{"key":"f7e2ac27-7ade-4740-a222-6c1504c005c8","installationKey":"d0709e6e-78bf-49e8-8814-384ac4fb139f","publishingOrganizationKey":"121b1f00-66de-484d-9fb3-32bb07585840","doi":"10.15468/vt7rhx","version":"1.4","external":false,"numConstituents":0,"type":"OCCURRENCE","subtype":"OBSERVATION","shortName":"fiocruz-flaviscutellata-taxonomy","title":"FIOCRUZ | Cryptic taxa in the morphospecies Bichromomyia flaviscutellata uncovered by expanded geographic sampling and COI DNA barcodes","description":"\n            The morphospecies Bichromomyia flaviscutellata, a widely distributed Neotropical sand fly and principal vector of Leishmania amazonensis, has been hypothesized to comprise morphologically cryptic taxa, though prior sampling was geographically limited. We expanded sampling to 12 Brazilian municipalities across the Amazon, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest biomes, generating 62 new mitochondrial COI sequences and integrating them with publicly available data.Phylogenetic reconstruction and multiple species delimitation methods consistently recovered two deeply divergent and well-supported mitochondrial lineages within B. flaviscutellata. Lineage PS1 is distributed across the Amazon, Cerrado, and western Atlantic Forest, whereas PS2 is restricted to the coastal Atlantic Forest. Additional substructure was detected within both lineages. Genetic distances were high between PS1 and PS2 but low within lineages, while other taxa (e.g., B. bicolor and B. olmeca) each formed a single cohesive cluster.The observed mitochondrial divergence suggests long-term isolation; however, species boundaries require confirmation using multilocus nuclear data. This study provides the most comprehensive molecular assessment of the B. flaviscutellata complex to date and reinforces the need for integrative taxonomic approaches.\n        ","language":"eng","citation":{"text":"Rodrigues B L, Pinto I D S, Oliveira A G, Moreno E S, Baton L A, Lopes T D A, Shimabukuro P, Galati E A B (2026). FIOCRUZ | Cryptic taxa in the morphospecies Bichromomyia flaviscutellata uncovered by expanded geographic sampling and COI DNA barcodes. Version 1.4. FIOCRUZ - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/vt7rhx accessed via GBIF.org on 2026-10-22.","citationProvidedBySource":false},"contactsCitation":[{"key":6980890,"abbreviatedName":"Rodrigues B L","firstName":"Bruno Leite","lastName":"Rodrigues","roles":["ORIGINATOR"],"userId":["http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0957-1710"]},{"key":6980891,"abbreviatedName":"Pinto I D S","firstName":"Israel de Souza","lastName":"Pinto","roles":["ORIGINATOR"],"userId":["http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8924-640X"]},{"key":6980892,"abbreviatedName":"Oliveira A G","firstName":"Alessandra Gutierrez","lastName":"Oliveira","roles":["ORIGINATOR"],"userId":["http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7677-9351"]},{"key":6980893,"abbreviatedName":"Moreno E S","firstName":"Eduardo Stramandinoli","lastName":"Moreno","roles":["ORIGINATOR"],"userId":["http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1544-7115"]},{"key":6980894,"abbreviatedName":"Baton L A","firstName":"Luke 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Ibatiba","address":[],"country":"BR","createdBy":"crawler.gbif.org","modifiedBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2026-04-14T12:55:35.936+00:00","modified":"2026-04-14T12:55:35.936+00:00"},{"key":6980892,"type":"ORIGINATOR","primary":false,"userId":["http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7677-9351"],"salutation":"Dr.","firstName":"Alessandra Gutierrez","lastName":"Oliveira","position":["Reseacher"],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"organization":"Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul","address":[],"country":"BR","createdBy":"crawler.gbif.org","modifiedBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2026-04-14T12:55:35.938+00:00","modified":"2026-04-14T12:55:35.938+00:00"},{"key":6980893,"type":"ORIGINATOR","primary":false,"userId":["http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1544-7115"],"salutation":"Dr.","firstName":"Eduardo Stramandinoli","lastName":"Moreno","position":["Reseacher"],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"organization":"Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará","address":[],"country":"BR","createdBy":"crawler.gbif.org","modifiedBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2026-04-14T12:55:35.939+00:00","modified":"2026-04-14T12:55:35.939+00:00"},{"key":6980894,"type":"ORIGINATOR","primary":false,"userId":["http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4515-8867"],"salutation":"Dr.","firstName":"Luke Anthony","lastName":"Baton","position":["Researcher"],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"organization":"Indenpendent","address":[],"country":"BR","createdBy":"crawler.gbif.org","modifiedBy":"crawler.gbif.org","created":"2026-04-14T12:55:35.940+00:00","modified":"2026-04-14T12:55:35.940+00:00"},{"key":6980895,"type":"ORIGINATOR","primary":false,"userId":["http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1784-8089"],"salutation":"Dr.","firstName":"Tânia de Azevedo","lastName":"Lopes","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"organization":"Faculdade ViaSapiens (FVS), Tianguá, 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Arthropoda, Insecta, Diptera, Psychodidae, Bichromomyia flaviscutellata","coverages":[{"scientificName":"Arthropoda","rank":{"verbatim":"phylum","interpreted":"PHYLUM"}},{"scientificName":"Insecta","rank":{"verbatim":"class","interpreted":"CLASS"}},{"scientificName":"Diptera","rank":{"verbatim":"order","interpreted":"ORDER"}},{"scientificName":"Psychodidae","rank":{"verbatim":"family","interpreted":"FAMILY"}},{"scientificName":"Animalia","rank":{"verbatim":"kingdom","interpreted":"KINGDOM"}}]}],"geographicCoverages":[{"description":"Brazil, Atlantic Forest Domain, Amazon Forest","boundingBox":{"minLatitude":-24.936084,"maxLatitude":19.122889,"minLongitude":-93.1756,"maxLongitude":-34.94378,"globalCoverage":false}}],"temporalCoverages":[{"@type":"range","start":"2010-08-10T00:00:00.000+00:00","end":"2025-05-18T00:00:00.000+00:00"}],"keywordCollections":[{"thesaurus":"GBIF Dataset Type Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_type_2015-07-10.xml","keywords":["DNA barcoding","COI gene","Phlebotominae","Cryptic species","Species delimitation","Occurrence","Leishmania amazonensis","sand fly"]},{"thesaurus":"GBIF Dataset Subtype Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_subtype.xml","keywords":["Observation"]}],"project":{"title":"Cryptic taxa in the morphospecies Bichromomyia flaviscutellata uncovered by expanded geographic sampling and COI DNA barcodes","contacts":[{"type":"CUSTODIAN_STEWARD","primary":false,"userId":["http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-953X"],"salutation":"Dr.","firstName":"Paloma","lastName":"Shimabukuro","position":[],"email":[],"phone":[],"homepage":[],"address":[]}],"funding":"This study was financially supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), grant 2023/03715-2; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), grant APQ-02569-15; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for scholarship grant to BLR—financial code 001; and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq for research fellowship to AGO (172169/2023-2).","awards":[],"relatedProjects":[]},"samplingDescription":{"studyExtent":"Sand flies from newly collected and previously published entomological surveys (January 2014–May 2025) were analyzed, covering 12 municipalities across seven Brazilian states in the Amazon (Amapá, Amazonas, Maranhão, Pará), Atlantic Forest (Espírito Santo, São Paulo), and Cerrado (Tocantins) biomes (Table S1). In new surveys, CDC light traps were deployed overnight in forest fragments and peridomiciles. Specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol at –20 °C. Heads and terminal abdominal segments were slide-mounted for morphological identification under light microscopy, while remaining tissues were reserved for DNA extraction; in well-preserved specimens, only legs were used for DNA extraction. Species identification followed Galati (2018).","sampling":"Genomic DNA was individually extracted using Digsol buffer (EDTA 20 mM, Tris–HCl 50 mM, NaCl 117 mM, SDS 1%). The mitochondrial COI barcode region was amplified via PCR using GoTaq™ Green Master Mix and primers LCO1490/HCO2198. Cycling conditions were: 95 °C for 2 min; 35 cycles of 95 °C (1 min), 54 °C (1 min), and 72 °C (1 min 30 s); final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. Amplifications were verified on 1% agarose gels (GelRed), and amplicons were purified and bidirectionally sequenced.","qualityControl":"Sand flies were identified according to Galati, E.A.B., 2018. Morphology and terminology of adults and identification of the American taxa. In: Rangel, E.F., Shaw, J.J. (Eds.), Brazilian Sand Flies. Springer, Cham, pp. 9–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75544-1_2.","methodSteps":["Electropherograms were edited and assembled in SeqTrace v0.9, and new sequences were deposited in GenBank (accessions PZ066135–PZ066196). Public COI sequences of Bichromomyia flaviscutellata, B. olmeca, and B. bicolor from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Panama were incorporated (Table S1).\nSequences were aligned using MUSCLE in MEGA v7; reads exceeding the 658 bp barcode region were trimmed, and missing data were coded as needed. Pairwise genetic distances were calculated using uncorrected p-distances and the Kimura 2-parameter model in TaxI v2.1.\nPhylogenetic relationships were inferred in IQ-TREE (web server) under the best-fit substitution model with 10,000 ultrafast bootstrap replicates. Psathyromyia bigeniculata (GenBank: OR555681.1) was used as outgroup. Trees were visualized in FigTree v1.4.4 and edited in Inkscape v1.4.\nSpecies delimitation was assessed using ABGD, ASAP, and PTP. ABGD and ASAP were implemented in iTaxoTools under p-distance and K2P models following established parameters, while PTP analyses (single- and multi-rate) were conducted on the IQ-TREE topology via the PTP web server."]},"countryCoverage":[],"collections":[],"dataDescriptions":[],"dataLanguage":"eng","gettingStarted":"<p>Occurrence data for Bichromomyia flaviscutellata, including COI sequence information.</p><p>Data file named Table S1.</p>","acknowledgements":"This study was financially supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), grant 2023/03715-2; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), grant APQ-02569-15; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for scholarship grant to BLR—financial code 001; and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq for research fellowship to AGO (172169/2023-2).","pubDate":"2026-04-14T00:00:00.000+00:00","maintenanceUpdateFrequency":"UNKNOWN","maintenanceDescription":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode","dwca":{"coreType":"http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/Occurrence","extensions":[],"modified":"2026-07-12T17:17:02.712+00:00"},"approximateCounts":{"occurrenceCount":94}}