{"offset":0,"limit":20,"endOfRecords":false,"results":[{"key":417860431,"taxonKey":5420901,"type":"native range","language":"eng","description":"Asia","source":"Checklist of introduced taxa in Cyprus","sourceTaxonKey":323329513},{"key":460064624,"taxonKey":5420901,"type":"Punica granatum L.","language":"eng","description":"<div><p>Punica granatum L.</p> <p>Names.</p> <p>Myanmar: thale. English: pomegranate.</p> <p>Range.</p> <p>Southeastern Europe to South Asia. Also naturalized, and widespread in cultivation.</p> <p>Conservation status.</p> <p>Least Concern [LC] (IUCN 2017).</p> <p>Uses.</p> <p>Fruit: Used as an anthelmintic and astringent.</p> <p>Notes.</p> <p>The plant is widely cultivated for its edible fruit and medicinal uses: The bark is used in a gargle for sore throat, bad breath, and as a wash for nosebleed (for the first two illnesses a decoction of the rind is used); a decoction of tender leaves serves as a gargle and another of the leaves and roots is drunk as a remedy for irregular menses; a plaster of the crushed leaves is applied to itch; crushed stem is similarly used; the fruit is rich in tannin (and thus astringent); a decoction of the rinds or fruit is used for diarrhea and dysentery and may also be applied as a wash or an injection against hemorrhoid and leucorrhea; the buds, flowers, and bark of the flowers mixed with sesame oil makes a dressing for burns; the fruit is both bechic and laxative; the root bark is used throughout the East as a specific for tapeworm, and is also anthelmintic against other intestinal worms (Perry 1980).</p> <p>The medicinal uses of this species in India are discussed in Jain and DeFilipps (1991). Medicinal uses of the species in China are discussed by Duke and Ayensu (1985).</p> <p>Chemical constituents, pharmacological action, and medicinal use of this species in Indian Ayurveda are discussed in detail by Kapoor (1990). Indigenous medicinal uses of this species in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) are described by Dagar and Singh (1999).</p> <p>The bark contains the alkaloids pelletierine, isopelletierine, methylpelletierine, pseudopelletierine, and considerable tannin; it has also been reported that the plant has a bacteriostatic effect (Perry 1980). Seeds and leaves of Punica granatum contain the hepatotoxic compound punicalagin, an oestrogenic chemical known as oestrone, and a form of pelletierine which is used for the expulsion of tapeworms (Lan et al.1998).</p> <p>The chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and traditional medicinal uses of this plant on a worldwide basis are discussed in detail by Ross (1999). A pharmacognostical profile including medicinal uses of this plant in Africa is given in Iwu (1993). Data on the propagation, seed treatment and agricultural management of this species are given by Katende et al. (1995). Details of the active chemical compounds, effects, herbal usage and pharmacological literature of this plant are given in Fleming (2000).</p> <p>References.</p> <p>Nordal (1963), Perry (1980).</p></div>","source":"The medicinal plants of Myanmar","sourceTaxonKey":150769143,"creator":"DeFilipps, Robert A.;Krupnick, Gary A.","contributor":"Pensoft via Plazi","license":"No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation."},{"key":462949569,"taxonKey":5420901,"type":"Rango de elevación","language":"","description":"1000 - 2775 msnm","source":"Especies introducidas, exóticas, trasplantadas, invasoras y potencialmente invasoras obtenidas a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incorporadas en el diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control y Manejo","sourceTaxonKey":266901686},{"key":462949570,"taxonKey":5420901,"type":"Región de Colombia","language":"","description":"Andina","source":"Especies introducidas, exóticas, trasplantadas, invasoras y potencialmente invasoras obtenidas a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incorporadas en el diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control y Manejo","sourceTaxonKey":266901686},{"key":462949571,"taxonKey":5420901,"type":"El taxón es huésped","language":"","description":"FALSO","source":"Especies introducidas, exóticas, trasplantadas, invasoras y potencialmente invasoras obtenidas a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incorporadas en el diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control y Manejo","sourceTaxonKey":266901686},{"key":462949572,"taxonKey":5420901,"type":"El taxón es salobre","language":"","description":"FALSO","source":"Especies introducidas, exóticas, trasplantadas, invasoras y potencialmente invasoras obtenidas a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incorporadas en el diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control y Manejo","sourceTaxonKey":266901686},{"key":462949573,"taxonKey":5420901,"type":"Grupo biológico","language":"","description":"Plantas vasculares","source":"Especies introducidas, exóticas, trasplantadas, invasoras y potencialmente invasoras obtenidas a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incorporadas en el diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control y Manejo","sourceTaxonKey":266901686},{"key":462949574,"taxonKey":5420901,"type":"Distribución global","language":"","description":"Prob. Nativa de Irán | cultivada alrededor del mundo","source":"Especies introducidas, exóticas, trasplantadas, invasoras y potencialmente invasoras obtenidas a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incorporadas en el diagnóstico del Plan Nacional de Prevención, Control y Manejo","sourceTaxonKey":266901686},{"key":463205544,"taxonKey":5420901,"type":"biology_ecology","language":"deu","description":"Bluetezeit (nach Lauber & al. 2018): 6 Standort und Verbreitung in der Schweiz (nach Lauber & al. 2018): Trockene Haenge und Felsen, aus Gaerten verwildert / kollin / VS (Rhonetal), suedliches TI","source":"Info Flora Schweiz - Lythraceae","sourceTaxonKey":224777398},{"key":463205545,"taxonKey":5420901,"type":"biology_ecology","language":"deu","description":"Oekologische Zeigerwerte (nach Landolt & al. 2010) 232 - 452. n. 2 n = 16,18","source":"Info Flora Schweiz - Lythraceae","sourceTaxonKey":224777398},{"key":463205546,"taxonKey":5420901,"type":"biology_ecology","language":"deu","description":"Oekologische Zeigerwerte nach Landolt & al. (2010) Bodenfaktoren Klimafaktoren Salztoleranz Feuchtezahl F maessig trocken Lichtzahl L hell Salzzeichen -- Reaktionszahl R schwach sauer bis neutral (pH 4.5 - 7.5) Temperaturzahl T sehr warm-kollin (nur an waermsten Stellen, Hauptverbreitung in Suedeuropa) Naehrstoffzahl N naehrstoffarm Kontinentalitaetszahl K subozeanisch (hohe Luftfeuchtigkeit, geringe Temperaturschwankungen, eher milde Winter)","source":"Info Flora Schweiz - Lythraceae","sourceTaxonKey":224777398},{"key":463205547,"taxonKey":5420901,"type":"conservation","language":"deu","description":"Status Indigenat: Neophyt: nach der Entdeckung von Amerika in der Region aufgetreten (nach 1500) Liste der gefaehrdeten Pflanzen IUCN (nach Walter & Gillett 1997): Nein","source":"Info Flora Schweiz - Lythraceae","sourceTaxonKey":224777398},{"key":463205548,"taxonKey":5420901,"type":"description","language":"deu","description":"Artbeschreibung (nach Lauber & al. 2018): Bis 5 m hoher Strauch oder Baum mit 4 kantigen Zweigen. Blaetter gegenstaendig, oval oder lanzettlich, ganzrandig, kahl, etwas lederig, 2 - 6 cm lang. Blueten scharlachrot, strahlig-symmetrisch, zu 1 - 3 an den Zweigspitzen. Kronblaetter 5 - 7, 2 - 3 cm lang und 1 - 2 cm breit. Staubblaetter zahlreich. Frucht apfelartig, Durchmesser bis 12 cm, mit rot-gelber bis brauner, lederiger Schale. Samenmantel rot, waesserig-fleischig, essbar.","source":"Info Flora Schweiz - Lythraceae","sourceTaxonKey":224777398},{"key":463205549,"taxonKey":5420901,"type":"distribution","language":"deu","description":"Verbreitung global (nach Lauber & al. 2018): Westasiatisch-nordafrikanisch","source":"Info Flora Schweiz - Lythraceae","sourceTaxonKey":224777398},{"key":463231417,"taxonKey":5420901,"type":"biology_ecology","language":"deu","description":"Bluetezeit: 6 Standort und Verbreitung in der Schweiz: Trockene Haenge und Felsen, aus Gaerten verwildert / kollin / VS (Rhonetal), suedliches TI","source":"Flora Helvetica - Lythraceae","sourceTaxonKey":224054845},{"key":463231418,"taxonKey":5420901,"type":"biology_ecology","language":"deu","description":"Oekologische Zeigerwerte nach Landolt & al. (2010) Bodenfaktoren Klimafaktoren Salztoleranz Feuchtezahl F maessig trocken Lichtzahl L hell Salzzeichen -- Reaktionszahl R schwach sauer bis neutral (pH 4.5 - 7.5) Temperaturzahl T sehr warm-kollin (nur an waermsten Stellen, Hauptverbreitung in Suedeuropa) Naehrstoffzahl N naehrstoffarm Kontinentalitaetszahl K subozeanisch (hohe Luftfeuchtigkeit, geringe Temperaturschwankungen, eher milde Winter)","source":"Flora Helvetica - Lythraceae","sourceTaxonKey":224054845},{"key":463231419,"taxonKey":5420901,"type":"description","language":"deu","description":"Artbeschreibung: Bis 5 m hoher Strauch oder Baum mit 4 kantigen Zweigen. Blaetter gegenstaendig, oval oder lanzettlich, ganzrandig, kahl, etwas lederig, 2 - 6 cm lang. Blueten scharlachrot, strahlig-symmetrisch, zu 1 - 3 an den Zweigspitzen. Kronblaetter 5 - 7, 2 - 3 cm lang und 1 - 2 cm breit. Staubblaetter zahlreich. Frucht apfelartig, Durchmesser bis 12 cm, mit rot-gelber bis brauner, lederiger Schale. Samenmantel rot, waesserig-fleischig, essbar.","source":"Flora Helvetica - Lythraceae","sourceTaxonKey":224054845},{"key":463231420,"taxonKey":5420901,"type":"distribution","language":"deu","description":"Verbreitung global: Westasiatisch-nordafrikanisch","source":"Flora Helvetica - Lythraceae","sourceTaxonKey":224054845},{"key":463309824,"taxonKey":5420901,"type":"description","language":"eng","description":"Punica granatum L. currently known as Pomegranate, has been used in Uighur Medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Chemical composition of pomegranate fruits extracts and juices include ellagitannins, such as punicalagin and ellagic acid, gallotannins, such as glucogallin and gallic acid, lactone derivatives, flavones such as luteolin, and anthocyans (Fig. 11) (Abdulla et al., 2017; Aguilar-Zarate et al., 2017; Brighenti et al., 2017; Garcia-Villalba et al., 2015). On the other hand, pomegranate seed oil mainly contains fatty acids like palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, punicic acid, phytosterols including campesterol, stigmasterol, β- sitosterol, Δ 5 - avenasterol, β- amyrin, cycloartenol, citrostadienol (Caligiani et al., 2010; Siano et al., 2016). The administration of pomegranate juice and fruit extract to rats fed with an atherogenic diet resulted in an increased acetylcholine-induced relaxation of aorta. This effect was less evident with pomegranate seed oil. In addition, pomegranate juice and fruit extract inhibited proatherogenic effects resultant from the altered shear stress. Pomegranate fruit extract administration increased vascular expression of eNOS and NOx levels, reducing Thrombospondin 1 and Transforming Growth Factor-β 1 expression, augmenting the effects of NO and improving arterial functions in obese rats (de Nigris et al., 2007). The endothelium-dependent mechanisms for the antihypertensive effect of pomegranate hydroalcoholic extract was also reported by Delgado (Delgado et al., 2016), who demonstrated that it ameliorates endothelium-dependent coronary relaxation through the inhibition of eNOS phosphorylation and reduction of oxidative stress. The modulation of renin-angiotensin system seems to be involved in the antihypertensive effect of pomegranate juice extract in diabetic rats, as its administration, by inhibiting ACE activity, prevented angiotensin II-mediated BP increase. A reduction in the diabetes-induced oxidative stress upon juice treatment was also observed (Mohan et al., 2010). Both antioxidant- and ACE-inhibitory-effects were also observed in an aging and spontaneously hypertensive rat model (Dos Santos et al., 2016). Interestingly, ACE activity inhibition occurred also in hypertensive patients that were administered pomegranate juice (Aviram and Dornfeld, 2001) and was also sheared by other flavonoids such as luteolin (Loizzo et al., 2007), delphinidin− 3 - O - glucoside, cyanidin- 3 - O - glucoside, pelargonidin- 3 - O - glucoside (Hidalgo et al., 2012). Finally, the in vivo hypotensive effect of pomegranate juice was reported to be accompanied by improved endothelial function caused by a decrease in Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 plasma concentration (Asgary et al., 2014). These properties, along with the inhibitory effect on oxidative stress and on serum ACE activity, made pomegranate juice an interesting supplement to be used against cardiovascular diseases. The pomegranate effects towards NO are due, at least in part, to punicalagin (Chen et al., 2008; Shao et al., 2016), ellagic acid (Berkban et al., 2015; Ou et al., 2010; Olgar et al., 2014; Jordao et al., 2017), gallic acid (de Oliveira et al., 2016), flavonoids such as luteolin (Si et al., 2014), cyanidin− 3 - O - glucoside (Fratantonio et al., 2017). Furthermore, ellagic acid was found to prevent isoproterenol induced oxidative stress in myocardial infarction in rats through electrocardiological, biochemical and histological studies (Kanan and Quine, 2011). On the other hand, ACE inhibition and protection against angiotensin II activity were evidenced for luteolin (Loizzo et al., 2007; Nakayama et al., 2015).","source":"Antihypertensive phytocomplexes of proven efficacy and well-established use: Mode of action and individual characterization of the active constituents","sourceTaxonKey":212711231},{"key":463468735,"taxonKey":5420901,"type":"Abundancia absoluta","language":"","description":"11","source":"Arbolado urbano de Bogotá D.C asociado a servicios ambientales y culturales valorados como base de la planificación ambiental del territorio","sourceTaxonKey":200889572}]}