana 750i GPS unit, documenting plant diversity across an altitudinal and ecological gradient—from coastal vegetation to high-elevation humid forests, scrublands, and grasslands. Survey areas were selected to avoid highly disturbed habitats such as urban zones, intensive pastures, and exotic tree plantations. Photographs were taken mainly along trails, slopes, cliffs, and road margins. Species visible in the images were identified post-fieldwork by expert taxonomists using floristic guides and online resources. Taxonomic and conservation statuses were assigned based on validated data from the Azores Bioportal – PORBIOTA","relatedProjects":[],"abstract":"This study was conducted on Graciosa and Santa Maria Islands, two small volcanic islands of the Azores Archipelago located in the North Atlantic Ocean. Graciosa belongs to the Central Group of the archipelago and is a low-relief island with a NW–SE elongated shape, approximately 12–13 km long and 7 km wide, covering about 62 km² and reaching a maximum elevation of about 402–405 m a.s.l. (Larrea et al., 2010; Hipólito et al., 2012). Santa Maria is the southeasternmost and oldest island of the Azores Archipelago, covering approximately 97 km² and reaching a maximum elevation of about 587–590 m a.s.l. at Pico Alto (Abdel-Monem et al., 1975; França et al., 2003; Ramalho et al., 2017).\nOn Graciosa Island, a total of 129 vascular plant taxa were recorded, encompassing 4 classes, 25 orders, and 55 families. These records correspond to 1,346 individual plant occurrences, including repeated observations of the same species across different sites. As each photographic observation is tied to unique geographic coordinates, all recorded specimens represent new spatial records for the island’s flora. Among the recorded taxa, 22 are endemic to the Azores, 31 are native, and 75 are introduced, corresponding to 428 endemic, 451 native, and 467 introduced occurrences. At the family level, 14 families include endemic taxa, 20 include native taxa, and 35 include introduced taxa.\nOn Santa Maria Island, a total of 122 vascular plant taxa were recorded, encompassing 6 classes, 30 orders, and 63 families. These records correspond to 1,376 individual plant occurrences, including repeated observations of the same species across different sites. All records represent new spatial data for the island’s flora due to the georeferenced nature of the observations. Among the taxa, 29 are endemic to the Azores, 25 are native, and 68 are introduced, corresponding to 533 endemic, 304 native, and 539 introduced occurrences. At the family level, 24 families include endemic taxa, 17 include native taxa, and 38 include introduced taxa."},"samplingDescription":{"studyExtent":"This study was conducted across different areas of the volcanic island of Graciosa and Santa Maria (Azores), ranging from coastal areas to high-elevation humid forests, scrublands and grasslands, capturing a variety of habitat types, vegetation density and plant abundance.","sampling":"Georeferenced photographs were collected using a Garmin Montana 750i GPS unit, with Multi-GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) support and WAAS/EGNOS correction systems that enhance GPS signals with improved accuracy (2-3 m), integrity (error checking) and availability in open-sky conditions. Plant species visible in the images were later identified by expert taxonomists with the help of flora guides (ex. Elias et al. 2024; Schaefer, H. 2021) and online databases (ex. Flora-On Açores; Plant of the World On-line). Species taxonomic ranks and conservation statuses were assigned based on the information available through the Azores Bioportal – PORBIOTA (https://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/pt/), the official biodiversity platform for the Azores Archipelago, which integrates validated and up-to-date data on the region’s flora, including endemism, invasiveness, and habitat preference","qualityControl":"Within each photograph, identified by a unique code, plants were detected.","methodSteps":["The list of species follows the standard Taxonomy as in AZORES BIOPORTAL."]},"countryCoverage":[],"collections":[],"dataDescriptions":[],"dataLanguage":"eng","acknowledgements":"Direcção Regional do Ambiente - PRIBES (LIFE17 IPE/PT/000010) (2019-2020). PORBIOTA - “ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000072 - AZORES BIOPORTAL”, funded by the Operational Programme Azores 2020 (85% ERDF and 15% regional funds) (2019-2021). RBE and PAVB are currently funded by FCT through national and European funds by UID/00329/2023 - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C) and this project was also funded by M1.1.A/FUNC.UI&D/010/2021-2024], was funded by the Regional Directorate for Science, Innovation and Development [Regional Government of the Azores] through the PROSCIENTIA Incentive System. Funding to put data open access in AZORES BIOPORTAL was obtained from the project “Upgrading the Azorean Biodiversity Portal Infrastructure (AZORES BIOPORTAL- PORBIOTA) to Boost Biodiversity Research, Management, and Education -PORBIOTA” (DRCID, ACORES2030-FEDER-03420600).","pubDate":"2026-08-10T00:00:00.000+00:00","maintenanceUpdateFrequency":"UNKNOWN","maintenanceDescription":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","dwca":{"coreType":"http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Event","extensions":["http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Occurrence"],"modified":"2026-08-10T10:44:22.440+00:00"},"approximateCounts":{"occurrenceCount":2722}}