{"offset":0,"limit":20,"endOfRecords":false,"results":[{"key":445806064,"taxonKey":5218625,"type":"discussion","language":"eng","description":"Remarks. — Macroglossus minimus and M. sobrinus were netted near banana trees and in most cases they were caught alongside C. brachyotis. Macroglossus minimus can be morphologically distinguished from M. sobrinus by the absence of a median groove in the upper lip, and its smaller FA length (FA <42 mm vs. FA> 42 mm; Payne et al. 1985; Francis 2008). Recent literature and SAMD database indicate M. minimus occurs throughout Southeast Asia, whereas M. sobrinus is restricted to Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatera, and Java. Low cyt- b genetic distance (1 %) was observed within Bornean populations of M. minimus. A specimen, TTU 108366 (male), from Mt. Penrisen, Borneo, was identified as M. minimus based on the absence of a median groove in the upper lip and FA = 42 mm. This individual is genetically closer to M. sobrinus rather than M. minimus. Genetic distance between M. minimus (Borneo) and M. sobrinus (Peninsular Malaysia) averaged 2 % and was the lowest for any sister species relationship within our data for the family Pteropodidae from Malaysia. Although they may represent two species, a genetic distance value of 2 % is typical for conspecific bat populations (Bradley and Baker 2001; Baker and Bradley 2006) and we question the recognition of these geographically isolated populations as distinct species. Three of our five female specimens were pregnant; TK 152070 (7 August 2006), TTU 108231 (7 August 2006), and TTU 108350 (17 August 2006).","source":"USING GENETICS AND MORPHOLOGY TO EXAMINE SPECIES DIVERSITY OF OLD WORLD BATS: REPORT OF A RECENT COLLECTION FROM MALAYSIA","sourceTaxonKey":265189950},{"key":445806065,"taxonKey":5218625,"type":"distribution","language":"eng","description":"Malaysian distribution. — Recorded from both Peninsular Malaysia (all states) and Borneo.","source":"USING GENETICS AND MORPHOLOGY TO EXAMINE SPECIES DIVERSITY OF OLD WORLD BATS: REPORT OF A RECENT COLLECTION FROM MALAYSIA","sourceTaxonKey":265189950},{"key":445806066,"taxonKey":5218625,"type":"materials_examined","language":"eng","description":"Specimens examined (11). — Monggis: TTU 108225 (GenBank EU 521602), TTU 108226, TK 152070, TK 152071, TTU 108227, TTU 108231, TTU 108232; Mt. Penrisen: TTU 108350, TTU 108366, TTU 108374, TTU 108376. Type locality. — Indonesia, Java.","source":"USING GENETICS AND MORPHOLOGY TO EXAMINE SPECIES DIVERSITY OF OLD WORLD BATS: REPORT OF A RECENT COLLECTION FROM MALAYSIA","sourceTaxonKey":265189950},{"key":445806067,"taxonKey":5218625,"type":"vernacular_names","language":"eng","description":"Dagger-toothed Long-nosed Fruit Bat (Cecadu Madu Bakau)","source":"USING GENETICS AND MORPHOLOGY TO EXAMINE SPECIES DIVERSITY OF OLD WORLD BATS: REPORT OF A RECENT COLLECTION FROM MALAYSIA","sourceTaxonKey":265189950},{"key":445980025,"taxonKey":5218625,"type":"child_taxa","language":"eng","description":"Subspecies:: Subspecies Macroglossus minimus subsp. minimus E. Geoffroy 1810 Subspecies Macroglossus minimus subsp. booensis Kompanje and Moeliker 2001 Subspecies Macroglossus minimus subsp. lagochilus Matschie 1899 Subspecies Macroglossus minimus subsp. nanus Matschie 1899","source":"Order Chiroptera - Family Pteropodidae","sourceTaxonKey":231543571},{"key":445980026,"taxonKey":5218625,"type":"conservation","language":"eng","description":"Conservation: IUCN / SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","source":"Order Chiroptera - Family Pteropodidae","sourceTaxonKey":231543571},{"key":445980027,"taxonKey":5218625,"type":"discussion","language":"eng","description":"Discussion: Includes lagochilus; see Hill (1983). Includes fructivorus; see Heaney and Rabor (1982). See Bergmans (2001) and Kompanje and Moeliker (2001) for a review of subspecies limits, some of which are unclear. Also see Flannery (1995 a, b), and Bonaccorso (1998).","source":"Order Chiroptera - Family Pteropodidae","sourceTaxonKey":231543571},{"key":445980028,"taxonKey":5218625,"type":"distribution","language":"eng","description":"Distribution: Thailand to Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Isls, and N Australia. This species has also been reported from Cambodia but there are no vouchered records; see Hendrichsen et al. (2001 a).","source":"Order Chiroptera - Family Pteropodidae","sourceTaxonKey":231543571},{"key":445980029,"taxonKey":5218625,"type":"materials_examined","language":"eng","description":"Type Locality: Indonesia, Java.","source":"Order Chiroptera - Family Pteropodidae","sourceTaxonKey":231543571},{"key":447368880,"taxonKey":5218625,"type":"discussion","language":"eng","description":"COMMENTS: Includes lagochilus; see Hill (1983: 134 - 137). Includes fructivorus; see Heaney and Rabor (1982).","source":"Order Chiroptera","sourceTaxonKey":205128537},{"key":447368881,"taxonKey":5218625,"type":"distribution","language":"eng","description":"DISTRIBUTION: Thailand to Philippines, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch. (Papua New Guinea), Solomon Isis, and N Australia.","source":"Order Chiroptera","sourceTaxonKey":205128537},{"key":447368882,"taxonKey":5218625,"type":"materials_examined","language":"eng","description":"TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia, Java.","source":"Order Chiroptera","sourceTaxonKey":205128537},{"key":447383070,"taxonKey":5218625,"type":"discussion","language":"eng","description":"COMMENT: Lekagul and McNeely, 1977: 50, listed lagochilus as a synonym of this species without comment.","source":"Order Chiroptera","sourceTaxonKey":205121863},{"key":447383071,"taxonKey":5218625,"type":"distribution","language":"eng","description":"DISTRIBUTION: Thailand to Philippines, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Isis., and N. Australia.","source":"Order Chiroptera","sourceTaxonKey":205121863},{"key":447383072,"taxonKey":5218625,"type":"materials_examined","language":"eng","description":"TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia, Java.","source":"Order Chiroptera","sourceTaxonKey":205121863},{"key":447460701,"taxonKey":5218625,"type":"activity","language":"eng","description":"Activity patterns. The Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bat is primarily nocturnal, foraging throughout the night and roosting throughout the day, although individuals have been captured during the day. It can be found roosting under large leaves, branches, and loose bark and in hollow bamboo, hollows in trees, clusters of dead leaves, or abandoned buildings. While in day roosts, it can enter shallow torpor. Body temperature decreases during this time, and duration of torpor bouts is longer when ambient temperatures are lower. Body temperature also lowers in direct correlation with ambient temperatures. The Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bat has much lower metabolic rate than it is expected for a mammal of its weight. When foraging, its metabolic rate doubles that ofits resting metabolic rate, which is why entering torpor is important, dropping its energy expenditure to 60 - 80 % ofits resting energy expenditure. Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bats apparently make an audible metallic call when flying at night, at least in Australia.","source":"Pteropodidae","sourceTaxonKey":196379350},{"key":447460702,"taxonKey":5218625,"type":"biology_ecology","language":"eng","description":"Habitat. Primary and secondary tropical moist forests, preferring secondary, agricultural, and disturbed habitats, and reportedly woodlands, mangroves, swamp forests, various plantations, and urban areas from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 2250 m (lower densities at high elevations). Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bats occurin virtually every habitat type in the Philippines and are commonly found in various plantations (e. g. durians and bananas) and any environment that includes plants with large flowers to feed on.","source":"Pteropodidae","sourceTaxonKey":196379350},{"key":447460703,"taxonKey":5218625,"type":"biology_ecology","language":"eng","description":"Movements, Home range and Social organization. Lesser LLong-tongued Blossom Bats mostly roosts alone or in small spaced-out groups in small roosts. They do not seem to move long distances but will travel fairly long distances to food. There is evidence for a significant amount of gene flow between islands of the Philippines, indicating that individuals do make large movements between islands relatively regularly. Density on NegrosIsland in habitat that has been 15 - 30 % deforested was 2 ind / ha. Home ranges of 18 individuals in Papua New Guinea were 1 - 9 - 15 - 1 ha, with some overlap among adults and young, primarily around gardens and other feeding areas. Adult males in the same study appeared to exclude conspecifics from richest feeding areas in primary forests.","source":"Pteropodidae","sourceTaxonKey":196379350},{"key":447460704,"taxonKey":5218625,"type":"breeding","language":"eng","description":"Breeding. Breeding of Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bats is relatively asynchronous, occurring year-round, but in areas with more seasonality, they seem to be seasonally bimodal polyestrous. In Brunei, most births occurred in November-December and April-May during periods of greatest rainfall. A similar trend was recorded in Australia, where births seem to occur during dry seasons in February-March and August — October. One female in Australia produced three successive litters in April, December, and March. Reproduction in Papua New Guinea and the Philippines seems to occur asynchronously year-round. Breeding occurs when a male approaches a roosting female and copulates for 10 - 15 seconds after mounting her, flying off shortly after. Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bats seem to have delayed implantation (at least in Papua New Guinea) because sperm storage is evident in uteri. In Brunei, delayed embryonic development (probably as a result of sperm storage) was recorded after mating; mating occurred shortly after parturition of the last pregnancy. There are generally two litters / year, with one young / litter. Gestation appears to be c. 120 days, although this has not been confirmed. Young cling to mothers constantly for the first 6 - 10 days and then stay in roosts while females forage. They become volant by ¢. 40 days old but continue to hang onto their mothers in roosts until they are c ¢. 6 months old (based on captive individuals). Males seem to become sexually mature after c ¢. 7 months in Australia, which is when they developed a V-shaped gland complex on their chest. Females probably take ¢. 9 months or more to reach sexual maturity. Use of V-shaped apocrine gland complex on chest of adult breeding malesis still uncertain; it might be important in sexual selection or other breeding purposes.","source":"Pteropodidae","sourceTaxonKey":196379350},{"key":447460705,"taxonKey":5218625,"type":"conservation","language":"eng","description":"Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bat has a wide distribution and is considered common. It might be threatened by local habitat destruction, butit is common in secondary habitats and agricultural areas.","source":"Pteropodidae","sourceTaxonKey":196379350}]}