{"offset":0,"limit":20,"endOfRecords":false,"results":[{"key":445921816,"taxonKey":5218644,"type":"discussion","language":"eng","description":"Remarks: P. intermedius is considered conspecific.","source":"Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist","sourceTaxonKey":243542890},{"key":445921817,"taxonKey":5218644,"type":"distribution","language":"eng","description":"Distribution: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vietnam and Southern Myanmar.","source":"Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist","sourceTaxonKey":243542890},{"key":445921818,"taxonKey":5218644,"type":"vernacular_names","language":"eng","description":"Common name: Large Flying Fox, Andersen ’ s Flying Fox Myanmar name:","source":"Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist","sourceTaxonKey":243542890},{"key":445980447,"taxonKey":5218644,"type":"child_taxa","language":"eng","description":"Subspecies:: Subspecies Pteropus vampyrus subsp. vampyrus Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Pteropus vampyrus subsp. edulis E. Geoffroy 1810 Subspecies Pteropus vampyrus subsp. lanensis Mearns 1905 Subspecies Pteropus vampyrus subsp. natunae K. Andersen 1908 Subspecies Pteropus vampyrus subsp. pluton Temminck 1853 Subspecies Pteropus vampyrus subsp. sumatrensis Ludeking 1862","source":"Order Chiroptera - Family Pteropodidae","sourceTaxonKey":231543323},{"key":445980448,"taxonKey":5218644,"type":"conservation","language":"eng","description":"Conservation: CITES – Appendix II. IUCN / SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).","source":"Order Chiroptera - Family Pteropodidae","sourceTaxonKey":231543323},{"key":445980449,"taxonKey":5218644,"type":"discussion","language":"eng","description":"Discussion: vampyrus species group. Does not include intermedius; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997). See Kunz and Jones (2000). Subspecies are poorly defined.","source":"Order Chiroptera - Family Pteropodidae","sourceTaxonKey":231543323},{"key":445980450,"taxonKey":5218644,"type":"distribution","language":"eng","description":"Distribution: Vietnam, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra, Java, and Lesser Sunda Isls, adjacent small islands including Anak Krakatau. Reports of this species from Cambodia cannot be verified (Kock, 2000).","source":"Order Chiroptera - Family Pteropodidae","sourceTaxonKey":231543323},{"key":445980451,"taxonKey":5218644,"type":"materials_examined","language":"eng","description":"Type Locality: Indonesia, Java (designated by K. Andersen, 1912).","source":"Order Chiroptera - Family Pteropodidae","sourceTaxonKey":231543323},{"key":447369048,"taxonKey":5218644,"type":"conservation","language":"eng","description":"STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.","source":"Order Chiroptera","sourceTaxonKey":205128637},{"key":447369049,"taxonKey":5218644,"type":"discussion","language":"eng","description":"COMMENTS: Includes interntedius; see Lekagul and McNeely (1977: 77). Corbet and Hill (1980: 37) listed interntedius as a distinct species without comment.","source":"Order Chiroptera","sourceTaxonKey":205128637},{"key":447369050,"taxonKey":5218644,"type":"distribution","language":"eng","description":"DISTRIBUTION: Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra, Java, and Lesser Sunda Isis, adjacent small islands.","source":"Order Chiroptera","sourceTaxonKey":205128637},{"key":447369051,"taxonKey":5218644,"type":"materials_examined","language":"eng","description":"TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia, Java.","source":"Order Chiroptera","sourceTaxonKey":205128637},{"key":447383192,"taxonKey":5218644,"type":"discussion","language":"eng","description":"COMMENT: Includes intermedius; see Lekagul and McNeely, 1977: 77. Corbet and Hill, 1980: 37, listed intermedius as a distinct species without comment.","source":"Order Chiroptera","sourceTaxonKey":205121783},{"key":447383193,"taxonKey":5218644,"type":"distribution","language":"eng","description":"DISTRIBUTION: Indochina; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Borneo; Java; Philippines; Lesser Sunda Isis.; adjacent small islands.","source":"Order Chiroptera","sourceTaxonKey":205121783},{"key":447383194,"taxonKey":5218644,"type":"materials_examined","language":"eng","description":"TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia, Java.","source":"Order Chiroptera","sourceTaxonKey":205121783},{"key":447459975,"taxonKey":5218644,"type":"activity","language":"eng","description":"Activity patterns. The Large Flying Fox is nocturnal. It leaves the roost around dusk (typically ¢. 18: 30 - 19: 30 h) in a scattered stream high above the canopy (above 100 m) for nightly foraging. At foraging sites, the colony may form smaller feeding groups (fewer than 50 individuals). In Malaysia, two feeding periods have been recorded (19: 30 - 21: 30 h and 22: 30 - 23: 30 h), with individuals resting in trees between feeding periods. Individuals return to roosts around dawn, exhibiting territorial vocalizations and fighting that promotes some level of spacing among individuals. During the day, individuals rest and exhibit typical pteropodine activity, such as wing flapping and occasional conspecific territorial interactions. Some individuals take short flights around the roost during the day.","source":"Pteropodidae","sourceTaxonKey":196379390},{"key":447459976,"taxonKey":5218644,"type":"biology_ecology","language":"eng","description":"Habitat. Primary and secondary forests, mangrove forests, and swamps in coastal areas and on offshore islands from sea level and generally below elevations of ¢. 500 m (but up to 1370 m). In the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia, the Large Flying Fox prefers to roost in areas with relatively pristine mangroves. It can be found in some mixed landscapes of natural, modified, and intensely farmed plots. In highly modified landscapes, it can be found in relatively undisturbed areas, such as a temple forests, botanical gardens, atop steep cliffs, or at other culturally significant sites such as burial grounds. In the Philippines, it prefers natural forest to human-modified habitats. It roosts in a variety of trees, often in riparian zones; trees become defoliated, suggesting high roost fidelity.","source":"Pteropodidae","sourceTaxonKey":196379390},{"key":447459977,"taxonKey":5218644,"type":"biology_ecology","language":"eng","description":"Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Large Flying Fox is generally gregarious and roosts colonially in tall trees. It is tolerant of some habitat disturbance but prefers undisturbed habitat. Currently, the largest known colony is in Subic Bay on Luzon, Philippines (c. 20,000 individuals). It might roost with otherflying foxes in large colonies (up to 52,000 individuals). In Malaysia, severe declines in abundance have been recorded, and no roosts are known to have more than 1500 individuals. Foraging range of up to 50 km / night occurs in some parts of its distribution, but in others, they can be as short as 0 - 4 - 12 km. Home range with 90 % occupancy of the Large Flying Fox can be as large as 128,000 km * (i. e. almost 13 million ha) on the Malay Peninsula. Inter-island movement likely occurs at higher altitudes. It switches roosts according to food availability. In Sarawak, it has a continuous movement phase (roost sites appear to move daily) and a restricted movement phase (roost sites confined to narrow area).","source":"Pteropodidae","sourceTaxonKey":196379390},{"key":447459978,"taxonKey":5218644,"type":"breeding","language":"eng","description":"Breeding. Female Large Flying Foxes typically give birth synchronously to one young / year. Mating and courtship occur in November in Cambodia and May in Indonesia. Birthing peaks vary geographically: March-April (Thailand and presumably Malaysia), April (Cambodia), and April-June (Philippines). Births usually coincide with fruiting peaks. In captivity at Lubee Bat Conservancy (Gainesville, Florida), births peak in May-June. Young are carried by their mothers for the first few days after birth and then are left at roosts while mothers forage. Young nurse for 2 - 3 months.","source":"Pteropodidae","sourceTaxonKey":196379390},{"key":447459979,"taxonKey":5218644,"type":"conservation","language":"eng","description":"Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Large Flying Fox has experienced significant declines throughout its distribution due to overhunting and ongoing degradation of habitat. Nevertheless, rate of decline is less than 30 %, but additional decline will likely qualify it as Vulnerable. Previously, the Large Flying Fox occurred in many large colonies throughout its distribution; colonies are now much rarer due to overhunting and habitat loss. Hunted individuals are normally sold only at a local level, making detection of illegal take difficult. Resident populations occur in urban parks or forests where they receive informal protection. Hunting of flying foxes in the Philippines is illegal, except for use by a few indigenous groups, but hunting is unregulated and therefore continues even now.","source":"Pteropodidae","sourceTaxonKey":196379390}]}