{"offset":0,"limit":20,"endOfRecords":false,"results":[{"key":460064889,"taxonKey":2874581,"type":"Momordica charantia L.","language":"eng","description":"<div><p>Momordica charantia L.</p> <p>Names.</p> <p>Myanmar: kyet-hinga, kyet-hin-kha, gaiyin (Kachin), sot-cawee-katun (Mon). English: balsam-apple, balsam-pear, bitter cucumber, bitter gourd, bitter melon, wild balsam apple.</p> <p>Range.</p> <p>Tropical Asia. Cultivated throughout Myanmar; a small variety grows naturally.</p> <p>Uses.</p> <p>Bitter, rather hot and sharp, with cooling properties, and easily digested, this plant is considered good for bowel movements. It is used to defeat germs, control bile and phlegm, and stimulate hunger, as well as to alleviate anemia and eye, venereal, and urine-related diseases. Whole plant: Both the fruit and the whole plant are used in the treatment of diabetes. In folk medicines, the root, seeds, and fruits are used as a cathartic, abortive, aphrodesiac, analgesic, antipyretic, antirheumatic, emetic, digestant, anti-ulcerogenic, and anti-malarial. Leaf: Has the property of controlling fevers. Juice from crushed leaves is ingested as a remedy for stomach germs. A mixture of the juice and ground hpan-kar (Terminalia chebula) fruit is taken for jaundice and hepatitis. The juice is used as an emetic and purgative, given for bile problems, and also used as a cure for dengue hemorrhagic fever. Additionally, it is ingested as an antidote to rabid dog bites, and is also applied as a poultice on the bite and as a rinse for the area around the bite. A mixture of the leaves with salt and jaggery, boiled in water to one-third the starting volume, is taken for ague, chills, and fever. Crushed leaves are inhaled to cure giddiness. Also used as a laxative and an anthelmintic; to induce abortion (the fruits can cause severe vomiting and may be lethal). Leaf and Fruit: Used in deworming preparations, as well as in medicines for piles, leprosy, and jaundice. Fruit: Used as a laxative, anthelmintic, and for diabetes. Dried and stone-ground to make a paste applied to the throat to treat goiter. A mixture of the juice and oil is taken for cholera, whereas a mixture of the juice with honey is used to alleviate edema. The juice from young fruits is warmed and applied to the joints to soothe inflammation. Root: Used as an astringent and also in preparations for hemorrhoids.</p> <p>Notes.</p> <p>Medicinal uses of this species in India are discussed in Jain and DeFilipps (1991). Indigenous medicinal uses of this species in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) are described by Dagar and Singh (1999). Medicinal uses of this species in China are discussed by Duke and Ayensu (1985).</p> <p>The medicinal uses of this plant in the Caribbean region, as well as its chemistry, biological activity, toxicity and dosages, are discussed by Germosén-Robineau (1997). The chemistry, pharmacology, history and medicinal uses of this species in Latin America are discussed in detail by Gupta (1995).</p> <p>The chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and traditional medicinal uses of this plant on a worldwide basis are discussed in detail by Ross (1999). The chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and use of this species as a hunting poison and medicinal plant in Africa are discussed by Neuwinger (1994). The toxic properties, symptoms, treatment and beneficial uses of this plant, parts of which are poisonous, are discussed by Nellis (1997). Worldwide medicinal usage, chemical composition and toxicity of this species are discussed by Duke (1986).</p> <p>This plant is a well known traditional anti-diabetic remedy, its hypoglycemic properties based on peptides and terpenoids in the fruit juice (Marles and Farnsworth 1995). A polypeptide of molecular weight 11,000 is the basis of the blood sugar lowering properties of the fruit (Mors et al. 2000). Toxicity of this species is discussed by Bruneton (1999).</p> <p>References.</p> <p>Nordal (1963), Mya Bwin and Sein Gwan (1967), Agricultural Corporation (1980).</p></div>","source":"The medicinal plants of Myanmar","sourceTaxonKey":150768975,"creator":"DeFilipps, Robert A.;Krupnick, Gary A.","contributor":"Pensoft via Plazi","license":"No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation."},{"key":462944277,"taxonKey":2874581,"type":"Rango de elevación","language":"","description":"5 - 1500 msnm","source":"Especies introducidas, exóticas, trasplantadas, invasoras y potencialmente invasoras obtenidas a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incorporadas en el diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control y Manejo","sourceTaxonKey":266901205},{"key":462944278,"taxonKey":2874581,"type":"Lugar de procedencia","language":"","description":"Africa | Asia","source":"Especies introducidas, exóticas, trasplantadas, invasoras y potencialmente invasoras obtenidas a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incorporadas en el diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control y Manejo","sourceTaxonKey":266901205},{"key":462944279,"taxonKey":2874581,"type":"Región de Colombia","language":"","description":"Amazonia | Andina | Caribe | Orinoquia | Pacifico | Insular","source":"Especies introducidas, exóticas, trasplantadas, invasoras y potencialmente invasoras obtenidas a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incorporadas en el diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control y Manejo","sourceTaxonKey":266901205},{"key":462944280,"taxonKey":2874581,"type":"El taxón es huésped","language":"","description":"FALSO","source":"Especies introducidas, exóticas, trasplantadas, invasoras y potencialmente invasoras obtenidas a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incorporadas en el diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control y Manejo","sourceTaxonKey":266901205},{"key":462944281,"taxonKey":2874581,"type":"El taxón es salobre","language":"","description":"FALSO","source":"Especies introducidas, exóticas, trasplantadas, invasoras y potencialmente invasoras obtenidas a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incorporadas en el diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control y Manejo","sourceTaxonKey":266901205},{"key":462944282,"taxonKey":2874581,"type":"Usos","language":"","description":"Medicinal","source":"Especies introducidas, exóticas, trasplantadas, invasoras y potencialmente invasoras obtenidas a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incorporadas en el diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control y Manejo","sourceTaxonKey":266901205},{"key":462944283,"taxonKey":2874581,"type":"Evaluación del riesgo","language":"","description":"Moderado","source":"Especies introducidas, exóticas, trasplantadas, invasoras y potencialmente invasoras obtenidas a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incorporadas en el diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control y Manejo","sourceTaxonKey":266901205},{"key":462944284,"taxonKey":2874581,"type":"Distribución global","language":"","description":"Nativa del Viejo Mundo, cultivada y naturalizada en América tropical","source":"Especies introducidas, exóticas, trasplantadas, invasoras y potencialmente invasoras obtenidas a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incorporadas en el diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control y Manejo","sourceTaxonKey":266901205},{"key":462944285,"taxonKey":2874581,"type":"Grupo biológico","language":"","description":"Plantas vasculares","source":"Especies introducidas, exóticas, trasplantadas, invasoras y potencialmente invasoras obtenidas a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incorporadas en el diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control y Manejo","sourceTaxonKey":266901205},{"key":463088285,"taxonKey":2874581,"type":"description","language":"eng","description":"The AcOEt extract used at a concentration of 100 µg / mL demonstrated behavioral alterations among larvae, with low mobility and lethargy within 24 hours of larval treatment (L 3). Concerning the mosquito development cycle, the larval period was reduced by four days (7 ± 1.2 days; P <0.0001) at a concentration of 100 µg / mL when compared with the testimony control group (11 ± 2 days). In turn, the L 3 - adult period was reduced by three days (10 ± 1.8 days; P <0.001) (as shown in Table 1 (1 A )) compared with the testimony control group (13 ± 1.9 days). The same extract presented 96.7 % (P <0.001) and 86.7 % (P <0.001) larval mortality (L 3) at concentrations of 200 µg / mL and 100 µg / mL, respectively, for up to 48 hours of treatment (as shown in Table 1 (1 B )). This extract revealed an LC 50 value of 37.2 µg / mL. In addition, bioassays with the AcOEt extract demonstrated larval viability (L 3 - L 4) of only 3.3 % (200 µg / mL) and 13.3 % (100 µg / mL). At lower concentrations, the AcOEt extract at 50 µg / mL reduced the larval period by four days (8.1 ± 1.7 days; P <0.0001) as compared with the control testimony (12.5 ± 3.1 days) (as shown in Table 2 (2 A )). The time required for L 3 - to-adult development showed a reduction at concentrations of 10 µg / mL (12.9 ± 2.8 days; P <0.1) and 50 µg / mL (10.8 ± 1.9 days; P <0.0001), in relation to the control testimony (15.3 ± 3.3 days) (as shown in Table 2 (2 A )). The same extract showed low mortality among L 3 larvae at concentrations of 1 µg / mL and 10 µg / mL (6.7 % and 10 %), respectively (as shown inTable 2 (2 B )). Similarly, mortality was low in the case of L 4 larvae (10 and 5 %) (as shown in Table 2 (2 B )). At the concentration of 50 µg / mL, the extract presented moderate mortality for L 3 (40 %) (P <0.01), but low mortality for L 4 and pupae (13.3 % and 3.5 %), respectively (as shown in Table 2 (2 B )). Regarding the larval development period, the MeOH extract at concentration of 200 µg / mL (8.5 ± 0.9 days; P <0.0001) reduced the larval period, in comparison with the testimony control (11.8 ± 1.9 days). Besides, the pupal period at concentrations of 100 µg / mL (2.1 ± 0.4 days; P <0.01) and 200 µg / mL (4.5 ± 2.2 days; P <0.0001) were extended when compared with the testimony control group (1.7 ± 0.6 days) (as shown in Table 3 (3 A )). Twenty-four hours after treatment, the larvicidal activity of the MeOH extract of M. charantia resulted in low mobility and lethargy among the larvae. Mortality of L 3 larvae reached 70 % (P <0.001) at the concentration of 200 µg / mL (as shown in Table 3 (3 B )), with 20 % viability (P <0.01) for L 3 - adult development, resulting from larval disintegration and thus reducing the chances of larval emergence. This extract exhibited low toxicity at the concentration of 100 µg / mL, with only 1.7 % L 3 larval mortality, 10 % L 4 larval mortality, and 3.3 % pupal mortality (as shown in Table 3 (3 B )). Furthermore, the MeOH extract presented LC 50 = 129.6 µg / mL. The results indicated that the HEX crude extract showed low larval toxicity at a concentration of 100 µg / mL and resulted in 78 - 90 % larval emergence. Considering the development period, these results were statistically similar to those obtained from the testimony control group.","source":"Momordica charantia L. extracts against Aedes aegypti larvae","sourceTaxonKey":241603021},{"key":463088286,"taxonKey":2874581,"type":"discussion","language":"eng","description":"4. Discussion Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes are a threat to human health. There are many strategies to control mosquitoes like A. aegypti and its immatures forms (Brasil, 2009). However, the synthetic chemical insecticides currently in use have some disadvantages. Some factors such as vector resistance, toxicity to humans and non-target organisms drive the interest in exploring new control alternatives (Pavela, 2016; Benelli, 2018). Plants are rich sources of resource for biologically active substances that show a potential to control A. aegypti, being considered attractive alternatives to the conventional chemical insecticides (Muangmoon et al., 2018). In some regions of Africa, plant-based methods such as burning raw materials, crude extracts, and oil preparations have demonstrated repellency against mosquitoes and provided protection for humans. In rural communities, these traditional methods are accessible and easily available (Pavela and Benelli, 2016). Many studies have documented the effectiveness of plant extracts and their isolated substances in controlling A. aegypti. In this context, Azevedo et al. (2019) evaluated the larvicidal activity of extracts from 16 native plants from the Araripe National Forest, Ceará, Brazil. Among the plants that were evaluated, the ethanolic extract of Ocotea sp. was the most efficient against A. aegypti, presenting 100 % larval mortality in all tested concentrations. In a study conducted by Cruz et al. (2019), the steroidal alkaloid solasodine, isolated from the fruit of Solanum paludosum, caused 63 % mortality of the 4 th instar larvae at a concentration of 150 µg / mL. Regarding the insecticidal activity of M. charantia, Pari et al. (2020) studied the activity of the ethanolic extract of M. charantia seed against the immature forms of An. stephensi, C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti and the results in the third instar showed LD 50 = 246.757 ppm, LD 50 = 239.018 ppm and LD 50 = 228.001 ppm, respectively. Singh et al. (2006) reported that this plant revealed larvicidal activity against three mosquito species: An. stephensi, C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti. Maurya et al. (2009) evaluated the larvicide activity of M. charantia fruit against An. stephensi and C. quinquefasciatus in petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride and methanol extracts. The methanol extract presented activity against An. stephensi (LD 50 = 142.82 µg / mL, LD 90 = 524.54 µg / mL) and against C. quinquefasciatus (LD 90 = 579.93 µg / mL). This means that higher concentrations of the methanol extract of M. charantia fruit would produce a more potent larvicidal activity, as demonstrated by the study conducted by Subramaniam et al. (2012), where the larvicide activity of M. charantia leaves was tested against An. stephensi in the four larval and pupal stages. They found different activities for the methanol extract between the various stages: 1 st instar, LD 50 = 93.45 µg / mL; 2 nd instar, LD 50 = 123.74 µg / mL; 3 rd instar, LD 50 = 167.17 µg / mL; 4 th instar, LD 50 = 216.15 µg / mL; and pupae, LD 50 = 256.66 µg / mL. Methanol extract at a concentration of 100 µg / mL presented low toxicity, while at 200 µg / mL a moderate toxicity was observed. Similar data were obtained from Rahuman and Venkatesan (2008) working with the Cucurbitaceae family, who have demonstrated the existence of larvicide activity against fourth-stage A. aegypti larvae with a methanol extract (LD 50 = 199.14 µg / mL, LD 90 = 780.10 µg / mL), although in the current study an LD 50 was obtained at a lower concentration. Kamaraj and Rahuman (2010) found that ethyl acetate extract from the leaves of five plant species of the family Cucurbitaceae which were tested, including M. charantia, produced high mortality (L 4) at a concentration of 500 µg / mL against Culex gelidus and C. quinquefasciatus. This result was similar to that of the present study regarding the ethyl acetate extract from M. charantia flowers and fruits at concentrations of 100 µg / mL and 200 µg / mL (87 % and 97 %, respectively). It is important to note that the ethyl acetate extract of flowers and fruits showed the same activity at lower concentrations. On the other hand, the hexane extract of M. charantia did not show toxicity for L 3 larvae and only a low toxicity for L 4 larvae and pupae was observed. According to the work reported byKamaraj and Rahuman (2010), the hexane extract presented low toxicity against C. gelidus and C. quinquefasciatus. Singh et al. (2006) demonstrated that the hexane extract of M. charantia fruits had better larvicidal activity than the crude aqueous extract, and that An. stephensi larvae were more susceptible than C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti larvae. The difference in results can be explained based on the chemical composition of plants which may vary according to environmental factors such as soil type, humidity, solar irradiation, wind, temperature and atmospheric pollution, among others (Barreto, 2005). The ethyl acetate extract of M. charantia demonstrated toxicity against A. aegypti larvae, thus confirming the efficacy of this species of the Cucurbitaceae family as a source of active natural plant products and its importance as a potential new larvicide for controlling the mosquito vector of dengue virus, zika, chikungunya, and urban yellow fever.","source":"Momordica charantia L. extracts against Aedes aegypti larvae","sourceTaxonKey":241603021},{"key":463466627,"taxonKey":2874581,"type":"Distribución - elevación","language":"","description":"5 m - 1500 m","source":"Listado de especies de plantas útiles comercializadas en los mercados del distrito de Barranquilla, Atlántico.","sourceTaxonKey":200755160},{"key":463466628,"taxonKey":2874581,"type":"Distribución - origen","language":"","description":"Adventicia","source":"Listado de especies de plantas útiles comercializadas en los mercados del distrito de Barranquilla, Atlántico.","sourceTaxonKey":200755160},{"key":463466629,"taxonKey":2874581,"type":"Distribución - departamento","language":"","description":"Amazonas | Antioquia | Arauca | Atlántico | Bolívar | Caldas | Casanare | Cesar | Chocó | Córdoba | Cundinamarca | Guainía | La Guajira | Huila | Magdalena | Norte de Santander | Quindío | San Andrés | Providencia y Santa Catalina | Santander | Sucre | Tolima | Valle | Vichada","source":"Listado de especies de plantas útiles comercializadas en los mercados del distrito de Barranquilla, Atlántico.","sourceTaxonKey":200755160},{"key":463466630,"taxonKey":2874581,"type":"Uso - parte de la planta","language":"","description":"Hojas","source":"Listado de especies de plantas útiles comercializadas en los mercados del distrito de Barranquilla, Atlántico.","sourceTaxonKey":200755160},{"key":463466631,"taxonKey":2874581,"type":"Descripción morfológica","language":"","description":"Hojas verde claro | zarcillos verde claro. Fruto inmaduro verde claro | con oscuro | naranja cuando está maduro | semillas rojo brillante.","source":"Listado de especies de plantas útiles comercializadas en los mercados del distrito de Barranquilla, Atlántico.","sourceTaxonKey":200755160},{"key":463466632,"taxonKey":2874581,"type":"Uso 1","language":"","description":"Medicinal","source":"Listado de especies de plantas útiles comercializadas en los mercados del distrito de Barranquilla, Atlántico.","sourceTaxonKey":200755160},{"key":463466633,"taxonKey":2874581,"type":"Uso 2","language":"","description":"Medicinal - tipo - Planta entera","source":"Listado de especies de plantas útiles comercializadas en los mercados del distrito de Barranquilla, Atlántico.","sourceTaxonKey":200755160},{"key":463466634,"taxonKey":2874581,"type":"Uso 2","language":"","description":"Medicinal - transtornos tratados - Piel","source":"Listado de especies de plantas útiles comercializadas en los mercados del distrito de Barranquilla, Atlántico.","sourceTaxonKey":200755160}]}