{"offset":0,"limit":20,"endOfRecords":false,"results":[{"key":462788506,"taxonKey":5219558,"type":"discussion","language":"eng","description":"Remarks. The description was communicated 6 December 1892 but the Proceedings were published in April 1893. The correct year of authority is accordingly 1893 not 1892 as given by Wilson and Reeder (2005). Collett (1893) noted “ 7 specimens procured; University Museum, Christiania ”. Only the five listed specimens were located. All specimens are labeled “ Type ”.","source":"The mammal type specimens at the Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway","sourceTaxonKey":121066408},{"key":462788507,"taxonKey":5219558,"type":"materials_examined","language":"eng","description":"Syntypes: NHMO 525, male, stuffed skin with cranium, collected by J. L. F. Iversen at Lankat, Northeast Sumatra, 21 June 1888; NHMO 664, male, stuffed skin with cranium, collected by J. L. F. Iversen at Lankat, Northeast Sumatra, 11 January 1889; NHMO 627, female, mounted on branch and cranium, collected by J. L. F. Iversen at Lankat, Northeast Sumatra, 20 September 1888; NHMO 622, young mounted on branch and cranium, collected by J. L. F. Iversen at Lankat, Northeast Sumatra, 23 August 1888; NHMO 22082, male, mounted on branch and cranium, collected by J. L. F. Iversen at Lankat, Northeast Sumatra, 10 January 1889.","source":"The mammal type specimens at the Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway","sourceTaxonKey":121066408},{"key":463044163,"taxonKey":5219558,"type":"discussion","language":"eng","description":"Comment: One additional syntype is held at the collection of Natural History Museum London.","source":"Type specimens of Primates (Mammalia) in the collections of the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin","sourceTaxonKey":249492522},{"key":463044164,"taxonKey":5219558,"type":"materials_examined","language":"eng","description":"Syntype: ZMB 85468; skin; Langkat Regency, North Sumatra; collected by Iversen, received from Christiana Museum, 1888.","source":"Type specimens of Primates (Mammalia) in the collections of the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin","sourceTaxonKey":249492522},{"key":463149950,"taxonKey":5219558,"type":"conservation","language":"eng","description":"Conservation: CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).","source":"Order Primates","sourceTaxonKey":231542326},{"key":463149951,"taxonKey":5219558,"type":"discussion","language":"eng","description":"Discussion: Separated from \" aygula \" (= comata) by Medway (1970: 544). Considered a subspecies of comata by Brandon-Jones (1984).","source":"Order Primates","sourceTaxonKey":231542326},{"key":463149952,"taxonKey":5219558,"type":"distribution","language":"eng","description":"Distribution: Sumatra: Aceh, south to about 3 ° 50 ' N.","source":"Order Primates","sourceTaxonKey":231542326},{"key":463149953,"taxonKey":5219558,"type":"materials_examined","language":"eng","description":"Type Locality: Indonesia, Sumatra, Aceh, Langkat.","source":"Order Primates","sourceTaxonKey":231542326},{"key":463419197,"taxonKey":5219558,"type":"conservation","language":"eng","description":"STATUS: CITES - Appendix II.","source":"Order Primates","sourceTaxonKey":205133619},{"key":463419198,"taxonKey":5219558,"type":"discussion","language":"eng","description":"COMMENTS: Separated from \" aygula \" (= cornata) by Medway (1970: 544).","source":"Order Primates","sourceTaxonKey":205133619},{"key":463419199,"taxonKey":5219558,"type":"distribution","language":"eng","description":"DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra: Aceh, south to about 3 ° 50 ' N.","source":"Order Primates","sourceTaxonKey":205133619},{"key":463419200,"taxonKey":5219558,"type":"materials_examined","language":"eng","description":"TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia, Sumatra, Aceh, Langkat.","source":"Order Primates","sourceTaxonKey":205133619},{"key":463441199,"taxonKey":5219558,"type":"conservation","language":"eng","description":"PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix II as Order Primates.","source":"Order Primates","sourceTaxonKey":205124540},{"key":463441200,"taxonKey":5219558,"type":"discussion","language":"eng","description":"COMMENT: Subgenus Presbytis; see Szalay and Delson, 1979: 402. Separated from aygula by Medway, 1970: 544.","source":"Order Primates","sourceTaxonKey":205124540},{"key":463441201,"taxonKey":5219558,"type":"distribution","language":"eng","description":"DISTRIBUTION: Sumatra.","source":"Order Primates","sourceTaxonKey":205124540},{"key":463441202,"taxonKey":5219558,"type":"materials_examined","language":"eng","description":"TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia, Sumatra, Aceh, Langkat.","source":"Order Primates","sourceTaxonKey":205124540},{"key":463500207,"taxonKey":5219558,"type":"activity","language":"eng","description":"Activity patterns. Thomas's Langur is diurnal and largely arboreal. An activity budget recorded in one study was: 60 - 4 % of their day resting, 31 - 7 % feeding, 4 - 9 % traveling, and 3 % engaging in social activities. They sleep high up in tall trees that are clear of lianas.","source":"Cercopithecidae","sourceTaxonKey":197824751},{"key":463500208,"taxonKey":5219558,"type":"biology_ecology","language":"eng","description":"Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland rainforest, swamp forest, lowland alluvial (riparian) forest, and fruit and rubber tree plantations. The highest densities of Thomas’s Langurs have been recorded in swamp forest, with densities somewhat lower in lowland alluvial and lowland forests. They are also found in mosaics of rubber plantations and primary hill dipterocarp forest, and they tolerate selectively logged forest. Thomas’s Langur prefers the understory. They occur at elevations of 1500 - 2400 m and in lower parts of the subalpine zones up to 3400 m in the Leuser Ecosystem. Rainfall is high where they occur (3288 - 4575 mm / year), and forests are humid throughout the year. They were studied in a forest-plantation mosaic at Bohorok (1981 - 1984) and alluvial lowland rainforest at Ketambe Research Station, Aceh (1987 - 2001).","source":"Cercopithecidae","sourceTaxonKey":197824751},{"key":463500209,"taxonKey":5219558,"type":"biology_ecology","language":"eng","description":"Movements, Home range and Social organization. Thomas’s Langurslive in unimale — multifemale groups of 2 - 16 individuals, and they also form all-male groups. Two-male groups were recorded at Bohorok, and they were always larger (9 - 21 individuals). Both males and females disperse from their natal groups, and females also transfer among groups. Sometimes all females leave a group and transfer to another, resulting in an all-male group being left behind. Sometimes females leave a group to join a solitary male. Home ranges averaged 27 ha at Ketambe, but they were smaller at Borohok at 14 ha. The largest home range was 53 ha (at Ketambe). Home ranges tend to be larger in groups that have been stable for some years. Newly established groups have small home ranges, independent of the group’s size. At Ketambe, male group tenure was five days to 72 months, with a median of 60 months. Males are typically resident in only one mixed-sex group; establishing their residency at c ¢. 7 years old and maintaining their status until they are c. 13 years old. Daily distance traveled was smaller at Bohorok (average 683 m / day) than at Ketambe (average 1068 m / day). Thomas’s Langurs have very distinct long calls, which distinguish them from all other langurs on Sumatra, especially neighboring Black-crested Sumatran Langur (P. melalophos). These calls show age, individualism, and contextual variation. Thomas’s Langurs utter different calls depending on whether or not other individuals are present and whether or not they give alarm calls. Loud calls are uttered in the morning before leaving their sleeping trees, during encounters with other groups, and as an alarm call after spotting a predator. Males give loud calls and chase each other when groups meet; females of each group generally ignore each other. The aggressive behavior is believed to result from the male’s defense of his females rather than defense of the territory itself.","source":"Cercopithecidae","sourceTaxonKey":197824751},{"key":463500210,"taxonKey":5219558,"type":"breeding","language":"eng","description":"Breeding. Births of Thomas’s Langurs occur throughout the year. The natal coatis white, with a thick dark dorsal stripe. Females are considered adult at 60 months, about one year before the average age at which infants are born (74 months) and the youngest age at which a female in a study population gave birth. Interbirth interval averages 22 months (27 months counting only instances in which the previous infant survived). Females have a birth rate of c. 0 - 44 infants / year. Mortality is high in the first year oflife (48 % for male infants, 43 % for females). Instances of infanticide have been observed. In the wild, one female lived for more than 20 years.","source":"Cercopithecidae","sourceTaxonKey":197824751}]}