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(2011). Pollination and floral ecology. Princeton University Press.","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"Rader, R., Bartomeus, I., Garibaldi, L. A., Garratt, M. P. D., Howlett, B. G., Winfree, R., & Woyciechowski, M. (2013). Non-bee insects are important contributors to global crop pollination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(1), 146-151.","citationProvidedBySource":false},{"text":"Speights, T. L., Harmon-Threatt, A. N., & Kindscher, K. (2017). Pollinator biodiversity and honeybee colony health in urban green spaces. 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Ethiopia","identifier":"CESP2024-013","contacts":[{"type":"PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR","primary":false,"userId":["http://www.researcherid.com/rid/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zerihun-Girma?ev=hdr_xprf"],"firstName":"Zerihun","lastName":"Girma","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"AUTHOR","primary":false,"userId":[],"firstName":"Araya","lastName":"Gebresilassie","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"AUTHOR","primary":false,"userId":[],"firstName":"Manaye","lastName":"Misgnaw","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"ORIGINATOR","primary":false,"userId":[],"firstName":"Kidist","lastName":"Fekadu","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"ORIGINATOR","primary":false,"userId":[],"firstName":"Mikias","lastName":"Biazin","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]},{"type":"ORIGINATOR","primary":false,"userId":[],"firstName":"Beyene","lastName":"Tekelu","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]}],"funding":"The data collection was  financial supported by JRS Biodiversity through grant number 70032 to Hawassa University","awards":[{"funderName":"JRS Biodiversity Foundation","funderIdentifiers":[],"awardNumber":"70032","title":"Insect pollinator diversity under different land uses in and around Kafa Biosphere Reserve and Bale Mountains National Park, Southern Ethiopia"}],"studyAreaDescription":"The study was carried out in UNESCO world heritage and world biodiversity hotspot site, Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP) and surroundings that render important ecosystem services for millions of inhabitants in their surroundings. It belongs to the Bale-Arsi Eco region, which forms the western section of the south-eastern Ethiopian highlands. The Park is located at 6º36’-7º00’N and 37º18’-40º12’E. The BMNP covers the largest area higher than 3000m above sea level (a.s.l.) in Africa. The park and its surroundings are home to an extraordinary fauna and flora with an exceptional degree of endemism and in several cases the only remaining populations of globally threatened species across numerous taxonomic groups.","designDescription":"To collect insect pollinators data three types of collection methods namely; fixed transect walks, pan traps and timed focal flower observations were used. At each management region/zone a 50mx25 m (125 m2) plot was laid at the interval of 500m to record and count all plant species as a measure of plant diversity only once followed by observations of flowering plants and pollinators. In each plot, pollinator observation was conducted from four points within 1mx1m (1 m2) and the survey was taken place between 8:00 and 11:00 according to optimal time of day for insect activity (Willmer, 2011) in favorable weather conditions sunny and without rain and temperature ranging from 250C to 380C (Rader et al., 2013; Speights et al., 2017). The number of pollinators was counted when they visit the flowering plants within the four plots of 1 m2 for 15 minutes. Samples of insect pollinators were also caught by sweep net around herb layers and understory canopy traveling at a constant speed around the plot of 50mx25m (1250 m2).  Pan traps (typically of three colours set at vegetation height to mimic flowers and collected after a standardized time) were also established inside 50mx25m at 1mx 1m subplot in zig zag pattern, was also used to collect insect pollinators. Pan trap colours perceived as white, blue, yellow, and green to human vision was used. The pan traps was placed on the ground for 4 to 8 h following standard procedures.  All insect pollinator observations was carried out under good weather conditions when insect pollinators are active, foraging, low wind, sunny and warm unclouded days.","relatedProjects":[],"abstract":"The project is aimed at generating information on insect pollinators diversity, share data openly and create awareness creation plat forms on food security and ecosystem health values of insect pollinators under different land uses in and around Kafa Biosphere Reserve and Bale Mountains National Park. The main potential impacts of the project are; enhanced expertise on insect pollinators’ diversity and conservation in Ethiopia, advanced scientific research on insect pollinators biodiversity through availing and openly sharing insect pollinator data worldwide, enhanced natural and environmental health and human welfare, insect pollinator friendly agriculture, which increases agricultural productivity and reduce reliance on chemicals, and policy enactments or revisions to sustainable conserve insect pollinator biodiversity conservation and management in Ethiopia. The main potential impacts of the project are measured through number of short term and long term (M.Sc.) trainings delivered and number of awareness campaign made, insect pollinators species identified and specimens collected, number of pollinated plants identified and the type, quality and quality of insect pollinator diversity data uploaded in international and local data bases and type and number of information disseminated via workshops, conferences and peer review publications, TV, radio and social media and the number and type of policy brief prepared.."},"samplingDescription":{"studyExtent":"The study was conducted in the core and buffer zones of Bale Mountains National Park, as well as in the adjacent agricultural land. Sampling encompassed all habitat types within these areas. Data collection occurred over two years (2024-2025), spanning both dry and wet seasons.","sampling":"Insect pollinator data were collected using fixed transect walks, pan traps, and timed focal flower observations. Within each management zone, a 50m x 25m (125 m2) plot was established every 500m. Plant species were recorded once within each plot as a measure of plant diversity, followed by observations of flowering plants and pollinators. Pollinator observations were conducted at four 1m x 1m (1 m2) points within each plot between 8:00 and 11:00, the optimal time for insect activity (Willmer, 2011), under favorable weather conditions (sunny, no rain, and temperatures between 25°C and 38°C) (Rader et al., 2013; Speights et al., 2017). The number of pollinators visiting flowering plants within the four 1 m2 plots was counted for 15 minutes. Insect pollinators were also collected using sweep nets around herb layers and understory canopy at a constant speed throughout the 50m x 25m (1250 m2) plot. Pan traps, typically of three colors mimicking flowers, were set at vegetation height and collected after a standardized time. These were placed within the 50m x 25m plots, in a zig-zag pattern within a 1m x 1m subplot. White, blue, yellow, and green pan traps were placed on the ground for 4 to 8 hours following standard procedures. All insect pollinator observations were carried out under good weather conditions when insect pollinators are active: low wind, sunny and warm, unclouded days.","qualityControl":"Identifications were done using standard guidelines.","methodSteps":["Insect pollinator data were collected from core and buffer habitats of Bale Mountains National Park and surrounding agricultural land using sweep nets, pan traps, and light traps. Each pollinator was coded, and the number of individuals per plot was counted. Voucher specimens were prepared using standard spreading, mounting, and preserving techniques and identified to the possible taxonomic group in the laboratory using a stereo microscope and standard insect pollinator guides. Data were then entered into Microsoft Excel and formatted for compatibility with GBIF standards."]},"countryCoverage":[],"collections":[{"name":"Insect Pollinators at Bale Mountains National Park","specimenPreservationMethod":"DRIED_AND_PRESSED","curatorialUnits":[]}],"dataDescriptions":[],"dataLanguage":"eng","acknowledgements":"We thank JRS Biodiversity for grant number 70032 to Hawassa University, which funded this research on insect pollinator diversity. We also acknowledge Matthew V. Cassetta, Executive Director of JRS Biodiversity, for his leadership and support of this 36-month project to enhance pollinator conservation in Ethiopia.","pubDate":"2026-02-19T00:00:00.000+00:00","maintenanceUpdateFrequency":"AS_NEEDED","maintenanceDescription":"Data will be updated as new collections, identifications, and taxonomic revisions occur.","license":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode","dwca":{"coreType":"http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Occurrence","extensions":["http://rs.iobis.org/obis/terms/ExtendedMeasurementOrFact"],"modified":"2026-07-11T13:25:09.815+00:00"},"approximateCounts":{"occurrenceCount":612}}