{"offset":0,"limit":20,"endOfRecords":false,"results":[{"key":417860617,"taxonKey":2856681,"type":"native range","language":"eng","description":"Central Asia","source":"Checklist of introduced taxa in Cyprus","sourceTaxonKey":323328485},{"key":439635979,"taxonKey":2856681,"type":"habit","language":"","description":"herb","source":"Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN)","sourceTaxonKey":100011427},{"key":460064883,"taxonKey":2856681,"type":"Allium sativum L.","language":"eng","description":"<div><p>Allium sativum L.</p> <p>Names.</p> <p>Myanmar: kyet-thun hpyu, casaun-phet-tine. English: garlic.</p> <p>Range.</p> <p>Central Asia. In Myanmar, grown mostly in Shan State as a cultivated plant.</p> <p>Uses.</p> <p>Root (Bulb): Garlic is used to support blood and eye health, alleviate fevers and skin disorders, increase perspiration and semen production, stimulate the bowel and the bladder, and to promote virility and longevity. A half teaspoon of garlic powder, steeped in honey and taken at bedtime, is used as a vitalizing tonic to stimulate appetite and promote healthy sleep. It is used to break up phlegm, as well as to strengthen the blood and the gall bladder. Sap from cut garlic bulbs is a remedy for skin conditions, including ringworm, scabies, eczema, freckles and similar facial skin discolorations. Garlic milk, made by boiling seven large bulbs in 40 ticals (ca. 0.5 kg) of pure milk, cooling the mixture for about 10 minutes, and boiling it a second time, is ingested daily for hypertension. A teaspoon of garlic juice mixed with a bit of water and sugar is used to treat whooping cough; garlic juice is taken for coughs, bloated stomachs, and sores on the stomach. To alleviate flatulence, garlic is soaked in sesame oil with a bit of salt and ingested before meals. Infants are given single roasted garlic bulbs for colic and indigestion. For goiter, two drops of garlic oil are applied to the throat, as well as ingested three times a day. Garlic juice mixed with salt is consumed or rubbed at the temples as a remedy for headaches. Because of its germicidal properties, garlic is used to treat lung problems, deep wounds and sores; its juice is also rubbed on the body to ease aches and pains. A mixture consisting of two cloves of garlic boiled in sesame oil is poured warm into the ear as a remedy for deafness, infections, and aches. Garlic is a component of medicines that treat incompletely healed wounds, irregular menstruation, and various malaises (term used where cause of illness not specified in Agriculture Corporation 1980) of men.</p> <p>Notes.</p> <p>Medicinal uses of this species in India are discussed in Jain and DeFilipps (1991). Chemical constituents, pharmacological action, and medicinal use of this species in Indian Ayurveda are discussed in detail by Kapoor (1990).</p> <p>The medicinal uses of garlic in the Caribbean region, as well as its chemistry, biological activity, toxicity and dosages, are discussed by Germosén-Robineau (1997). The chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and traditional medicinal uses of garlic on a worldwide basis are discussed in detail by Ross (1999). A pharmacognostical profile including medicinal uses of this species in Africa is given in Iwu (1993). Details of the active chemical compounds, effects, herbal usage and pharmacological literature of garlic are given in Fleming (2000). A detailed discussion of garlic, i.e., natural history, association with humanity, antiherbivory and insect defenses, and medicinal uses (antibiotic and antitoxin actions, cholesterol regulation), is found in Kaufman et al. (1999).</p> <p>Garlic prolongs elasticity of the aorta (Leigh 1998), resulting in healthy functioning of the cardiovascular system. Garlic also has antimicrobial effects on Candida albicans and Coccidioides immitis; fresh garlic juice lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood, which helps to prevent blood clotting and thus heart attack and strokes; garlic has free radical scavenging activity which amplifies the bodily antioxidant system; and, garlic lowers concentrations of nitrates, the precursors of the carcinogen nitrosamine, in the gastric juice of the stomach and provides protection against the development of stomach cancer (Lau 1996).</p> <p>Reference.</p> <p>Agricultural Corporation (1980).</p></div>","source":"The medicinal plants of Myanmar","sourceTaxonKey":150768694,"creator":"DeFilipps, Robert A.;Krupnick, Gary A.","contributor":"Pensoft via Plazi","license":"No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation."},{"key":462944053,"taxonKey":2856681,"type":"Rango de elevación","language":"","description":"1500 - 2600 msnm","source":"Especies introducidas, exóticas, trasplantadas, invasoras y potencialmente invasoras obtenidas a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incorporadas en el diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control y Manejo","sourceTaxonKey":266900175},{"key":462944054,"taxonKey":2856681,"type":"Región de Colombia","language":"","description":"Andina","source":"Especies introducidas, exóticas, trasplantadas, invasoras y potencialmente invasoras obtenidas a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incorporadas en el diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control y Manejo","sourceTaxonKey":266900175},{"key":462944055,"taxonKey":2856681,"type":"El taxón es huésped","language":"","description":"FALSO","source":"Especies introducidas, exóticas, trasplantadas, invasoras y potencialmente invasoras obtenidas a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incorporadas en el diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control y Manejo","sourceTaxonKey":266900175},{"key":462944056,"taxonKey":2856681,"type":"El taxón es salobre","language":"","description":"FALSO","source":"Especies introducidas, exóticas, trasplantadas, invasoras y potencialmente invasoras obtenidas a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incorporadas en el diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control y Manejo","sourceTaxonKey":266900175},{"key":462944057,"taxonKey":2856681,"type":"Distribución global","language":"","description":"Nativa de Asia Central | cultivada alrededor del mundo","source":"Especies introducidas, exóticas, trasplantadas, invasoras y potencialmente invasoras obtenidas a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incorporadas en el diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control y Manejo","sourceTaxonKey":266900175},{"key":462944058,"taxonKey":2856681,"type":"Grupo biológico","language":"","description":"Plantas vasculares","source":"Especies introducidas, exóticas, trasplantadas, invasoras y potencialmente invasoras obtenidas a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incorporadas en el diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control y Manejo","sourceTaxonKey":266900175},{"key":463220542,"taxonKey":2856681,"type":"biology_ecology","language":"deu","description":"Bluetezeit (nach Lauber & al. 2018): 6 Standort und Verbreitung in der Schweiz (nach Lauber & al. 2018): In vielen Sorten kultiviert und selten verwildert / kollin-montan (- subalpin) /","source":"Info Flora Schweiz - Amaryllidaceae","sourceTaxonKey":224773686},{"key":463220543,"taxonKey":2856681,"type":"biology_ecology","language":"deu","description":"Oekologische Zeigerwerte (nach Landolt & al. 2010) 3 w 43 - 34 + 4. g. 2 n = 16","source":"Info Flora Schweiz - Amaryllidaceae","sourceTaxonKey":224773686},{"key":463220544,"taxonKey":2856681,"type":"biology_ecology","language":"deu","description":"Oekologische Zeigerwerte nach Landolt & al. (2010) Bodenfaktoren Klimafaktoren Salztoleranz Feuchtezahl F maessig feucht; Feuchtigkeit maessig wechselnd (+ / - 1 - 2 Stufen) Lichtzahl L halbschattig Salzzeichen -- Reaktionszahl R neutral bis basisch (pH 5.5 - 8.5) Temperaturzahl T warm-kollin Naehrstoffzahl N maessig naehrstoffarm bis maessig naehrstoffreich Kontinentalitaetszahl K subkontinental (niedrige relative Luftfeuchtigkeit, grosse Temperaturschwankungen, eher kalte Winter)","source":"Info Flora Schweiz - Amaryllidaceae","sourceTaxonKey":224773686},{"key":463220545,"taxonKey":2856681,"type":"conservation","language":"deu","description":"Status Indigenat: Neophyt: nach der Entdeckung von Amerika in der Region aufgetreten (nach 1500) Liste der gefaehrdeten Pflanzen IUCN (nach Walter & Gillett 1997): Nein","source":"Info Flora Schweiz - Amaryllidaceae","sourceTaxonKey":224773686},{"key":463220546,"taxonKey":2856681,"type":"description","language":"deu","description":"Artbeschreibung (nach Lauber & al. 2018): Zwiebel weisshaeutig, mit mehreren (inneren) Nebenzwiebeln. Staengel 30 - 80 cm hoch, bis zur Mitte beblaettert. Blaetter lineal, flach, kahl, 4 - 8 (- 12) mm breit. Bluetenstand halbkugelig, Durchmesser 6 - 10 cm, reichbluetig, aber oft steril und mit Brutzwiebeln. Huellblatt einseitig, mit langem Schnabel den Bluetenstand ueberragend. Perigonblaetter roetlich- oder gruenlich-weiss, ca. 3 mm lang. Staubblaetter eingeschlossen, die 3 inneren mit kurzen, die Staubbeutel nicht ueberragenden Seitenzaehnen.","source":"Info Flora Schweiz - Amaryllidaceae","sourceTaxonKey":224773686},{"key":463220547,"taxonKey":2856681,"type":"distribution","language":"deu","description":"Verbreitung global (nach Lauber & al. 2018): Stammt aus Asien","source":"Info Flora Schweiz - Amaryllidaceae","sourceTaxonKey":224773686},{"key":463236371,"taxonKey":2856681,"type":"biology_ecology","language":"deu","description":"Bluetezeit: 6 Standort und Verbreitung in der Schweiz: In vielen Sorten kultiviert und selten verwildert / kollin-montan (- subalpin) /","source":"Flora Helvetica - Amaryllidaceae","sourceTaxonKey":224052077},{"key":463236372,"taxonKey":2856681,"type":"biology_ecology","language":"deu","description":"Oekologische Zeigerwerte nach Landolt & al. (2010) Bodenfaktoren Klimafaktoren Salztoleranz Feuchtezahl F maessig feucht; Feuchtigkeit maessig wechselnd (+ / - 1 - 2 Stufen) Lichtzahl L halbschattig Salzzeichen -- Reaktionszahl R neutral bis basisch (pH 5.5 - 8.5) Temperaturzahl T warm-kollin Naehrstoffzahl N maessig naehrstoffarm bis maessig naehrstoffreich Kontinentalitaetszahl K subkontinental (niedrige relative Luftfeuchtigkeit, grosse Temperaturschwankungen, eher kalte Winter)","source":"Flora Helvetica - Amaryllidaceae","sourceTaxonKey":224052077},{"key":463236373,"taxonKey":2856681,"type":"description","language":"deu","description":"Artbeschreibung: Zwiebel weisshaeutig, mit mehreren (inneren) Nebenzwiebeln. Staengel 30 - 80 cm hoch, bis zur Mitte beblaettert. Blaetter lineal, flach, kahl, 4 - 8 (- 12) mm breit. Bluetenstand halbkugelig, Durchmesser 6 - 10 cm, reichbluetig, aber oft steril und mit Brutzwiebeln. Huellblatt einseitig, mit langem Schnabel den Bluetenstand ueberragend. Perigonblaetter roetlich- oder gruenlich-weiss, ca. 3 mm lang. Staubblaetter eingeschlossen, die 3 inneren mit kurzen, die Staubbeutel nicht ueberragenden Seitenzaehnen.","source":"Flora Helvetica - Amaryllidaceae","sourceTaxonKey":224052077},{"key":463236374,"taxonKey":2856681,"type":"distribution","language":"deu","description":"Verbreitung global: Stammt aus Asien","source":"Flora Helvetica - Amaryllidaceae","sourceTaxonKey":224052077},{"key":463263042,"taxonKey":2856681,"type":"description","language":"eng","description":"Garlic is well known for its properties both as a medicinal and a food plant. Polysaccharides from different parts of this species are endowed for their capacity to positively modulate the immune response to microbial and viral infections (Sabater Molina et al., 2009) and as a powerful natural remedy for the cure of metabolic syndrome (Wang and Ng, 1999). The effect of the introduction of Se into the carbohydrate skeleton of garlic polysaccharides have been investigated for the first time in 2014 by Qiu and coworkers. These authors obtained a library of 9 Se-P samples in low yield (18.1 % – 37.6 %) but good Se content (6.2 mg / g - 12.5 mg / g). All polymers were preliminarily tested for their effects in vitro on bioavailability and proliferation rate in chicken peripheral lymphocytes by the MTT test in the concentration range 0.195 – 3.125 μg / mL. The 3 Se-Ps with the highest content in Se (12.5 mg / g, 11.3 mg / g, and 10.4 mg / g) displayed at all doses assayed the best effects being able to increase lymphocytes proliferation by 43.9 %, 52.2 %, and 57.9 % respectively. It is noteworthy that all polymers of the synthesized library provided better results than the native polysaccharide. The most effective Se-Ps were subsequently tested in vivo in chickens previously vaccinated with ND vaccine. Se-Ps were administered i. m. for 3 days and the overall duration of the experiment was 4 weeks. Key parameters like lymphocyte proliferation, serum antibody titer, IFN-γ, and IL- 2 concentrations were measured. The Se-P with a content of Se of 11.3 mg / g in all cases gave the best results. Lymphocyte proliferation increased by 45.2 % respect to untreated vaccinated control animals, the antibody titer increased in a dose-dependent manner until day 21 and remain virtually equal until the end of the experiment (day 28). For what concerns IFN-γ and IL- 2, concentrations values for the 3 Se-Ps were higher respect to controls and native polysaccharide but practically the same between them. Two years later the same research group applied an alternative method for the selenylation of garlic polysaccharides, using acetic acid instead of nitric acid as the promoter of the in-situ formation of H 2 SeO 3, as well as SeOCl 2, but obtaining no appreciable increases either in yields or Se contents. These last compounds were tested in a similar way as in 2014 confirming the results obtained in the first investigations.","source":"Selenylated plant polysaccharides: A survey of their chemical and pharmacological properties","sourceTaxonKey":220751631}]}