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intrigue","occurrenceRemarks":"Halophilic (salt-loving) *Haloarcula* thrive in these 4,000ʹ Kīlauea caldera volcanic steam vents, part of a hidden \"biodiversity hot spot on a hot spot\" in a seemingly unlikely, high-temperature volcanic setting, as salts & minerals leaching through porous volcanic rock produce a saline, chemically complex habitat *Haloarcula* is a genus of extremely halophilic Archaea found at Kīlauea high-temperature steam vents, representing a surprising discovery of salt-dependent life in a geothermal setting, the microorganisms identified within acidic, high-temperature volcanic fumes with unexpected adaptability beyond typical hypersaline environments; while *Haloarcula* generally live in non-geothermal salt mats, brine pools, and salt lakes, here they are in high-temperature Hawaiian fumaroles, researchers isolating *Haloarcula* and related halophilic Archaea from Kīlauea steam vent water, a geothermal environment identification Halophilic Archaea communities at fumaroles in Kīlauea’s volcanic environments exhibit distinct colors due to environmental adaptations, including prominent green pigmentation in areas with high sulfur and iron content, associated with brightly colored, typically yellow or rust-colored, mineral deposits, and fumarole soils contain thermoacidophilic Archaea such as *Acidianus*: color-distinct communities thrive in young volcanic terrains here at Kīlauea, including lava tubes and geothermal steam vents Iron-loving (iron-oxidizing, iron-reducing) Archaea, hyperthermophiles (heat-loving) and extremophiles, also utilize iron compounds [Fe(III) or (Fe(II)] found in mineral-rich, superheated waters to gain energy, thriving in these geothermal features, playing a critical role in nutrient cycling under extreme heat Kīlauea, youngest volcano on land at the Hawaiian hotspot on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi, one of the world's most active volcanoes, has been erupting episodically from its summit (Halemaʻumaʻu crater) since December 23, 2024, activity, with Kilauea Caldera activity continuing to date, into May 2026 **Versatility of Steam Vent Life** High viability: living cells flourish in fumarole steam (hot water vapor and volcanic gases—primarily carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide—released through openings in the Earth's surface like on volcanic craters in Hawaiian volcanic regions) Unique ecosystems: these microbes exist at the \"upper temperature border of life\" (often at the roots of the phylogenetic tree, similar to the earliest forms of life on Earth) Subsurface life: in addition to dwelling on the surface, they exist within volcanic deposits themselves Unique lineages: Kilauea volcano microbiological analysis also reveals unknown species, reflecting specialized adaptation to volcanic activity; Hawaiian fumaroles, like at Kīlauea, contain the greatest diversity of these halophilic Archaea, revealing new lineages in addition to known *Haloarcula* 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this species is in this locale. https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/thermophilic-archaea.htm Domain Archaea pH: 0.9–9.8 Temperature: up to 92°C (197.6°F) Color: Cream or yellow-colored Metabolism: Chemosynthesis, using hydrogen, sulfur, carbon dioxide Form: Unicellular, tough cell membrane Location: In many of Yellowstone’s hydrothermal features Sulfolobus is the genus most often isolated pH: 0–4 Temperature: ~50-80°C (104–131°F) Color: Cream or yellow-colored Metabolism: Chemosynthesis","occurrenceRemarks":"Loved these things - and had to have a few documented. I'll be working to clean these up using a few resources over time. Any help is appreciated, but wouldn't mind going for the most uncommon bacteria in each picture, as I work my way through the below list. GO THERE! (After school starts in the middle of the week, of course) These are the same area, at different levels of zoom, and the greater habitat is pretty bizarre. Yellowstone NP Targets Watch the Video absolutely fascinating. I wanted to bring a lazer temperature gun, but only decided to take this vacation the night before, and shotgunned everything into the car... https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/life-in-extreme-heat.htm https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/thermophilic-bacteria.htm https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/thermophilic-communities.htm https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Yellowstone_Hot_Springs Cyanobacteria Calothrix pH: 6–9 Temperature: 30–45°C (86–113°F) Color: Dark brown mats Metabolism: Photosynthesis by day; fermentation by night. Location: Mammoth Hot Springs, Upper, Midway, and Lower geyser basins Cyanobacteria Phormidium pH: 6–8 Temperature: 35–57°C (95–135°F) Color: Orange mats Metabolism: Photosynthesis Location: Mammoth Hot Springs, Upper, Midway, and Lower geyser basins Cyanobacteria Oscillatoria pH: 6–8 Temperature: 36–45°C (96–113°F) Color: Orange mats Metabolism: Photosynthesis; oscillating moves it closer to or away from light sources. Location: Mammoth Hot Springs and Chocolate Pots Cyanobacteria Synechococcus pH: 7–9 Temperature: 52–74°C (126–165°F) Color: Green mats Metabolism: Photosynthesis by day; fermentation by night. Location: Mammoth Hot Springs, Upper, Midway, and Lower geyser basins Green Sulfur Chlorobium pH: 6–9 Temperature: 32–52°C (90–126°F) Color: Dense, dark green mats Metabolism: Anoxygenic photosynthesis— produces sulfate and sulfur, not oxygen. Location: Mammoth Hot Springs and Calcite Springs Green nonsulfur Chloroflexus pH: 7–9 Temperature: 35–85°C (95–185°F) Color: Green mats Metabolism: anoxygenic photosynthesis—use organic compounds during photosynthesis. Location: Mammoth Hot Springs, Upper, Midway, and Lower geyser basins Aquifex Hydrogenobaculum pH: 3–5.5 Temperature: 55–72°C (131–162°F) Color: Yellow and white streamers Metabolism: Uses hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide as energy sources; can use arsenic in place of hydrogen sulfide. Location: Norris Geyser Basin, Amphitheater Springs Aquifex- Thermocrinis pH: 5–9 Temperature: 40–79°C (104–174°F) Color: Bright red or orange streamers; contains carotenoid pigments that act as sunscreen. 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