{"offset":0,"limit":20,"endOfRecords":true,"results":[{"key":463153576,"taxonKey":5219745,"type":"conservation","language":"eng","description":"Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).","source":"Order Rodentia - Family Muridae","sourceTaxonKey":231540308},{"key":463153577,"taxonKey":5219745,"type":"discussion","language":"eng","description":"Discussion: Apodemus group. Usually included in subgenus Alsomys (e. g., Pavlinov et al., 1995 a) but placed in subgenus Apodemus by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987) and Mezhzherin and Zykov (1991); considered a member of an Apodemus Group by Musser et al. (1996), which is consistent with analyses of allozymic data and mtDNA cytochrome b and nuclear DNA sequences (Chelomina, 1998; Chelomina et al., 1998 b; Liu et al., 2004; Mezhzherin, 1997 a; Serizawa et al., 2000; Suzuki et al., 2003). Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA cytochrome b and nuclear IRBP sequences identified A. speciosus as an independent lineage within a radiation that includes the separate lineage of A. peninsulae, the A. agrarius-A. chevrieri clade, and A. draco-A. semotus-A. latronum cluster; this radiation is separate from those two producing the Nepalese A. gurkha and Japanese A. argenteus (Suzuki et al., 2003; also see Liu et al., 2004). Sympatric with A. peninsulae on Hokkaido. Geographic variation extensively analyzed by Imaizumi (1962). Some of the synonyms (ainu, navigator, and miyakensis) have been listed as separate species (Vorontsov et al., 1977 a; also see discussion in Corbet, 1978 c), but we follow Corbet (1978 c) who included them in a single species. This action was also reflected by Tsuchiya (1974), who divided the names into two groups of A. speciosus based on biochemical and chromosomal evidence. Saitoh et al. (1989) provided additional biochemical information in context of systematic comparisons among Japanese Apodemus. Evolution of restriction sites of ribosomal DNA in natural populations reported by Suzuki et al. (1994 b). Inter- and intraspecific patterns of morphological variation in sympatric A. speciosus and A. argenteus and its importance in insular isolation and biogeographic gradients reported by Renaud and Millien (2001). Analysis of the cranial and mandibular skeletal and myological morphology associated with incisal biting and mastication reported by Satoh (1997, 1998, 1999) and contrasted with the arvicoline Myodes rufocanus. Significance of lower incisor shape and size related to ecological and taxonomic inquiries investigated by Millien-Parra (2000 a). Adaptive latitudinal trends in mandible shape contrasted with A. sylvaticus and A. argenteus. Reviewed by Kawamura (1989, 1991, 1994), Kaneko (1994), Musser et al., (1996), and partially by Mezhzherin (1997 a). Catalog of specimens in National Science Museum, Tokyo, provided by Endo et al. (2002). Fossils extend the history of A. speciosus in Japan back to the middle Pleistocene and Kawamura (1989: 57) noted that \" the temporal morphological changes since the middle Pleistocene are generally slight. \" Citation for the original description is usually cited as 1845, but was published in 1844; see Holthuis and Sakai (1970).","source":"Order Rodentia - Family Muridae","sourceTaxonKey":231540308},{"key":463153578,"taxonKey":5219745,"type":"distribution","language":"eng","description":"Distribution: Endemic to Japan (Dobson, 1994); found on the four larger islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu) and some smaller islands, but south only to Yakushima (Corbet, 1978 c; Abe and Ishii, 1987; Kaneko, 1994; Tsuchiya, 1974).","source":"Order Rodentia - Family Muridae","sourceTaxonKey":231540308},{"key":463153579,"taxonKey":5219745,"type":"materials_examined","language":"eng","description":"Type Locality: Japan.","source":"Order Rodentia - Family Muridae","sourceTaxonKey":231540308},{"key":463427430,"taxonKey":5219745,"type":"discussion","language":"eng","description":"COMMENTS: Subgenus Alsomys. Sympatric with A. peninsulae on Hokkaido. The citation is usually cited as 1845, but was published in 1844; see Holthuis and Sakai (1970). Some of the names (ainu, navigator, and miyakensis) have been listed as species (Vorontsov et al., 1977 «; also discussion in Corbet, 1978 c), but we follow Corbet (1978 c) in recognizing only one species. This action was also reflected by Tsuchiya (1974), as he divided the names into two groups of A. speciosus based on biochemical and chromosomal evidence. Saitoh et al. (1989) provided additional biochemical information in context of systematic comparisons among Japanese Apodemus. Placed in subgenus Apodemus by Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987) and Mezhzherin and Zykov (1991).","source":"Order Rodentia - Family Muridae","sourceTaxonKey":205133159},{"key":463427431,"taxonKey":5219745,"type":"distribution","language":"eng","description":"DISTRIBUTION: Endemic to four primary islands and smaller islands of Japan (see map in Tsuchiya, 1974).","source":"Order Rodentia - Family Muridae","sourceTaxonKey":205133159},{"key":463427432,"taxonKey":5219745,"type":"materials_examined","language":"eng","description":"TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.","source":"Order Rodentia - Family Muridae","sourceTaxonKey":205133159},{"key":463432804,"taxonKey":5219745,"type":"distribution","language":"eng","description":"DISTRIBUTION: Japan; Kunashir Isl. (U. S. S. R.).","source":"Order Rodentia (Part 5)","sourceTaxonKey":205127182},{"key":463432805,"taxonKey":5219745,"type":"materials_examined","language":"eng","description":"TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.","source":"Order Rodentia (Part 5)","sourceTaxonKey":205127182},{"key":463505462,"taxonKey":5219745,"type":"activity","language":"eng","description":"Activity patterns. Large Japanese Field Mice are terrestrial and nocturnal.","source":"Muridae","sourceTaxonKey":311256414},{"key":463505463,"taxonKey":5219745,"type":"biology_ecology","language":"eng","description":"Habitat. In lowlands of central Japan, the Large Japanese Field Mouse was collected along riverbanks, floodplain grassland and tall herbs, and paddyfields broadleaf forests with nut-producing trees are also preferred, in addition to forests and plantations. Y. Takada and colleagues reported in 1999 that populations of this mouse on Izu Islands commonly inhabit crop fields near human habitation, as well as woodlands.","source":"Muridae","sourceTaxonKey":311256414},{"key":463505464,"taxonKey":5219745,"type":"biology_ecology","language":"eng","description":"Movements, Home range and Social organization. Home ranges were 7906 m? (diameter 100 m) and 8500 m? * (diameter 104 m) for males, and 3062 m? (diameter 62 m) and 3175 m * (diameter 64 m) for females. Ranges of males overlap randomly while those of females are mutually exclusive, and there is no evidence of pair bonds. Home ranges of both sexes were significantly larger during breeding season.","source":"Muridae","sourceTaxonKey":311256414},{"key":463505465,"taxonKey":5219745,"type":"breeding","language":"eng","description":"Breeding. Breeding season varies geographically, mainly April / May-September / October in north and October-March in south. Females had average of 3 - 2 embryos in spring, against 5 - 6 in autumn. Gestation period is 19 - 26 days. Litter size is 2 - 12 (average 4 - 6).","source":"Muridae","sourceTaxonKey":311256414},{"key":463505466,"taxonKey":5219745,"type":"conservation","language":"eng","description":"Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.","source":"Muridae","sourceTaxonKey":311256414},{"key":463505467,"taxonKey":5219745,"type":"description","language":"eng","description":"Descriptive notes. Head — body 80 - 140 mm, tail 70 - 130 mm, ear 13 - 17 mm, hindfoot 22 - 28 mm; weight 20 - 60 g. The LargeJapanese Field Mouse is a medium-sized to large mouse with long tail. It has brown to orange-brown dorsal pelage and snow-white belly. Females bear four pairs of mammae. Karyotype 2 n = 46 - 48, FN = 56.","source":"Muridae","sourceTaxonKey":311256414},{"key":463505468,"taxonKey":5219745,"type":"discussion","language":"eng","description":"Apodemus speciosus exhibits significant geographic morphological and genetic variability throughout its range. Different chromosomal races have been described through Robertsonian rearrangement between autosomes, but this 1 s not suf-ficient to cause reproductive isolation. In the most recent molecular phylogeny, by Liu Qi and colleagues in 2012, A. speciosus belongs to the Apodemus group in an agrarius subclade, and is sister taxon of a clade including A. chevrieri and A. agrarius. Subspecific taxonomy requires reassessment.","source":"Muridae","sourceTaxonKey":311256414},{"key":463505469,"taxonKey":5219745,"type":"distribution","language":"eng","description":"Distribution. Japan.","source":"Muridae","sourceTaxonKey":311256414},{"key":463505470,"taxonKey":5219745,"type":"food_feeding","language":"eng","description":"Food and Feeding. Diet includes roots and stems of herbaceous plants, seeds, berries, and to lesserextent insects. It consumes fruits ofJapanese walnut (Juglans ailanthifolia, Juglandaceae); either it eats the contents immediately after finding walnuts, or it hoards the nuts on the ground (scatter-hoarding) or in underground nests (larderhoarding) for later use. The Large Japanese Field Mouse is also a disperser of Camellia japonica (Theaceae) seeds.","source":"Muridae","sourceTaxonKey":311256414},{"key":463505471,"taxonKey":5219745,"type":"materials_examined","language":"eng","description":"Japan.","source":"Muridae","sourceTaxonKey":311256414}]}