{"key":"f40f80dc-1815-4e73-9097-9d7893d87f6f","installationKey":"06d75b22-fc7a-42ff-a14f-65a25cd0f3ab","publishingOrganizationKey":"0a80feca-b411-428a-a34e-c5c2fa07cdba","doi":"10.15468/vk4y7k","version":"1.10","external":false,"numConstituents":0,"type":"SAMPLING_EVENT","subtype":"SPECIMEN","shortName":"pico_vascular_plants","title":"New spatial records of vascular plants in the Azores Archipelago: the PRIBES project and the Azorean Biodiversity Portal (ABP) initiatives - II. Pico island","description":"\n            This study was conducted on Pico Island, a volcanic island of the Azores Archipelago (North Atlantic Ocean), located along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge within the Macaronesian biogeographic region. Pico is the second largest and youngest island of the archipelago and hosts the highest elevation in Portugal (2351 m a.s.l.), resulting in pronounced altitudinal gradients. Its geomorphology is shaped by recent volcanic activity and complex volcano-tectonic structures, while soils are generally young, poorly developed and of limited agricultural suitability, contributing to low land-use intensity and relatively well-preserved natural habitats. The climate is temperate oceanic, characterized by mild temperatures, high humidity and persistent cloud cover, with precipitation increasing markedly with elevation and exceeding 4000 mm annually in higher areas. Strong environmental gradients drive a well-defined altitudinal zonation of vegetation, ranging from coastal woodlands to alpine scrublands. Pico is unique within the Azores in preserving nearly the full sequence of vegetation belts, resulting in high ecological heterogeneity and the highest plant diversity in the archipelago. Despite historical human impacts, including land-use change and biological invasions, the island still retains some of the best-preserved natural ecosystems of the region, particularly at higher elevations. On Pico Island, a total of 251 vascular plant taxa were recorded, encompassing 6 classes, 38 orders, and 88 families. These records correspond to 11,023 individual plant occurrences, including repeated observations of the same species across different sites. As each photographic observation is associated with unique geographic coordinates, all recorded specimens represent new spatial records for the island’s flora. Among the recorded taxa, 59 are endemic to the Azores, 68 are native, 123 are introduced, and 1 is of uncertain status, corresponding to 6,019 endemic, 3,378 native, 1,624 introduced, and 2 indeterminate occurrences. At the family level, 34 families include endemic taxa, 36 include native taxa, 60 include introduced taxa, and 1 includes taxa of uncertain origin.\n        ","language":"eng","citation":{"text":"Petrone A, Pereira F, Borges P A V, Elias R B (2026). New spatial records of vascular plants in the Azores Archipelago: the PRIBES project and the Azorean Biodiversity Portal (ABP) initiatives - II. Pico island. Version 1.10. Universidade dos Açores. Sampling event dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/vk4y7k accessed via GBIF.org on 2026-10-13.","citationProvidedBySource":false},"contactsCitation":[{"key":7080955,"abbreviatedName":"Petrone A","firstName":"Andrea","lastName":"Petrone","roles":["ORIGINATOR","METADATA_AUTHOR"],"userId":[]},{"key":7080956,"abbreviatedName":"Pereira F","firstName":"Fernando","lastName":"Pereira","roles":["ORIGINATOR"],"userId":[]},{"key":7080957,"abbreviatedName":"Borges P A V","firstName":"Paulo A. 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Carta Geológica de Portugal na escala 1:50 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study was conducted on Pico Island, one of the nine volcanic islands of the Azores Archipelago, located in the North Atlantic Ocean between approximately 37–40° N and 25–31° W, about 1600 km west of mainland Portugal. The Azores form part of the Macaronesian biogeographic region and are situated along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, having originated from volcanic activity associated with the divergence of the Eurasian, African and North American tectonic plates (Ferreira, 2005; Azevedo & Ferreira, 2006; Fernández-Palacios et al., 2011; Connor et al. 2012).\nThe archipelago is composed of three island groups (Western, Central and Eastern), with Pico belonging to the Central Group. Pico is the second largest island (ca. 447 km²), with an elongated shape in the E–W direction (ca. 42 km long and 15 km wide), and hosts the highest elevation in Portugal, reaching 2351 m a.s.l. at Mount Pico (Cancela d’Abreu et al., 2005; Fernandes et al. 2014). It is also the youngest island of the archipelago (ca. 0.27 Ma), having developed within the Azorean microplate between the Eurasian and African plates (Zbyszewski et al., 1963; Dias, 1996; Azevedo & Ferreira, 2006; Connor et al. 2012).\nThe geomorphology of Pico strongly reflects its volcanic origin and tectonic structure. Three main volcanic units can be distinguished: (i) the older Topo volcano, a central shield volcano composed of basaltic and ankaramitic lava flows and partially dismantled by landslides and faulting; (ii) an intermediate volcanostratigraphic unit consisting of basaltic spatter cones aligned along WNW–ESE tectonic structures; and (iii) the youngest Madalena Volcanic Complex, including fissural systems and the Pico stratovolcano, which features a summit pit crater (Madeira, 1998; Nunes, 1999; Madeira & Silveira, 2003; França et al., 2006; Dias et al., 2007; Fernandes et al. 2014). Historical volcanic activity (1562–64, 1718 and 1720) produced recent lava fields locally known as “Misterios.”\nDue to its volcanic origin, Pico is characterized by rugged topography shaped by lava flows, pyroclastic deposits and volcanic structures. Soils are generally young and poorly developed andisols, while organic soils and peat deposits occur in topographic depressions and high-altitude environments (Dias, 1996; Connor et al. 2012). Agricultural suitability is extremely limited, with only about 2.2% of the island considered arable without major constraints. Most soils exhibit severe limitations, being suitable mainly for natural pastures, forest, or conservation purposes. This contributes to the relatively low intensity of land use, the sparse population and the persistence of large areas of natural and semi-natural habitats (Fernandes et al., 2014; Fonseca et al., 2014; Moreira, 2018).\nFrom a climatic perspective, the Azores are characterized by a temperate oceanic climate, with high humidity, persistent cloud cover and mild temperatures throughout the year, with an average of approximately 17.5 °C at sea level (Schaefer, 2003; Connor et al. 2012). The climate of Pico reflects these general conditions but is strongly modulated by altitude. Mean annual temperature is around 17.4–17.5 °C at sea level, with limited seasonal variation. Precipitation is abundant and increases markedly with elevation, ranging from approximately 1000–1900 mm at low altitudes to over 4000 mm above 700 m. Rainfall is distributed throughout the year, with maxima in winter (January–February) and minima in summer (July). Horizontal precipitation from fog and cloud interception plays a crucial role, particularly between 180 and 700 m, where persistent cloud cover is common. Relative humidity averages around 80% and increases with altitude, while snowfall may occur above 2000 m. Prevailing winds are predominantly from the southwest (Azevedo et al., 1998, 1999a, 1999b; Fernandes et al., 2014).\nAs a mountainous oceanic island, Pico exhibits strong altitudinal gradients that shape its vegetation patterns. The Azores originally hosted extensive native woody vegetation, but following human colonization in the last centuries, large portions of the landscape have been transformed by agriculture, pasture and the introduction of alien species. This reflects the interaction between long-evolved insular ecosystems and relatively recent human-driven changes, which have led to habitat loss, species replacement and biological invasions (Martins, 1993; Silva & Tavares, 1997; Yanes et al., 1997; de Nascimento et al., 2009; Triantis et al., 2010; Fernández-Palacios et al., 2011; Connor et al., 2012; Fernandes et al., 2014).\nDespite these transformations, Pico retains some of the best-preserved natural habitats in the Azores, partly due to its limited agricultural potential and low urbanization, which is largely confined to coastal settlements such as Madalena, Lajes do Pico and São Roque. The zonal vegetation of the Azores is structured into a sequence of altitudinal belts driven by climatic gradients, with eight main vegetation types ranging from lowland coastal communities to high-elevation alpine systems. In Pico, this gradient is particularly well developed and includes: Erica–Morella coastal woodlands (0–100 m), Picconia–Morella lowland forests (ca. 100–300 m), Laurus submontane forests (300–600 m), Juniperus–Ilex montane forests (600–900 m), Juniperus montane woodlands (700–1000 m), Calluna–Juniperus altimontane scrublands (900–1100 m), Calluna–Erica subalpine scrublands (1200–1700 m), and Calluna alpine scrublands above 1700 m (Elias et al., 2016).\nThe zonal vegetation of Pico follows a well-defined altitudinal sequence driven by climatic gradients, ranging from coastal Erica–Morella woodlands to high-elevation alpine scrublands. Pico is unique within the Azores in preserving nearly the complete sequence of vegetation belts, resulting in high ecological heterogeneity and the highest plant diversity of the archipelago. High-altitude ecosystems remain relatively undisturbed, whereas lowland forests are fragmented and montane areas are partially affected by land-use change (Elias et al., 2016).","boundingBox":{"minLatitude":38.387391,"maxLatitude":38.560434,"minLongitude":-28.539805,"maxLongitude":-28.029133,"globalCoverage":false}}],"temporalCoverages":[{"@type":"range","start":"2020-08-11T00:00:00.000+00:00","end":"2024-07-04T00:00:00.000+00:00"}],"keywordCollections":[{"thesaurus":"GBIF Dataset Type Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_type_2015-07-10.xml","keywords":["Pico","floristic inventory","habitat diversity","island biogeography","endemism","indeterminate species","monitoring","invasive species","ecology","vascular plants","native species","Observation","Azores","occurrence data","introduced species"]},{"thesaurus":"GBIF Dataset Subtype Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_subtype.xml","keywords":["Specimen"]}],"project":{"title":"New spatial records of vascular plants in the Azores Archipelago: the PRIBES project and the Azorean Biodiversity Portal (ABP) initiatives - II. Pico island","identifier":"Pico_Vascular_Plants","contacts":[{"type":"AUTHOR","primary":false,"userId":["https://www.linkedin.com/in/andrea-petrone-4b0027364"],"firstName":"Andrea","lastName":"Petrone","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"ADMINISTRATIVE_POINT_OF_CONTACT","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8448-7623"],"firstName":"Paulo A. V.","lastName":"Borges","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"ADMINISTRATIVE_POINT_OF_CONTACT","primary":false,"userId":[],"firstName":"Fernando","lastName":"Pereira","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"ADMINISTRATIVE_POINT_OF_CONTACT","primary":false,"userId":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2397-2438"],"firstName":"Rui B.","lastName":"Elias","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]}],"funding":"Direcção Regional do Ambiente - PRIBES (LIFE17 IPE/PT/000010) (2019-2020). PORBIOTA - “ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000072 - AZORES BIOPORTAL”, funded by the Operational Programme Azores 2020 (85% ERDF and 15% regional funds) (2019-2021). RBE and PAVB are currently funded by FCT through national and European funds by UID/00329/2023 - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C) and this project was also funded by M1.1.A/FUNC.UI&D/021/2025 [UI&D/GBA/2025], was funded by the Regional Directorate for Science, Innovation and Development [Regional Government of the Azores] through the PROSCIENTIA Incentive System.\nFunding to put data open access in AZORES BIOPORTAL was obtained from the project “Upgrading the Azorean Biodiversity Portal Infrastructure (AZORES BIOPORTAL- PORBIOTA) to Boost Biodiversity Research, Management, and Education -PORBIOTA” (DRCID, ACORES2030-FEDER-03420600).","awards":[],"studyAreaDescription":"The study was conducted on Pico Island, one of the nine volcanic islands of the Azores Archipelago, located in the North Atlantic Ocean between approximately 37–40° N and 25–31° W, about 1600 km west of mainland Portugal. The Azores form part of the Macaronesian biogeographic region and are situated along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, having originated from volcanic activity associated with the divergence of the Eurasian, African and North American tectonic plates (Ferreira, 2005; Azevedo & Ferreira, 2006; Fernández-Palacios et al., 2011; Connor et al. 2012).\nThe archipelago is composed of three island groups (Western, Central and Eastern), with Pico belonging to the Central Group. Pico is the second largest island (ca. 447 km²), with an elongated shape in the E–W direction (ca. 42 km long and 15 km wide), and hosts the highest elevation in Portugal, reaching 2351 m a.s.l. at Mount Pico (Cancela d’Abreu et al., 2005; Fernandes et al. 2014). It is also the youngest island of the archipelago (ca. 0.27 Ma), having developed within the Azorean microplate between the Eurasian and African plates (Zbyszewski et al., 1963; Dias, 1996; Azevedo & Ferreira, 2006; Connor et al. 2012).\nThe geomorphology of Pico strongly reflects its volcanic origin and tectonic structure. Three main volcanic units can be distinguished: (i) the older Topo volcano, a central shield volcano composed of basaltic and ankaramitic lava flows and partially dismantled by landslides and faulting; (ii) an intermediate volcanostratigraphic unit consisting of basaltic spatter cones aligned along WNW–ESE tectonic structures; and (iii) the youngest Madalena Volcanic Complex, including fissural systems and the Pico stratovolcano, which features a summit pit crater (Madeira, 1998; Nunes, 1999; Madeira & Silveira, 2003; França et al., 2006; Dias et al., 2007; Fernandes et al. 2014). Historical volcanic activity (1562–64, 1718 and 1720) produced recent lava fields locally known as “Misterios.”\nDue to its volcanic origin, Pico is characterized by rugged topography shaped by lava flows, pyroclastic deposits and volcanic structures. Soils are generally young and poorly developed andisols, while organic soils and peat deposits occur in topographic depressions and high-altitude environments (Dias, 1996; Connor et al. 2012). Agricultural suitability is extremely limited, with only about 2.2% of the island considered arable without major constraints. Most soils exhibit severe limitations, being suitable mainly for natural pastures, forest, or conservation purposes. This contributes to the relatively low intensity of land use, the sparse population and the persistence of large areas of natural and semi-natural habitats (Fernandes et al., 2014; Fonseca et al., 2014; Moreira, 2018).\nFrom a climatic perspective, the Azores are characterized by a temperate oceanic climate, with high humidity, persistent cloud cover and mild temperatures throughout the year, with an average of approximately 17.5 °C at sea level (Schaefer, 2003; Connor et al. 2012). The climate of Pico reflects these general conditions but is strongly modulated by altitude. Mean annual temperature is around 17.4–17.5 °C at sea level, with limited seasonal variation. Precipitation is abundant and increases markedly with elevation, ranging from approximately 1000–1900 mm at low altitudes to over 4000 mm above 700 m. Rainfall is distributed throughout the year, with maxima in winter (January–February) and minima in summer (July). Horizontal precipitation from fog and cloud interception plays a crucial role, particularly between 180 and 700 m, where persistent cloud cover is common. Relative humidity averages around 80% and increases with altitude, while snowfall may occur above 2000 m. Prevailing winds are predominantly from the southwest (Azevedo et al., 1998, 1999a, 1999b; Fernandes et al., 2014).\nAs a mountainous oceanic island, Pico exhibits strong altitudinal gradients that shape its vegetation patterns. The Azores originally hosted extensive native woody vegetation, but following human colonization in the last centuries, large portions of the landscape have been transformed by agriculture, pasture and the introduction of alien species. This reflects the interaction between long-evolved insular ecosystems and relatively recent human-driven changes, which have led to habitat loss, species replacement and biological invasions (Martins, 1993; Silva & Tavares, 1997; Yanes et al., 1997; de Nascimento et al., 2009; Triantis et al., 2010; Fernández-Palacios et al., 2011; Connor et al., 2012; Fernandes et al., 2014).\nDespite these transformations, Pico retains some of the best-preserved natural habitats in the Azores, partly due to its limited agricultural potential and low urbanization, which is largely confined to coastal settlements such as Madalena, Lajes do Pico and São Roque. The zonal vegetation of the Azores is structured into a sequence of altitudinal belts driven by climatic gradients, with eight main vegetation types ranging from lowland coastal communities to high-elevation alpine systems. In Pico, this gradient is particularly well developed and includes: Erica–Morella coastal woodlands (0–100 m), Picconia–Morella lowland forests (ca. 100–300 m), Laurus submontane forests (300–600 m), Juniperus–Ilex montane forests (600–900 m), Juniperus montane woodlands (700–1000 m), Calluna–Juniperus altimontane scrublands (900–1100 m), Calluna–Erica subalpine scrublands (1200–1700 m), and Calluna alpine scrublands above 1700 m (Elias et al., 2016).\nThe zonal vegetation of Pico follows a well-defined altitudinal sequence driven by climatic gradients, ranging from coastal Erica–Morella woodlands to high-elevation alpine scrublands. Pico is unique within the Azores in preserving nearly the complete sequence of vegetation belts, resulting in high ecological heterogeneity and the highest plant diversity of the archipelago. High-altitude ecosystems remain relatively undisturbed, whereas lowland forests are fragmented and montane areas are partially affected by land-use change (Elias et al., 2016).","designDescription":"The aim of the study was to generate a spatially explicit inventory of vascular plant species on Pico Island, focusing on natural and semi-natural habitats. Fieldwork was conducted across multiple periods: August 2020, July 2021, June–July 2022, and June–July 2024. Georeferenced photographs were collected using a Garmin Montana 750i GPS unit, documenting plant diversity across an altitudinal and ecological gradient—from coastal vegetation to high-elevation humid forests, scrublands, and grasslands. Survey areas were selected to avoid highly disturbed habitats such as urban zones, intensive pastures, and exotic tree plantations. Photographs were taken mainly along trails, slopes, cliffs, and road margins. Species visible in the images were identified post-fieldwork by expert taxonomists using floristic guides and online resources. Taxonomic and conservation statuses were assigned based on validated data from the Azores Bioportal – PORBIOTA","relatedProjects":[],"abstract":"This study was conducted on Pico Island, a volcanic island of the Azores Archipelago (North Atlantic Ocean), located along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge within the Macaronesian biogeographic region. Pico is the second largest and youngest island of the archipelago and hosts the highest elevation in Portugal (2351 m a.s.l.), resulting in pronounced altitudinal gradients. Its geomorphology is shaped by recent volcanic activity and complex volcano-tectonic structures, while soils are generally young, poorly developed and of limited agricultural suitability, contributing to low land-use intensity and relatively well-preserved natural habitats.\nThe climate is temperate oceanic, characterized by mild temperatures, high humidity and persistent cloud cover, with precipitation increasing markedly with elevation and exceeding 4000 mm annually in higher areas. Strong environmental gradients drive a well-defined altitudinal zonation of vegetation, ranging from coastal woodlands to alpine scrublands. Pico is unique within the Azores in preserving nearly the full sequence of vegetation belts, resulting in high ecological heterogeneity and the highest plant diversity in the archipelago. Despite historical human impacts, including land-use change and biological invasions, the island still retains some of the best-preserved natural ecosystems of the region, particularly at higher elevations.\nOn Pico Island, a total of 251 vascular plant taxa were recorded, encompassing 6 classes, 38 orders, and 88 families. These records correspond to 11,023 individual plant occurrences, including repeated observations of the same species across different sites. As each photographic observation is associated with unique geographic coordinates, all recorded specimens represent new spatial records for the island’s flora. Among the recorded taxa, 59 are endemic to the Azores, 68 are native, 123 are introduced, and 1 is of uncertain status, corresponding to 6,019 endemic, 3,378 native, 1,624 introduced, and 2 indeterminate occurrences. At the family level, 34 families include endemic taxa, 36 include native taxa, 60 include introduced taxa, and 1 includes taxa of uncertain origin."},"samplingDescription":{"studyExtent":"This study was conducted across different areas of the volcanic island Pico (Azores), ranging from coastal areas to high-elevation humid forests, scrublands and grasslands, capturing a variety of habitat types, vegetation density and plant abundance.","sampling":"Georeferenced photographs were collected using a Garmin Montana 750i GPS unit, with Multi-GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) support and WAAS/EGNOS correction systems that enhance GPS signals with improved accuracy (2-3 m), integrity (error checking) and availability in open-sky conditions. Plant species visible in the images were later identified by expert taxonomists with the help of flora guides (ex. Elias et al. 2024; Schaefer, H. 2021) and online databases (ex. Flora-On Açores; Plant of the World On-line). Species taxonomic ranks and conservation statuses were assigned based on the information available through the Azores Bioportal – PORBIOTA (https://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/pt/), the official biodiversity platform for the Azores Archipelago, which integrates validated and up-to-date data on the region’s flora, including endemism, invasiveness, and habitat preference","qualityControl":"Within each photograph, identified by a unique code, plants were detected.","methodSteps":["The list of species follows the standard Taxonomy as in AZORES BIOPORTAL."]},"countryCoverage":[],"collections":[],"dataDescriptions":[],"dataLanguage":"eng","acknowledgements":"Direcção Regional do Ambiente - PRIBES (LIFE17 IPE/PT/000010) (2019-2020). PORBIOTA - “ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000072 - AZORES BIOPORTAL”, funded by the Operational Programme Azores 2020 (85% ERDF and 15% regional funds) (2019-2021). RBE and PAVB are currently funded by FCT through national and European funds by UID/00329/2023 - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C) and this project was also funded by M1.1.A/FUNC.UI&D/010/2021-2024], was funded by the Regional Directorate for Science, Innovation and Development [Regional Government of the Azores] through the PROSCIENTIA Incentive System. Funding to put data open access in AZORES BIOPORTAL was obtained from the project “Upgrading the Azorean Biodiversity Portal Infrastructure (AZORES BIOPORTAL- PORBIOTA) to Boost Biodiversity Research, Management, and Education -PORBIOTA” (DRCID, ACORES2030-FEDER-03420600).","pubDate":"2026-07-20T00:00:00.000+00:00","maintenanceUpdateFrequency":"UNKNOWN","maintenanceDescription":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","dwca":{"coreType":"http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Event","extensions":["http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Occurrence"],"modified":"2026-07-20T10:55:00.146+00:00"},"approximateCounts":{"occurrenceCount":11023}}